MD.

FAYZ-AL-ASAD
Contact: +88 01759-731605
E-mail: [email protected]

Topic: Differential and Integral Calculus

Function:
A function f from set A to set B is a rule of correspondence that assigns to each element x in set A
exactly one element y in set B.
Set A is the domain (or set of inputs) of the function f, and set B contains range (or set of outputs).

Example: f(x) = x Where, x is a domain and f(x) is a range.

Characteristics of a Function:
1. Each element in A (domain) must be matched with an element of B (range).
2. Each element in A is matched to not more than one element in B.
3. Some elements in B may not be matched with any element in A.
4. Two or more elements of A may be matched with the same element of B.
Even and Odd Functions
Even function: A function given by y = f(x) is even if, for each x in the domain,
f(-x) = f(x).
Example: f (x)  x 2
Odd function: A function given by y = f(x) is odd if, for each x in the domain,
f(-x) = - f(x).
Example: f (x)  x 3
Domain and Range:
If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are related by the equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), then the set of all allowable inputs (𝑥-values) is
called the domain of f, and the set of outputs (𝑦-values) that result when 𝑥 varies over the domain is
called the range of f.
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Problem-01: Find the domain and range of the following equations,
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙−𝟑 𝒙
𝒊 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒊𝒊 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒊𝒗 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒙−𝟐 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒙+𝟏
Solution:
1
(𝒊) 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−2
𝑓 𝑥 gives the real values for all values of 𝑥 except 𝑥 = 2.
So, 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ − {2}
1
Again, y  f ( x) 
x2
1
 x2
y
1
x 2
y
x gives real values for all real values of y except y  0 .
So, 𝑅𝑓 = ℝ − {0}

1
(𝒊𝒊) 𝑓 𝑥 =
2𝑥 + 1
1
𝑓 𝑥 gives the real values for all values of 𝑥 except 𝑥 = − 2.
1
So, 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ − {− 2}

1
Again, y  f ( x) 
2x 1
1
 2x 1 
y
11 
 x    1
2 y 
x gives real values for all real values of y except y  0 .
So, 𝑅𝑓 = ℝ − {0}

𝑥−3
(𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑓 𝑥 =
2𝑥 + 1
1
𝑓 𝑥 gives the real values for all values of 𝑥 except 𝑥 = − 2.
1
So, 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ − {− 2}

x 3
Again, y  f ( x) 
2x 1
 2 xy  y  x  3

 x  2 y  1  ( y  3)

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 ( y  3)
x
 2 y  1
1
x gives real values for all real values of y except y  .
2
1
So, 𝑅𝑓 = ℝ − {2}
𝑥
(𝒊𝒗) 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+1
𝑓 𝑥 gives the real values for all values of 𝑥 except 𝑥 = −1.
So, 𝐷𝑓 = ℝ − {−1}
Again,
x
y  f ( x) 
x 1
 xy  y  x
y
x
y 1
x gives real values for all real values of y except y  1 .
So, 𝑅𝑓 = ℝ − {1}

Inverse function:
Let f be a function whose domain is the setX, and whose image (range) is the set Y. Then f is
invertible if there exists a function g with domain Y and image X, with the property:
If f is invertible, the function g is unique, which means that there is exactly one function g satisfying
this property (no more, no less). That function g is then called the inverse of f, and is usually
denoted as f −1.
Example: If f (x)  2x  3 then the inverse function is f-1(x) = (x+3)/2.

Problem-02: Find the inverse of the function f (x)  2 x  3

Solution: Let, y  f (x)  2 x  3

 x  f 1 (y)
y  2x  3
y  3  2x
2x  y  3
y3
x
2
y3
 f 1 (y) 
2
x3
 f 1 (x) 
2

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Problem-03: Find the inverse of the functions,
4x  7
i  f  x   2x  5 (ii) f ( x)  x 2  3 (iii) f ( x)  (iv) f ( x)  1  x 2
2x  4
Solution:
i  Let y =f  x   2 x  5  ii  Let y =f  x   x 2  3
 2x  y  5  x2  y  3
y5
x x y3
2
y5  f 1  y   y3
 f  y 1

2  f 1  x   x  3 when x  3
x5
 f 1  x  
2

4x  7
 iii  Let y =f  x  
2x  4
 iv  Let y =f  x   1  x 2
 2 xy  4 y  4 x  7
 y 2  1  x2
 x(2 y  4)  4 y  7
4y  7  x2  1  y2
x
2y  4  x  1 y2
4y  7  f 1  y   1  y 2
 f 1  y  
2y  4
4x  7  f 1  x   1  x 2
 f 1  x  
2x  4

Limit
Limit of function:
If the values of 𝑓(𝑥) become arbitrarily close to a single number 𝑙 as the values of a variable 𝑥
approaches to afrom both sides of a (Right and Left) then 𝑙 is called the limit of the function𝑓(𝑥). It
is denoted by lim𝑥→𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙.

Problem-04: Prove that,

𝑥−1 1 𝑥+1 𝑥 2 −4 𝑥 2 −6𝑥+9
𝑖 lim𝑥→1 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−3 = 4 𝑖𝑖 lim𝑥→0 2𝑥+1 = 1, 𝑖𝑖𝑖 lim𝑥→2 =4 𝑖𝑣 lim𝑥→3 =0
𝑥 −2 𝑥−3

Solution:
𝑥−1
𝑖 lim
𝑥→1 𝑥 2
+ 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥−1
𝑥−1 = lim
= lim 2
𝑥→1 𝑥 + 3 (𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→1 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 − 3
1 1
𝑥−1 = lim =
= lim 𝑥→1 𝑥 + 3 4
𝑥→1 𝑥 𝑥 + 3 − 1(𝑥 + 3)

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 𝑥+1
𝑖𝑖 lim
𝑥→0 2𝑥 + 1

0+1
=
2∗0+1
1
= =1
0+1
.
𝑥2 − 4
𝑖𝑖𝑖 lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 2

Since 2 gives a zero of both the numerator and denominator. They share a common factor of𝑥 − 2.
The limit can be obtained as follows:
𝑥2 − 4
lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 2

𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 − 2)
= lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−2
= lim 𝑥 + 2
𝑥→2

=2+2
= 4.
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9
𝑖𝑣 lim
𝑥→3 𝑥−3
Since 3 gives a zero of both the numerator and denominator. They share a common factor of𝑥 − 3.
The limit can be obtained as follows:
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9
lim
𝑥→3 𝑥−3
(𝑥 − 3)2
= lim
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3

= lim (𝑥 − 3)
𝑥→3

=3−3
= 0.

Problem-05: Evaluate lim

x 0
1
x
 1 x  1 x 
Solution:

lim
x 0
1
x
 1 x  1 x 
 1 x  1 x  1 x  1 x 
 
= lim
x 0
x 1 x  1 x

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    
2 2
1 x  1 x

 1 x 
= lim
xa
x 1 x 

1  x  (1  x)
= lim
x 0 x( 1  x  1  x )
1  x 1  x
= lim
x 0 x( 1  x  1  x )
2x
= lim
x 0 x( 1  x  1  x )
2
= lim
x 0 1 x  1 x
2 2 2
=   1
1 0  1 0 11 2

Problem-06: Evaluate
x2  9
a. lim x 2  2 x  4 b. lim
x 1 x 3 x 3
Solution: (a) lim x 2  2 x  4  (1)2  2(1)  4  5
x 1

x 2  9 lim x2  9 9  9 0
(b) lim  x 3
 
x 3 x  3 lim x  3 3  3 0
x 3

Here we get 0 which is called an indeterminant form and we must try other techniques to
0
determine the limit. In this case, factor both the numerator and denominator and cancel common
terms to remove the zero in the denominator. Then, apply the limit rules to the simplified
expression.
x2  9 ( x  3)( x  3)
lim  lim
x 3 x 3 x 3 ( x  3)
 lim x  3
x 3

=3+3=6
2 x2  7
Problem-07: Evaluate lim
x  6  3 x 2

2 x 2  7 lim 2 x2  7 
Solution: lim  x 

x  6  3 x 2 lim 6  3x 2 
x 

  
or or are all also known as indeterminant forms. When this form occurs when finding
  
limits at infinity (or negative infinity) with rational functions, divide every term in the numerator and
denominator by the highest power of x in the denominator to determine the limit.
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Since x 2 is the highest power of x in the denominator of our function, we have

2 x 2  7 lim  2 x2  7   x2
lim  x 
x  6  3 x 2 lim  6  3x 2   x 2
x 

 7
lim  2  2 

x 
 x 
 6 
lim  2  3 

x  x

2  0 2
 
03 3

Continuity
Continuous Function: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be continuous in an interval (𝑎, 𝑏) if it is
continuous at every point of the interval.
Definition: A function f(x) is continuous at x = a, if all of the following are true:
1. f(a) is defined
2. lim f ( x) exists
x a

3. lim f ( x)  f (a)
x a

For example, e x ,sin x,cos x are all continuous function.

When dose a function to be continuous?
lim f (x)  lim f (x)  f(a)
When x a  x a

 R.H .L  L.H .L  functional

Discontinuous Function:
If 𝑓(𝑥) is not continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎 then it is said to be discontinuous.

 x when x  1
Example: If f ( x)  
2x-1 when x>1

Problem-08: Test the continuity of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 1 at 𝑥 = 1.

Solution:
When 𝑥 = 1 then lim𝑥→1+ 𝑓 𝑥 = lim𝑥→1+ 2𝑥 − 1 = 2.1 − 1 = 1
And lim𝑥→1− 𝑓 𝑥 = lim𝑥→1− 𝑥 = 1
When 𝑥 = 1 then𝑓 1 = 1. Therefore, lim𝑥→1+ 𝑓 𝑥 = lim𝑥→1− 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(1) .
So 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at = 1 .

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 a  x when x  0
Example: If f ( x)  
a  x when x <0
Problem-09:Test the continuity of the above function 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 0.
Solution:
When 𝑥 = 0 then lim𝑥→0+ 𝑓 𝑥 = lim𝑥→0+ 𝑎 + 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 0 = 𝑎
And lim𝑥→0− 𝑓 𝑥 = lim𝑥→0− (𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑎 − 0 = 𝑎
When 𝑥 = 0 then𝑓 0 = 𝑎. Therefore, lim𝑥→0+ 𝑓 𝑥 = lim𝑥→0− 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(0) .
So 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at = 0 .

 x  2 when x < 2
Example: If f ( x)   2
 x -1 when x  2
Problem-10: Test the continuity of the function 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 2.
Solution: When 𝑥 = 2 then lim𝑥→2+ 𝑓 𝑥 = lim𝑥→2+ 𝑥 2 − 1 = 4 − 1 = 3
And lim𝑥→2− 𝑓 𝑥 = lim𝑥→2− (𝑥 + 2) = 2 + 2 = 4
When 𝑥 = 2 then𝑓 2 = 3. Therefore, lim𝑥→2+ 𝑓 𝑥 ≠ lim𝑥→2− 𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 𝑓(0) .
So 𝑓(𝑥) is discontinuous at = 2 .

2 x  1, x  2
Problem-11: Show that f ( x)   is discontinuous at x = 2.
4 , x=2
Solution:
Since f(2) = 4 and lim f ( x)  lim (2 x  1)  5  f (2) ,
x 2 x 2

so f(x) is discontinuous at x = 2.
Problem-12: Let the function f(x) be defined for all values of x by

 x  1, for x  0
2

f ( x)   2

 x  1, for x  0
Draw the graph of the function f(x) and test the continuity from the graph.

The function f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0

Because lim f ( x)  1 and lim f ( x)  1 and f (0)  1 .
h 0 h0

In this case lim f ( x) does not exist.

h0

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 1
Problem-13: Determine the value of x at which the function f ( x)  is continuous.
2 x
Solution:
The domain of the function is (, 2) . The function is not defined at x = 2. Thus the function is
continuous for all values of x in the interval (, 2) .
See the graph of f(x).

Possible Questions:
o Define limit and continuity.
o Let the function f(x) be defined for all values of x by

 x  1, for x  0
2

f ( x)  

 x  1, for x  0
2

Draw the graph of the function f(x) and test the continuity from the graph.
2 x2  7
o Evaluate lim
x  6  3 x 2

o lim x 2  2 x  4
x 1

Derivatives Continuity
Definition: The derivative of a function f at a point a, denoted by f ′(a), is
f ( a  h)  f ( a )
f (a)  lim provided that the limit exists.
h 0 h
If we denote y = f (x), then f ′(a) is called the derivative of f, with respect to (the independent
variable) x, at the point x = a.
Equivalently, the derivative can be stated as
f ( x)  f (a)
f (a)  lim
x a xa

Definition: The derivative of a function f is the function f ′, defined by

f ( x  h)  f ( x )
f ( x)  lim for all x for which this limit exists.
h0 h

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Basic Differentiation Formulas:
Suppose f and g are differentiable functions, c is any real number, then
d n d d
1. ( x )  nx n1 V (U )  U (V )
d U  dx dx
dx 3.  
dx  V  V2
d d d
2. [UV ]  U (V )  V (U )
dx dx dx 4. d [c f ( x)]  c  d f ( x)
dx dx

The Power Rule:

d
For any real number n, ( x n )  n x n1
dx
d
For n = 1, this means that ( x)  1 x11  x 0  1 .
dx
d 0 d
And if n = 0, then ( x )  (1)  0  x 01  0 , which is consistent with the constant rule of
dx dx
differentiation (rule #1 above).

𝑑𝑦
Problem-14: Simple differentiation find if
𝑑𝑥

(i)𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 − 10 (v)𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥

(ii) 𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑥 (vi) 𝑦 = (sec 𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
(iii) 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (vii) 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (log sec 𝑥)
(iv)𝑦 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Solution: (i) Solution: (ii)

Given that 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 − 10 Given that 𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 − 10) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 3 ) − 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 2 ) + 𝑑𝑥 (36𝑥) − 𝑑𝑥 (10) = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

= 3𝑥 2 - 4x +36 -0 1
= 𝑥. 𝑥 + log 𝑥 .1
= 3𝑥 2 - 4x +36 = 1 + log 𝑥 Ans

Solution: (iii) Solution: (iv)

Given that 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 Given that 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

= x𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (Ans) = −𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (Ans)

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Solution: (v)
Given that 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 …….(i)
Taking log on both sides of (i) and differentiating w.r.to x we get
log 𝑦 = log(𝑥 𝑥 )
=>log 𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑥
1 dy 𝑑 𝑑
=>y dx = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑥 + log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1
= 𝑥. 𝑥 + log 𝑥 .1
𝑑𝑦
=>𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦(1 + log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + log 𝑥) (Ans).
𝑑𝑥

Solution: (vi)
Given that
𝑦 = (sec 𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 …(i)
Taking log on both sides of (i) and differentiating w.r.to x we get
log 𝑦 = log(sec 𝑥)tan 𝑥
=>log 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 log(sec 𝑥)
1 dy 1
=>y dx = tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 . sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + log(sec 𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
dy
=>dx = 𝑦{𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 log(sec 𝑥)}
dy
=>dx = (sec 𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 {𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 log(sec 𝑥)} (Ans).

Solution: (vii)
Given that 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (log sec 𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (log sec 𝑥) …(i)
Differentiating (i) w.r.to x we get,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= {𝑠𝑖𝑛2 log sec 𝑥 }
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 2 sin (log sec 𝑥) {sin (log sec 𝑥)}
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 2 sin (log sec 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (log sec 𝑥) (log sec 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 sin (log sec 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (log sec 𝑥) . sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
sec 𝑥
= sin 2 (log sec 𝑥) tan 𝑥 (Ans).

11 | P a g e
 𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 (𝑎+𝑦)
Problem-15: Prove that , 𝑑𝑥 = where sin 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin(𝑎 + 𝑦)
sin 𝑎

Proof :
Given that, sin 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin(𝑎 + 𝑦)
sin 𝑦
=>𝑥 = sin (𝑎+𝑦) … i

Differentiating (i) w.r.to x we get

𝑑𝑥 sin(𝑎 + 𝑦) cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦 cos(𝑎 + 𝑦)
=
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
sin(𝑎 + 𝑦) cos 𝑦 − cos(𝑎 + 𝑦) sin 𝑦
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
sin{(𝑎 + 𝑦) − 𝑦)}
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑎
=
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎 + 𝑦)
=
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑎

Problem-16: Find the differential co-efficient of 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥.

Solution:
Let , y  xe x sec x
differentiating w.r.to x we get,
dy
dx
 x  e x sec x   e x sec x
d
dx
d
dx
 
x

 d d  1
 x e x (sec x)  sec x (e x )   e x sec x.
 dx dx  2 x

 x e x sec x tan x  sec x.e x   e x sec x.

1
2 x
 1 
 e x sec x  x tan x  x  
 2 x
e x sec x(2 x tan x  2 x  1)
 .
2 x

Problem-17: Find the differential co-efficient of y  ln{ 1  ln x  sin x} .

Solution:
y  ln{ 1  ln x  sin x}
differentiating w.r to x we get,
dy
dx

1 d
(1  ln x)  sin x dx
 
1  ln x  sin x 
1  1 d  1  1 
  (1  ln x)  cos x     cos x 
(1  ln x)  sin x  2 (1  lnx) dx  (1  ln x)  sin x  2 x (1  lnx) 

12 | P a g e
Problem-18: Find the differential co-efficient of y  x x .
x

Solution:
x
y  xx
differentiating w.r.to x we get,
x 
 
dy x d d d
 xx x x ln x  x x  x x (ln x )  ln x ( x x )
dx dx  dx dx 
x 1 d 
 x x  x x .  ln x.x x ( x ln x ) 
 x dx 
x 1 1 
 x x .x x   ln x ( x.  ln x ) 
x x 
x 1 
 x x .x x   ln x (1  ln x ) 
x 

Some Problems
𝑑𝑦
Simple differentiation find if
𝑑𝑥

(i) 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 2 + 78𝑥 − 100 (iv) 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥

(ii) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 log 𝑥 (v) 𝑦 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥
(iii) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥

Successive Differentiation
4 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Problem-19: If 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 then prove that 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0

Solution:
4
Given that 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2 + 4(−1)𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥
= 2 − 4𝑥 −2
𝑑2 𝑦
= 0 − 4(−2)𝑥 −3
𝑑𝑥 2
= 8𝑥 −3
𝑑2 𝑦 8
=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 3
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
L.H.S. = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦
8 4 4
= 𝑥2 . + 𝑥 2 − − (2𝑥 + )
𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥
8 4 4
= + 2𝑥 − − 2𝑥 −
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
8 8
= − = 0 = 𝐑. 𝐇. 𝐒
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 (proved)

13 | P a g e
 −1
Problem-20: If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎 sin 𝑥
, then show that 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦2 - x𝑦1 =𝑎2 𝑦.
Solution:
−1 𝑥
Given that 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎 sin ………(i)
−1 𝑥 𝑎 𝑑 1
𝑦1 = 𝑒 𝑎 sin [𝑑𝑥 (sin−1 𝑥) = ]
1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2
−1 𝑥
=> 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦1 = 𝑎 𝑒 𝑎 sin = 𝑎𝑦
=> (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 2 = 𝑎2 𝑦 2 [ squaring both sides ]
Again differentiating both sides w. r. to x we get
1 − 𝑥 2 2𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑦1 2 (0 − 2𝑥) = 𝑎2 . 2𝑦𝑦1
=> 2 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 2𝑥𝑦1 2 = 2𝑎2 𝑦𝑦1
=> 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 = 𝑎2 𝑦 [dividing both sides by 2𝑦1 ]
1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 = 𝑎2 𝑦 (proved)

Problem -21: If 𝑦 = sec 𝑥, then show that 𝑦2 = 𝑦 (2𝑦 2 – 1).

Solution: Given that
𝑦 = sec 𝑥 …(i)
Differentiating (i) w.r.to xwe get
𝑦1 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
Again differentiating both sides w.r.to xwe get
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦2 = sec 𝑥 (tan 𝑥) + tan 𝑥 (sec 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= sec 𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 . sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 . sec 𝑥
= (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 )sec 𝑥
= (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1 ) sec 𝑥
= (2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1 ) sec 𝑥
𝑦2 = 𝑦 (2 𝑦 2 − 1) (proved)

Some Problems
Problem -22: If y  Aemx  Be mx then prove that y2  m2 y  0 .

Problem -23: If y  Ae x  Be x then prove that y2  y  0 .

Problem -24:If If y  x 4  4 x3  10 then find y2 and y3.

Problem -25: If y  8x5  4 x3  14 x 2 then find y2 , y3 and y4 .

14 | P a g e
 Maximum and Minimum
Condition of Maximum and Minimum values of a function:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
For Maximum value: (i)𝑑𝑥 = 0 , 𝑖𝑖 <0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
For Minimum value: (i)𝑑𝑥 = 0 , 𝑖𝑖 >0
𝑑𝑥 2

Problem-26: Find the maximum and minimum values of the function 2𝑥 3 − 21𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 − 20
Solution: Let 𝑦(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 21𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 − 20
𝑑𝑦
= 6𝑥 2 − 42𝑥 + 36
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
When 𝑦(𝑥) is a maximum or a minimum ,𝑑𝑥 = 0

=> 6𝑥 2 − 42𝑥 + 36 = 0
=> 6(𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6) = 0
=>𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6 = 0
=> 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 + 6 = 0
=>𝑥(𝑥 − 6) − 1(𝑥 − 6) = 0
=>(𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
Hence 𝑥 = 6 𝑜𝑟 1
𝑑2𝑦
Again , 𝑑𝑥 2 = 12𝑥 − 42
𝑑2𝑦
When 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑑𝑥 2 = 12.1 − 42 = −30 < 0 (maximum)
𝑑2𝑦
When 𝑥 = 6 , 𝑑𝑥 2 = 12.6 − 42 = 30 > 0 (minimum)

i.e. 𝑦(𝑥) is a maximum at 𝑥 = 1 . Then the maximum value is

𝑦 1 = 2. 13 − 21. 12 + 36.1 − 20
= 2 − 21 + 36 − 20
= −3 (Ans.)
And also 𝑦(𝑥) is a minimum at 𝑥 = 6 . Then the minimum value is
𝑦(6) = 2. 63 − 21. 62 + 36.6 − 20
= 432 − 756 + 216 − 20
= −128 (Ans.)
Problem-27: Find the maximum and minimum values of the function 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 3
Solution: Let 𝑦(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 3
𝑑𝑦
= 6𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 12
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
When 𝑦(𝑥) is a maximum or a minimum , =0
𝑑𝑥

=> 6𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 12 = 0
15 | P a g e
=> 6(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2) = 0
=>𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 = 0
=> 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2 = 0
=>𝑥(𝑥 − 2) − 1(𝑥 − 2) = 0
=>(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
Hence 𝑥 = 2 𝑜𝑟 1
𝑑2𝑦
Again , 𝑑𝑥 2 = 12𝑥 − 18
𝑑2𝑦
When 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑑𝑥 2 = 12.1 − 18 = −6 < 0 (maximum)
𝑑2𝑦
When 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑑𝑥 2 = 12.2 − 18 = 6 > 0 (minimum)

i.e. 𝑦(𝑥) is a maximum at 𝑥 = 1 . Then the maximum value is

𝑦(1) = 2. 13 − 9. 12 + 12.1 − 3
= 2 − 9 + 12 − 3
= 2 (Ans.)
And also 𝑦(𝑥) is a minimum at 𝑥 = 2 . Then the minimum value is
𝑦(2) = 2. 23 − 9. 22 + 12.2 − 3
= 16 − 36 + 24 − 3
= 1 (Ans).

2 1
Problem-28: Find the maximum and minimum values of the function 𝑥 3 + 2 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 +
3

8Solution: Do yourself
50 19
Answer: Maximum value is and minimum value is .
3 8

Tangent and Normal

Tangent and Normal Lines
The derivative of a function has many applications to problems in calculus. It may be used in curve
sketching; solving maximum and minimum problems; solving distance; velocity, and acceleration
problems; solving related rate problems; and approximating function values.
The derivative of a function at a point is the slope of the tangent line at this point. The normal line is
defined as the line that is perpendicular to the tangent line at the point of tangency. Because the
slopes of perpendicular lines (neither of which is vertical) are negative reciprocals of one another, the
slope of the normal line to the graph of f(x) is −1/ f′(x).

16 | P a g e
Definition (Tangent and Normal):
Let, P(x,y) be any on the curve APB whose equation y=f(x). Let, the tangent and the normal at P
meet the x-axis in T and G respectively. Draw PN perpendicular to x-axis.
(a).The portion of tangent intercepted between the point of contact and the axis of x is called the
length of the tangent. Length of the tangent PT  PN .Cosec
(b).The portion of normal at any point on the curve intercepted between the curve and the axis of x is
called the length of the normal. Length of the normal PG  PN .S ec

Problem-29:Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve y  x 2  2 x  1 at the point
(1,4).
Solution: Given that, y  x 2  2 x  1
dy
  2x  2
dx
dy
At point (1,4),  22 4
dx
 Equation of the tangent at the point of (1,4) is
dy
 y  y1  (x  x1 )
dx
 y  4  4(x  1)
4 x y  0
 Equation of the normal at the point of (1,4) is
1
 y  y1  (x  x1 )
dy
dx
1
 y  4  (x  1)
4
 4 y 16   x  1
 x  4 y 17  0

Problem-30: Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of at the point (−1,2).
Solution:

At the point (−1,2), f′(−1)=−½ and the equation of the line is

17 | P a g e
Problem-31: Find the equation of the normal line to the graph of at the point
(−1, 2).
Solution:
From problem 30, you find that f′(−1) = −½ and the slope of the normal line is −1/ f′(−1) = 2; hence,
the equation of the normal line at the point (−1,2) is

Problem-32: Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve y  x3  3x2  9 x  15 at the
point (-3,-1).
Solution:
Given that, y  x3  3x2  9 x  15
dy
  3x 2  6 x  9
dx
dy
At point (3,-1),  27  18  9  36
dx
 Equation of the tangent at the point of (-3,-1) is
dy
 y  y1  (x  x1 )
dx
 y  1  36(x  3)
 36 x  y  107  0
 Equation of the normal at the point of (-3,-1) is
1
 y  y1  (x  x1 )
dy
dx
1
 y  1  (x  3)
36
 36 y  36   x  3
 x  36 y 39  0

18 | P a g e
Problem-33: Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve y  5x 2  x  1 at the point
(1,-2).
Solution: Given that, y  5x 2  x  1
dy
  10 x  1
dx
dy
At point (1,-2),  10  1  11
dx
 Equation of the tangent at the point of (1,-2) is
dy
 y  y1  (x  x1 )
dx
 y  2  11( x  1)
 y  2  11x  11
 y  11x  13  0
 Equation of the normal at the point of (1,-2) is
1
 y  y1  (x  x1 )
dy
dx
1
 y  2  ( x  1)
11
 11y  22   x  1
11y  x  21  0

Problem-34: Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve y  x 4  x 3  1 at the point
(1,3).
Solution: Given that, y  x 4  x 3  1
dy
  4 x 3  3x 2
dx
dy
At point (1, 3)  4.13  3.12  7
dx
dy
 Equation of the tangent at the point of (1,3) is y  y1  (x  x1 )
dx
 y  3  7( x  1)
 y 3  7 x  7
 y 7 x  4  0
1
 Equation of the normal at the point of (1,3) is y  y1  (x  x1 )
dy
dx
1
 y 4  ( x  1)
7
 7 y  28   x  1
 7 y x  29  0
19 | P a g e
Problem-35: Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve y  x 3  2 x  1 at the point
(2,3).
Solution: Given that, y  x 3  2 x  1
dy
  3x 2  2
dx
dy
At point (2, 3),  3.22  2  3.4  2  14
dx
 Equation of the tangent at the point of (2,3) is
dy
 y  y1  (x  x1 )
dx
 y  3  14( x  2)
 y  3  14 x  28
 y  14 x  25  0
 Equation of the normal at the point of (2,3) is
1
 y  y1  (x  x1 )
dy
dx
1
 y  3  ( x  2)
14
 14 y  42   x  2
14 y  x  44  0

Some Problems
Problem-36: Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve y  3x 3  4 x 2  1 at the point
(-1,3).
Problem-37: Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve y  2 x 4  3x 2  1 at the point
(1,-2).
Problem-38: Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve y  x 3  3x  9 at the point
(1,7).

Partial Derivatives
Definition (Partial Differential equation):
An equation involving partial derivative of a function of one variable with respect to two or more
independent variable is called a partial differential equation.
u u
Example: x y u
x y

20 | P a g e
 f f
Problem-39: Find and of the following functions
x y
(𝐢) 𝑓 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 𝒊𝒊 𝑓 = log 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝑓 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3

Solution: (i)
Given that 𝑓 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2
𝜕𝑓 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑥 (𝑎𝑥 2 ) − 𝜕𝑥 (2ℎ𝑥𝑦) + 𝜕𝑥 (𝑏𝑦 2 )

= 2𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑦 + 0
= 2𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑦
Again given that, 𝑓 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2
𝜕𝑓 𝜕
= 𝜕 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑦 (𝑎𝑥 2 ) − 𝜕𝑦 (2ℎ𝑥𝑦) + 𝜕𝑦 (𝑏𝑦 2 )

= 2ℎ𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑦

Solution: (ii)
Given that, 𝑓 = log 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝜕𝑓 𝜕
= {log 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 }
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕
= . 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥
1
= . 2𝑥
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

Again given that 𝑓 = log 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

𝜕𝑓 𝜕
= {log 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 }
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
1 𝜕
= . 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦
1
= . 2𝑦
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

Solution: (iii)
Given that𝑓 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3
𝜕𝑓 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 )
𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 3 + 𝜕𝑥 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝜕𝑥 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑥 (𝑦 3 )

= 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 0
= 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2

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Again given that 𝑓 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3
𝜕𝑓 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 )
𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 3 + 𝜕𝑦 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝜕𝑦 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝜕𝑦 (𝑦 3 )

= 0 + 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2
= 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2

2 f 2 f
Problem-40: Show that f (x, y)  ln(x 2 , y2 ) satisfies the P.D.E   0.
x 2 y 2

Solution: Given that, f (x, y)  ln(x 2 , y2 )............(1)

Differentiating equation (1) partially w.r.t x & y, we get,
f 2x
 2 ..............(2)
x x  y 2
f 2y
 2 ..............(3)
y x  y 2
Again, Differentiating equation (2) & (3) partially w.r.t x & y, we get,
 2 f 2( x 2  y 2 )  2 x.2 x

x 2 ( x 2  y 2 )2
2 x2  2 y2  4 x2

( x 2  y 2 )2
2 y2  2 x2

( x 2  y 2 )2
 2 f 2( x 2  y 2 )  2 y.2 y

y 2 ( x 2  y 2 )2
2 x2  2 y2  4 y2

( x 2  y 2 )2
2 x2  2 y2

( x 2  y 2 )2

2 f 2 f
 L.H .S  2  2
x y
2 y2  2x2 2x2  2 y2
 2 
( x  y 2 )2 ( x 2  y 2 )2
0
 R.H .S

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Problem-41:

Problem-42: State and prove the Mean Value Theorem

Statement:

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Problem-43:

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