3.

ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION

Magnetic Flux:
It is defined as the product of component of magnetic field normal to the plane and
area vector.
 
  BA cos  ;   B . A

Unit of flux is Tesla m2 or Webber. It can be +ve, –ve or zero.

Faraday’s laws in EMI,
1. Whenever there is a change in magnetic flux linked with the coil, due to
relative motion between the coil and magnet, an emf is induced. emf induced lasts
until change in magnetic flux continues.
2. Rate of change of magnetic flux in a coil is equal to emf induced in the same
d
coil.   .
dt
Explanation
I-Law:- fig(1) and fig(2)
A solenoid /coil is connected to galvanometer. When north of the magnet is moved
towards the solenoid, due to increasing magnetic flux linked with the solenoid, an
emf is induced. Induced current flows, Galvanometer shows momentary deflection
in one direction. When North of the magnet is moved away from the solenoid,
magnetic flux linked with solenoid decreases, emf is induced in opp. direction.
Induced current flows in opposite direction, Galvanometer shows momentary
deflection in opp. direction. When South of the magnet is moved towards or away
from the solenoid, galvanometer shows deflection which is opp. to that when North
is moved. when magnet is relatively at rest with respect to solenoid, no emf is
induced, because there is no change in magnetic flux.

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II – Law:-
When North of the magnet is moved into the solenoid quickly, rate of change of
magnetic flux is more,more emf is induced, large induced current flows,
Galvanometer shows more deflection. When North of the magnet is moved slowly
into the solenoid, rate of change of magnetic flux is less, less emf is induced, small
induced current flows. Galvanometer shows less deflection.

LENZ’s LAW:-
The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current which opposes
d
the change in magnetic flux that produced it.   
dt
consider a solenoid connected to galvanometer, when North of the magnet is
moved towards solenoid, due to rate of change of magnetic flux, an emf is induced,
induced current flows thro the solenoid. The direction of induced current is such
that it induces North polarity at the top which opposes the motion of the magnet. In
order to overcome the force of repulsion, some amt of mechanical work has to be
done. This is converted into electrical energy.
When North of magnet is moved away from the solenoid, due to decrease in
magnetic flux an emf is induced. Direction of induced current in the solenoid is such

2/18
that it produces south polarity of the field at the top.
The magnet experiences attractive force. In order to overcome the force of
attraction, some amt of mechanical work has to be done. This is converted into
electrical energy as shown in (ii)
Thus Lenz law obeys law of conservation of energy

Expression for induced current and induced emf

.
d d
  N ; W.K.t φ =BA cos  ;    N ( BA cos  ) ;
dt dt
d
  N dt ( BA cos  )
I= 
R R
Methods for producing induced emf
1. Due to rate of change of magnetic field.
d dB
  N ( BA cos  ) ; when   0 ;    NA .
dt dt
When the magnetic field linked with the coil changes, emf is induced, direction
of induced current is such that it opposes the change in field.
M.F can be changed by:-
[i] Moving the magnet towards or away from the coil.
(ii) Increases or decrease current in the primary of the solenoid.
(iii) Coil is taken away from the field acting  r inward, magnetic flux linked with
coil decreases, emf is induced, induced current flows such that it opposes the
decreases in magnetic flux i.e. it produces M.F.  r inward. The direction of induced
current is clockwise.

Obtain expression for emf induced due to change in area with time (or) ε = B l v
Consider rectangular frame PQRS placed in uniform M.F. of strength which is
acting  r inward. A slider of length  is placed over the frame such that it can be
3/18
slided over the frame normal to the filed. Let v be velocity of slider. Magnetic flux
enclosed T. in T and emf in induced.
Area enclosed by slider initially =  x1 ;
after time Δt; ΔA   x2
Change in magnetic flux =
  B(A) ;
ε= B  ( x2  x1 )
Rate of change of magnetic flux
d dx
e    B ;    B V
dt dt
V
B is perpendicular plane of the
– ve sign indicates that it opposes
change in Magnetic flux. Paper
inward
A
Derive    Blv using Lorentz force
W q v B
F = qVB ; W = F  ; W = q VB  ; V =   B v
Q q
Obtain expression for emf induced across the rod of length B
r rotating normal to uniform magnetic field. With angular velocity  .
A rod of length or is rotating in uniform M.F. of strength B normally with angular
velocity  . Rate of change of magnetic flux produces induced emf.
Area swept by the rod n one complete =  r 2 ; rotation (A)
Change in magnetic flux ( )  BA  B r 2 )
Rate of change of magnetic flux.= B  r2 /T
1
Sub T = 2  /  ;then e  Br 2 
2
A cycle wheel having a spokes rotates in uniform M.F. normally with angular
velocity  . Obtain expression for emf induced. emf induced across each spoke =
1 2
Br  ; r  radius of the wheel.
2
Net emf induced does not depend on no of spokes because emf induced across each
1
spoke is same and are arranged in parallel. So net emf, e  Br 2  .
2
1
Similarly for disc, net emf induced at the centre and at the edge = e = Br 2 
2
Induce current in each case is zero.
Obtain expression for charge induced in a coil when coil is turned thro’ 900 in
uniform M.F, the coil is placed normal to M.F.

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 d  NBA (cos 00  cos 900 )  NBA dq  NBA
a) e   ; IR = ; R ; [o – q]
dt dt dt dt dt
NAB 
R = – NBA ; q   .
R R
Note:
2NAB
When the coil is placed normal to the M.F. and is rotated thro’ 1800 q = .
R
Show that energy is conserved when a slider is moving normal to the MAGNETIC
FILED
Let � be the resistance of movable arm PQ of the rectangular conductor.
We assume that the remaining arms QR, RS and SP have negligible resistances
compared to �. Thus, the overall resistance of the rectangular loop is � and this does
not change as PQ is moved. The current � in the loop is,
BlV
I=ε /r=
r
On account of the presence of the magnetic field, there will be a force on the arm
 
PQ. This force F  I (l * B ) , is directed out wards in the direction opposite to the
velocity of the rod. The magnitude of this force is,
B2 l 2 v
F=IlB=
r
Note that this force arises due to drift velocity of charges (responsible for current)
along the rod and the consequent Lorentz force acting on them.
Alternatively, the arm PQ is being pushed with a constant speed �,
the power required to do this is,
B2 l 2 v 2
P=Fv =
r
The agent that does this work is mechanical. Where does this mechanical energy
go? The answer is : it is dissipated as Joule heat, and is given by
PJ = I 2 R=(Blv/R) 2 R=(B2 l 2 v 2 )/R
Thus, mechanical energy which was needed to move the arm PQ is converted into
electrical energy (the induced emf) and then to thermal energy.

EDDY CURRENT:-
When a thick metal block is subjected to variable strong magnetic field, an emf is
induced and large induced current flows normal to direction of magnetic filed in the
form of closed loop. This current is called eddy current or Foucault current.
Illustration :-
Consider the apparatus. A copper plate is allowed to swing like a simple
pendulum between the pole pieces of a strong magnet. It is found that the motion is
damped and in a little while the plate comes to a halt in the magnetic field. We can
explain this phenomenon on the basis of electromagnetic induction. Magnetic flux
associated with the keeps on changing as the plate moves in and out of the region

5/18
between magnetic poles. Directions of eddy currents are opposite when the plate
swings into the region between the
poles and when it swings out of the
region.

How will you make the oscillation of plate in the presence of MF less damped?
If rectangular slots are made in the copper plate as shown in fig.6.14, area
available to the flow of eddy currents is less. Thus, the pendulum plate with holes or
slots reduces electromagnetic damping and the plate swings more freely. Note that
magnetic moments of the induced currents (which oppose the motion) depend
upon the area enclosed by the currents.
How will you minimize the production of eddy current?
Eddy currents are minimized by using laminations of metal to make a metal
core. The laminations are separated by an insulating material like lacquer. The plane
of the laminations must be arranged parallel to the magnetic field, so that they cut
across the eddy current paths. This arrangement reduces the strength of the eddy
currents. Since the dissipation of electrical energy into heat depends on the square
of the strength of electric current, heat loss is substantially reduced.
Explain 4 applications of eddy current.
Eddy currents are used to advantage in certain applications like :
(i) Magnetic braking in trains : Strong electromagnets are situated
above the rails in some electrically powered trains. When the
electromagnets are activated, the eddy currents induced in the rails
oppose the motion of the trains. As there are no mechanical
linkages, the braking effect is smooth.
(ii) Electromagnetic damping : Certain galvanometers have a fixed core
made of nonmagnetic metallic material. When the coil oscillates, the
eddy currents generated in the core oppose the motion and bring
the coil to rest quickly.

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 (iii) Induction furnace : Induction furnace can be used to produce high
temperatures and can be utilized to prepare alloys, by melting the
constituent metals. A high frequency alternating current is passed
through a coil which surrounds the metals to be melted. The eddy
currents generated in the metals produce high temperature
sufficient to melt it.
(iv) Electric power meters : The shiny metal disc in the electric power
meter (analogue type) rotates due to the eddy currents. Electric
currents are induced in the disc by magnetic fields produced by
sinusoidally varying currents in a coil.
You can observe the rotating shiny disc in the power meter of
your house.
Mutual induction:-
It is the property of 2 coils by virtue of which each opposes any change in the
strength of current flowing thro’ the other by developing an induced emf.

Primary, secondary coils are wound over the same core. Primary is connected to
battery, key, rheostat and secondary is connected to galvanometer. When key is
pressed, current flows thro primary, produces M.F. and magnetic flux is linked with
the secondary It is found that  s  I p ;  s  Msp I p
Msp is the mutual inductance or co-efficient of mutual induction between 2 pair of
coil.
Mutual induction between pair of solenoids is numerically equal to magnetic flux
linked with the secondary when unit current flows thro’ the primary
d s d
E.M.F induced in the secondary is given by  s  = ( M sp I p ) ;
dt dt
dI
 s   M SP * p
dt
Mutual inductance between pair of solenoids is numerically equal to emf induced
in secondary when rate of change of current in the primary is unity.

Define SI unit of mutual inductance or co-efficient of mutual induction.

dI p dI p
 s   M sp ; when  1 Amp/sec ;  s  1 volt. then, Msp = 1 Henry (1H) ;
dt dt
Mutual inductance bet’ pair of solenoids is said to be 1 Henry when rate of change
of current of 1 Amp/sec in primary induces an emf of 1 volt in the secondary.
Unit of Msp is H or V – S/A.

Obtain expression for mutual inductance between 2 pair of solenoids.

Consider 2 solenoids primary, secondary having Ns. Np Turns wound over
same air core. Two solenoid have same area, same length Magnetic field produced
by current carrying primary solenoid

7/18
 o N P I P
Bp =

0 N s N p I p
Magnetic flux linked with secondary solenoid  s  N s BP A ; s  A

0 N s N p A
W.K.T  s  M sp I p ; MSP = .

If solenoid is wound over the iron frame of relative magnetic permeability  r
0  r N s N p A
M SP 

0  r N s N p A
On what factors mutual inductance depends on MSP =

Mutual inductance depends on –
(a) No. of turns of primary, secondary solenoid
(b) Area of each Turn and length of the solenoid
(c) Nature of material on which solenoids are wound
(d) Distance bet’ 2 solenoids
(e) Orientation bet’ 2 solenoids

Note:
Msp =  0  r ns n p A 
ns x np are no. of turns per unit length.

Obtain expression for mutual inductance between pair of solenoids having different
length and different area of cross-section.

Consider 2 solenoids primary, secondary having Ns, Np.

Turns wound over same air core. 2 solenoids have
different area As. Ap and length s . p .
0 N P I P
Magnetic field produced by current carrying primary solenoid B p  .


8/18
 0 NS N P AS
Magnetic flux with secondary solenoid  s  N s B p As ; = x IP
P
0 NS NP AS
W.K.T  s  M SP I p ;  MSP = .
P
If the solenoid is wound over iron frame of relative magnetic permeability  r
0 r NS NP AS
MSP = .
P
Note:
0 N1 N2 A2
M12 = ; M12 = M21 ; 1  M 21 I 2 .
1
Self Induction:-
It is the property of a coil by virtue of which, the coil opposes any change in the
strength of current flowing thro’ it by inducing an emf in itself.

An inductor of inductance  L is connected to Battery, rheostat, key in series.

When current in the solenoid increase, there’s a change is magnetic flux, self emf is
induced. The direction is such that it opposes the growth of the current. When the
current in the solenoid decreases, due to change in magnetic flux, an emf is
induced. The direction is such that it opposes the decay of current. Thus self
inductance is known as inertia of electricity since it opposes growth and decay of
current in the circuit.

Let i be the current flowing thro’ solenoid.  is the amt of magnetic flux linked with
the solenoid at that instance.
It is found that   I ;   LI
Where L = self inductance of co-efficient of self induction.
Define L
Self inductance is numerically equal to magnetic flux linked with the solenoid when
unit current flows thro’ the same solenoid emf. Induced in the solenoid
d dL I dI
  ;   L .
dt dt dt
Self inductance is numerically equal to magnitude of emf induced in the solenoid
when rate of change of current is unity in the same solenoid.

Define SI unit of self inductance:

Self inductance of a solenoid is said to be 1 Henry when rate of change of current of
1 Amp/sec in a solenoid induces an emf of 1 volt in the same solenoid.
Obtain expression for self inductance of a solenoid
Let I be the current flowing thro’ solenoid of self inductance L. Let n be the number
of turns, A is area of each Turn,  is the length of the solenoid. Magnetic field

9/18
  0 NI
produced by current carrying solenoid = B = Magnetic flux linked with each

0 NIA
turn of solenoid   BA 

0 N 2 AI
Magnetic flux linked with N turns of solenoid   ; W.K.T   LI

o N 2 A
L= ; When solenoid is wound over iron core (  r )

  N2 A
L= 0 r ; or L =  0  r n 2 A  .

On what factors self inductance depend on,
  N2 A
(A) : - L = 0 r

(1) Number of turns of solenoid
(2) length of solenoid
(3) Area of each Turn
(4) Material over which solenoid is wound obtain expression for energy stored in
inductor.

Obtain expression for the energy stored in

an inductor
Let L be the self inductance of a solenoid.
When current in the solenoid increases
due to change in Magnetic flux, an emf is
dI
induced. |e| = L .
dt
Small W.D. in increasing current in time (dt)
dI
dw  e I dt  L I dt ; dw = L Id I
dt
Total W.D. in increasing the current from O to I A
I
 I2  1
w   dw   L I d I  L    LI 2
0  2 2
Where L   o N A / 
2

This W.D. is stored as magnetic energy in inductor.

Energy Density:
Energy density is defined as energy stored in inductor per unit volume.
U 1 LI 2 0 N 2 A B 1 0 N 2 A B2 2 1
u  ; Sub L  , I= ; u x x 2 2x
V 2 A  0 N 2  0 N Ax
1 B2
= .
2 0

10/18
Note:
1 2
Energy stored in inductor when it is wound over iron core U = LI where L =
2
o  r N 2 A

1 B2
u= (To be derived)
2 0  r
Inductors in series

dI dI
e1  L1 M ;
dt dt
dI MdI dI
e2   L2  ;; = – [L1 + L2 + 2M]
dt dt dt
dI
e = – L equ ; Lequ = L1 + L2 + 2M
dt
II fig(ii)
dI dI dI dI dI
e1   L1 M ;e2=– L2 M ; e = e1 + e2 = – [L1 + L2 – 2M]
dt dt dt dt dt
dI
e = – L equ ; Lequ = L1 + L2 – 2M
dt
(II) Inductors in II  fig(iii)

dI1 e dI 2 e
 ;  ; I1 = I1 + I2 ;
dt L1 dt L2
dI dI1 dI 2
 
dt dt dt
e e e 1 1 1
  ;  
Lequ L1 L2 Lequ L1 L1
In this case, mutual inductance is neglected

Non-inductive coil
A resistance without inductance is called non-inductive coil.
It is obtained by double folding the wire on itself and coiling
it as shown in figure. The inductive effects cancel out as same
current is flowing in opposite direction Lea = L + L – 2L = 0.
In a resistance box, all resistance coils are made of non-inductive coils.
AC – Generator :-
Ac generator is a device which produces alternating current.
Principle:

11/18
It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction i.e. whenever amt of
magnetic flux linked with the coil increases, emf is induced. The direction of induced
current is given by Fleming’s right hand rule. Mechanical energy is converted into
electrical energy.
Construction:-
1. Armature:
ABCD is the rectangular armature coil consisting of large no. of turns of insulted
copper wire wound over a laminated soft iron core. It can be rotated about the
an central axis
2. Field Magnet:-
N & S are the pole pieces of strong electromagnet in which armature coil
is rotated such that axis of rotation is normal to direction of M.F.
3. Slip Rings:-
S1 & S2 are 2 hollow metallic rings to which 2 ends of the armature coil
A and D are connected. These rings rotate with rotation of the coil.
4. Brushes-
B1, B2 are the 2 metallic fixed brushes in contact with S1, S2 always. Purpose
of brushes is to pass on the current from to armature coil to external resistor R.

Working:-
Armature coil is placed normal to direction of M.F. such that AB is at the top. The
coil is rotated in anticlockwise direction. Magnetic Flux linked with the coil changes,

an emf induced. Directions of induced current along armature coil is DCBA & in
external circuit it is from S1 B1 to B2 S2 thro’ R
when coil is rotated 1800 further AB moves up. Due to change in Magnetic flux,
an emf is induced:
Direction of induced current is along ABCD and in external circuit is from S2B2 to
B1 S1 thro’ R.
Thus the magnitude, direction of induced current changes with time. So it is
called alternating current.

12/18
   NAB cos wt ; wt  0  o  NAB ;    o cos wt …. (1)
d d
 =  NAB cos wt ; = NABw sin wt ; When wt  90 ;  0  NAB w ;
dt dt
   0 sin wt …. (2)

When the plane of the coil is normal to M.F  t  0 . Flux is maximum and emf is
zero.
When plane of the coil is 11  to M.F  t  90 . Flux is zero and emf is maximum.
When Angle between area vector and M.F. is 1800. t  1800 .
Flux is –ve maximum and emf is zero.
When angle between Area vector and M.F. is 270. Wt = 270. Flux is zero,
emf is –ve maximum when
t  3600 , flux is +ve maximum, emf is zero.

13/18
 Note:

1. When a st. wire is movig along the circular region of M.F, emf induced varies
because rate of change of magnetic flux varies. When the same wire is moved along
rectangular region of M.F, emf induced is constant because rate of change of flux is
constant.
2. W.D in moving a charge along closed path in the presence of static E.F. is zero.
3. W.D by the charge moving along closed path in the presence of E.F. produced by
  dB  d B
induced emf is not equal to zero.  E . d   ;e= . Obtain expression for
dt dt
mutual inductance between circular coil placed co-axially concentric circular coils).

Question Bank :-
1. The magnetic flux through a coil perpendicular to its plane and directed into paper
is varying according to the relation  = (5�2 + 10 � + 5) milliweber. Calculate the
�. �. �. induced in the loop at � = 5�.
2. A square loop of side 10 �� and resistance 0.70 ohm is placed vertically in the
east – west plane. A uniform magnetic field of 0.10 � is set up across the plane in
north – east direction. The magnetic field is decreased to zero in 0.7 ���. at a
steady rate. Determine the magnitudes of induced �. �. �. and current during this
time interval.
3. A circular coil of radius 10 ��, 500 turns and resistance 2 ٠is placed with its
plane perpendicular to the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field. It

14/18
 is rotated about its vertical diameter through 180°in 0.25 �. Estimate the
magnitude of the �. �. �.and current induced in the coil. Horizontal component of
earth’s magnetic field at the place is 3 × 10−5 �.
4. An aircraft with a wingspan of 40 � flies with a speed of 1080 �� ℎ�−1 in the
eastward direction at a constant altitude in the northern hemisphere, where the
vertical component of earth’s magnetic field is 1.75 × 10−5 �. Find the �. �. �.
that develops between the tips of the wings.
5. A wheel with 10 metallic spokes each 0.5 � long is rotated with a speed of
120 ���, in a plane normal to earth’s magnetic field at the place. If the
magnitude of the field is 0.40 gauss, what is the induced �. �. �. between the axle
and rim of the wheel.
6. Find the change in current in an inductor of 10 � in which the �. �. �. induced is
300 � in 10−2 sec. Also, find the change in magnetic flux.
7. A solenoid of radius 3 �� and length 1� has 600 turns per metre. What is its self
inductance? Will the value of self inductance change if it is wound on an iron
piece?
8. A solenoid of length 50 �� with 20 turns per cm and area of cross section 40 ��2
completely surrounds another co – axial solenoid of the same length, area of cross
section 25 ��2 with 25 turns per cm. Calculate the mutual inductance of the
system.
9. Three identical coils A, B and C are placed with their planes parallel to one
another. Coils A and C carry currents as shown. Coils B and C are fixed. The coil A is
moved towards B with uniform speed. Is there any induced current in B?

10. A circular brass loop of radius a and resistance R is placed with its plane
perpendicular to a magnetic field, which varies with time as B  B0 sin t . Obtain
the expression for the induced current in the loop.
11. A wire 88cm long bent into a circular loop is placed perpendicular to the magnetic
field of flux density 2.5 Wb m-2 Within 0.5 sec the loop is changed into a square of
each side 22 cm and flux density is increased to 3.0 Wb m-2 Calculate the value of
e.m.f. induced.
12. A metal disc of radius 200 cm is rotated at a constant angular speed of 60 rad s-1 in
a plane at right angles to an external field of magnetic induction 0.05 Wb m-2 .
Find the e.m.f. induced between the centre and a point on the rim.
13. A coil has a self inductance of 10mH. What is the maximum magnitude of the

15/18
 induced emf in the inductor, when a current I=0.1 sin 200 t ampere is sent through
it.
14. Three inductances are connected as shown. Calculate the resultant inductance.

15. Two solenoids A and B spaced close to each other and sharing the same cylindrical
axis have 400 and 700 turns respectively. A current of 3.5 A in coil A produced an
average flux of 300 µT – m2 through each turns of A and a flux of 90 µT – m2
through each turns of B. Calculate.
(a) Mutual inductance of two solenoids.
(b) The self inductance of A.
What emf is induced in B when the current in A increases at the rate of 0.5 A/s?
Concept based Questions :-
1. Will an induced current develop in a conductor moved in a direction parallel to
magnetic field?
2. The magnitude of electric current is increasing from A towards B. If there is any
induced current in the loop, what will be its direction?

3. If resistance R in circuit ‘a’ be decreased, what will be the direction of induced

current in the circuit ‘b’?

4. How would you detect the presence of magnetic field on an unknown planet?
5. A bar magnet falls through a metal ring. Will its acceleration be equal to ‘g’?

16/18
6. P and S are two coils. What shall be the direction of induced momentary current in
S immediately after the switch is closed, (ii) if the switch is opened, after it has
been closed for some time.

7. A small resistor R(say, a lamp) is usually put in parallel to the current carrying coil
of an electromagnet. What purpose does it serve?

8. In co-axial concentric coils of radius r1 and r2 such that r1 << r2, find direction of
induced current when K is (i) pressed (ii) released.

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9. An inductor L and a resistance R connected in parallel to a battery through a
switch. The resistance of R is the same as that of the coil that makes L. Two
identical bulbs are put in each arm of the circuit.(i) Which of the bulb lights up
earlier when S is closed? (ii) Will the bulb be equally bright after some time?

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10. A coil B is connected to a low voltage bulb L and placed parallel to another coil A,
as shown. Explain the following observations:
(i) bulb lights (ii) bulb gets dimmer if the coil B is moved upwards.

11. A coil A is connected to a voltmeter V and the other coil B to an alternating

current source. If a large copper sheet is placed between the two coils, how does
the induced emf in coil A change due to current in coil B?

12. A coil Q is connected to low voltage bulb B and placed near another coil P as
shown. Given reasons to explain the following observation:
(a) The bulb B lights
(b) Bulb gets dimmer if coil Q is moved towards left.

13. A vertical metallic pole falls down through the plane of magnetic meridian. Will
any e.m.f. be induced between its ends?
14. The south pole of a magnet is brought near a conducting loop. What is the
direction of induced current as seen by a person on the other side of the loop?

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15. Is induced electric field conservative or non conservative?
16. A wheel with a certain number of spokes is rotated in a plane normal to earth’s
magnetic field so that an e.m.f. is induced between the axle and rim of the wheel.
Keeping all other things same, number of spokes is changed. How is the e.m.f.
affected ?
17. A plot of magnetic flux () versus current (I) is for two inductors A and B. which of
the two has larger value of self induction?

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