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IT3501- Full Stack Web Development

Unit - I

Understanding the Basic Web Development Framework:

Web:

The full form of WWW is the World Wide Web. WWW is also called a Web
and it is a catalogue of an order of all websites connected to the worldwide
Internet. It is an information system in which linked hypertext data and resources
are accessed over the Internet.

In simply it refers to Websites and Web Pages or anything that works over
the internet.

Development: Refers to building the application from scratch.

Web Development:

Web development refers to the creating, building, and maintaining of

websites. It includes aspects such as web design, web publishing, web programming,
and database management. It is the creation of an application that works over the
internet i.e. websites.

Web Development can be classified into two ways:

 Frontend Development
The part of a website where the user interacts directly is termed as
front end. It is also referred to as the ‘client side’ of the application.

Popular Frontend Technologies

 HTML: HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is used to design

the front end portion of web pages using markup language. It acts as a skeleton
for a website since it is used to make the structure of a website.
 CSS: Cascading Style Sheets fondly referred to as CSS is a simply designed
language intended to simplify the process of making web pages presentable. It
is used to style our website.
 JavaScript: JavaScript is a scripting language used to provide a dynamic
behavior to our website.
 Bootstrap: Bootstrap is a free and open-source tool collection for creating
responsive websites and web applications. It is the most popular CSS

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framework for developing responsive, mobile-first websites. Nowadays, the
websites are perfect for all browsers (IE, Firefox, and Chrome) and for all
sizes of screens (Desktop, Tablets, Phablets, and Phones).
 Bootstrap 4
 Bootstrap 5

Backend Development
Backend is the server side of a website. It is part of the website
that users cannot see and interact with. It is the portion of software that does not
come in direct contact with the users. It is used to store and arrange data.

Popular Backend Technologies

 PHP: PHP is a server-side scripting language designed specifically for web

development.
 Java: Java is one of the most popular and widely used programming
languages. It is highly scalable.
 Python: Python is a programming language that lets you work quickly and
integrate systems more efficiently.
 Node.js: Node.js is an open source and cross-platform runtime environment
for executing JavaScript code outside a browser.

Full-stack Development

Typically, back-end website development and front-end development are carried

out by different professionals with expertise in each.

When the web solution is developed by a single developer who has experience
with both front-end and back-end, it is called full-stack development.

Web Development Framework:

A web development framework is a set of resources and tools for software

developers to build and manage web applications, web services and websites, as
well as to develop application programming interfaces (APIs). Web development
frameworks are also referred to as web application frameworks or simply web
frameworks.

Web development frameworks enable developers to build applications that can run
on well-known technology stacks such as

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the Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP (LAMP) stack. Most frameworks provide a
wide range of features and functionality that help streamline application
development.

Because web development frameworks are so comprehensive in scope, they offer

development teams several important benefits, including the following:

 Developers can build applications faster and more efficiently because they
write less code, reuse code, and contend with fewer errors and bugs.
 Many frameworks are open source and backed by strong developer
communities that help to optimize the code and reduce errors, leading to better
performance and reliability, as well as easier maintenance.
 Many web development frameworks are widely used, adhere to industry
standards and are backed by strong developer communities. The continuous
vetting and improvements that this provides results in better security.
Developers also avoid many of the risks that come with building applications
from scratch.
 Web development frameworks speed up application development, reduce
errors, simplify debugging and increase reliability. Many of them are also open
source and free. Taken together, the factors can significantly reduce overall
development costs.

A web development framework also provides the foundation and system-level

services necessary to support a content management system (CMS). A content
management system is an application built on top of the development framework
that adds functionality for dynamically managing digital web content.

What are the web framework types?

Organizations can choose from a wide range of web development frameworks --
each offering an assortment of features -- giving development teams plenty of
options from which to choose. Despite their differences, however, most
frameworks fall into one of two categories: those that target front-end development
and those that target the back end:

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 Front-end frameworks. Also called user-side or client-side frameworks,
front-end frameworks focus on the user-facing elements of a web application.
They provide the components and templates necessary to render passive or
interactive webpages in a browser, using industry technologies such
as HTML, CSS, JavaScript and jQuery.

 Back-end frameworks. These frameworks, also called server-side

frameworks, target the server and back-end components that support a web
application. They're responsible for mapping URLs, processing HTTP requests,
interfacing with data sources and supporting other back-end operations. Back-
end frameworks use industry technologies such as Python, PHP, .NET, Java
and Ruby.

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Web development frameworks are also distinguished from each other by their
approach to application architecture. Many web development frameworks are
based on a Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture, which separates the web
application into three layers.

 The Model layer is concerned with the back-end business logic and data.

 The View layer focuses on the user interface and facilitating interactivity.

 The Controller layer acts as an interface between the model and view layers,
processing the requests between them.

Components of Web Development:

o Application templates for presenting information within a browser.
o Programming environment for scripting the flow of information.
o APIs for accessing back-end data resources
o Code libraries with prebuilt components and code snippets.
o Support for debugging, quality assurance (QA) testing and code
reusability.

Benefits of Web Development Framework:

Makes the Development Process Easier

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Web frameworks provide pre-written code libraries, modules, and guidelines to developers, which can
greatly accelerate the creation process. Assuring scalability, maintainability, and adherence to industry
norms for the code also helps.

Eases Debugging and Application Maintenance

Web frameworks give programmers access to tools that simplify managing and debugging their web
applications. Frameworks frequently come with built-in debugging tools and can identify and correct
typing errors and bugs.

Reduces Code Length

With the aid of web frameworks, developers can achieve more with less code. Pre-built libraries and
modules can speed up development by saving developers time and lowering the amount of code they need
to create.

Improves Database Proficiency

Web frameworks often include built-in tools for database integration, making it easier to work with
databases. This can help improve database proficiency, which is essential for web applications that rely on
data.

Reinforces Security
Web frameworks provide developers with built-in security features and guidelines to help reinforce
security best practices. This helps ensure that web applications are secure and less vulnerable to attacks.

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Users
USER:
Web Application
A web application is software that runs in your web browser. Businesses have to
exchange information and deliver services remotely. They use web applications to
connect with customers conveniently and securely. The most common website
features like shopping carts, product search and filtering, instant messaging, and social
media newsfeeds are web applications in their design. They allow you to access
complex functionality without installing or configuring software.

Benefits of web applications

Web applications have several benefits, with almost all major enterprises utilizing
them as part of their user offerings. Here are some of the most common benefits
associated with web apps.
1. Accessibility

Web apps can be accessed from all web browsers and across various personal and
business devices. Teams in different locations can access shared documents, content
management systems, and other business services through subscription-based web
applications.
2. Efficient development

As detailed, the development process for web apps is relatively simple and cost-
effective for businesses. Small teams can achieve short development cycles, making
web applications an efficient and affordable method of building computer programs.
In addition, because the same version works across all modern browsers and devices,
you won't have to create several different iterations for multiple platforms.
3. User simplicity

Web apps don't require users to download them, making them easy to access while
eliminating the need for end-user maintenance and hard drive capacity. Web
applications automatically receive software and security updates, meaning they are
always up to date and less at risk of security breaches.

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4. Scalability

Businesses using web apps can add users as and when they need, without additional
infrastructure or costly hardware. In addition, the vast majority of web application
data is stored in the cloud, meaning your business won't have to invest in additional
storage capacity to run web apps.

Some common web applications

There are numerous types of web applications. Here are some of the most well-
known.
 Workplace collaboration web applications

Workplace collaboration web apps allow team members to access documents, shared
calendars, business instant messaging services, and other enterprise tools.
 Ecommerce web applications

Ecommerce web apps such as Amazon.com enable users to browse, search, and pay
for products online.
 Email web applications

Webmail apps are widely used by enterprises and personal users to access their
emails. They often include other communication tools such as instant messaging and
video meetings.
 Online banking web applications

Business and personal users widely use online banking web apps to access their
accounts and other financial products such as loans and mortgages.
 Technical documentation
You can use web applications to create and share technical documentation like user
manuals, how-to guides and device specifications

Web Server
The term web server can refer to hardware or software, or both of them working
together.

1. On the hardware side, a web server is a computer that stores web server
software and a website's component files (for example, HTML documents,
images, CSS stylesheets, and JavaScript files). A web server connects to the

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Internet and supports physical data interchange with other devices connected
to the web.
2. On the software side, a web server includes several parts that control how
web users access hosted files. At a minimum, this is an HTTP server. An
HTTP server is software that understands URLs (web addresses)
and HTTP (the protocol your browser uses to view webpages). An HTTP
server can be accessed through the domain names of the websites it stores,
and it delivers the content of these hosted websites to the end user's device.

At the most basic level, whenever a browser needs a file that is hosted on a web
server, the browser requests the file via HTTP. When the request reaches the
correct (hardware) web server, the (software) HTTP server accepts the request,
finds the requested document, and sends it back to the browser, also through HTTP.
(If the server doesn't find the requested document, it returns a 404 response
instead.)

To publish a website, you need either a static or a dynamic web server.

A static web server, or stack, consists of a computer (hardware) with an HTTP

server (software). We call it "static" because the server sends its hosted files as-is
to your browser.

A dynamic web server consists of a static web server plus extra software, most
commonly an application server and a database. We call it "dynamic" because the
application server updates the hosted files before sending content to your browser
via the HTTP server.

Web Browser

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A software application used to access information on the World Wide Web is
called a Web Browser. When a user requests some information, the web browser
fetches the data from a web server and then displays the webpage on the user's
screen.

Types of Web Browser

The functions of all web browsers are the same. Thus, more than the different types
there are different web browsers which have been used over the years.

Discussed below are different web browser examples and their specific features:

1. WorldWideWeb

 The first web browser ever

 Launched in 1990
 It was later named “Nexus” to avoid any confusion with the World Wide
Web
 Had the very basic features and less interactive in terms of graphical
interface
 Did not have the feature of bookmark
2. Mosaic

 It was launched in 1993

 The second web browser which was launched
 Had a better graphical interface. Images, text and graphics could all be
integrated
 It was developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications
 The team which was responsible for creating Mosaic was lead by Marc
Andreessen
 It was named “the world’s first popular browser”
3. Netscape Navigator

 It was released in 1994

 In the 1990s, it was the dominant browser in terms of usage share
 More versions of this browser were launched by Netscape

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 It had an advanced licensing scheme and allowed free usage for non-
commercial purposes
4. Internet Explorer

 It was launched in 1995 by Microsoft

 By 2003, it has attained almost 95% of usage share and had become the
most popular browsers of all
 Close to 10 versions of Internet Explorer were released by Microsoft and
were updated gradually
 It was included in the Microsoft Windows operating system
 In 2015, it was replaced with “Microsoft Edge”, as it became the default
browser on Windows 10
5. Firefox

 It was introduced in 2002 and was developed by Mozilla Foundation

 Firefox overtook the usage share from Internet Explorer and became the
dominant browser during 2003-04
 Location-aware browsing was made available with Firefox
 This browser was also made available for mobile phones, tablets, etc.
6. Google Chrome

 It was launched in 2008 by Google

 It is a cross-platform web browser
 Multiple features from old browsers were amalgamated to form better and
newer features
 To save computers from malware, Google developed the ad-blocking feature
to keep the user data safe and secure
 Incognito mode is provided where private searching is available where no
cookies or history is saved
 Till date, it has the best user interface
Apart from these, Opera Mini web browser was introduced in 2005 which was
specially designed for mobile users. Before the mobile version, the computer
version “Opera” was also released in 1995. It supported a decent user interface and
was developed by Opera Software.

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S.
No. Parameters Web Browser Web Server

Web Browser is an
Application program that A web server is a program or
displays a World wide web the computer that provide
1. Basics
document. It usually uses services to other programs
the internet service to access called client.
the document.

The Web server accepts,

The Web browser requests approves, and responds to the
2. Function the server for the web request made by the web
documents and services. browser for a web document or
service.

A web browser is a
The web server is responsible
programme that uses
3. Responsibility for connecting websites and
websites to search the
web browsers.
internet for information.

The web server is a software or

The web browser acts as an
a system which maintain the
interface between the server
4. Interface web applications, generate
and the client and displays a
response and accept clients
web document to the client.
data.

Components of web Components of web server

Components of browser architecture- a architecture- hardware,
5.
architecture controller, client program, operating system software, and
and interpreters. Web server software.

The web browser sends an The web server gets HTTP

HTTP request
6. HTTP request and gets an requests and sends HTTP
and response
HTTP response. responses.

There exist three types of

Doesn’t exist any
Processing processing models for web
7. processing model for the
Model servers i.e Process-based,
web browser.
Thread based, and Hybrid.

8. Storing data Web browser stores the Web servers provide an area to

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S.
No. Parameters Web Browser Web Server

cookies for different store and organize the pages of

websites. the website.

The web server can be a

remote machine placed on the
The web browser is
other side of your network or
9. Installation installed on the client’s
even on the other end of the
computer.
globe, or it is your very own
personal computer at home.

Examples of Web browsers

are Mozilla Firefox, Google An example of a Web Server is
10. Examples
Chrome, and Internet Apache Server.
Explorer.

MVC Architecture:

MVC is an architectural pattern that is used to divide the application into

three components, namely - Model, View, and Controller. Separating the
application into these three components makes it easier to scale the application and
makes it more extensive and easier to maintain.

Features of MVC :
 It provides a clear separation of business logic, Ul logic, and input logic.
 It offers full control over your HTML and URLs which makes it easy to
design web application architecture.
 It is a powerful URL-mapping component using which we can build
applications that have comprehensible and searchable URLs.
 It supports Test Driven Development (TDD).

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Components of MVC :
The MVC framework includes the following 3 components:
Controller:
 The controller is the component that enables the interconnection
between the views and the model so it acts as an intermediary.
The controller doesn’t have to worry about handling data logic, it
just tells the model what to do. It process all the business logic
and incoming requests, manipulate data using
the Model component and interact with the View to render the
final output.

View:
 The View component is used for all the UI logic of the
application. It generates a user interface for the user. Views are
created by the data which is collected by the model component
but these data aren’t taken directly but through the controller. It
only interacts with the controller.

Model:
 The Model component corresponds to all the data-related logic
that the user works with. This can represent either the data that is
being transferred between the View and Controller components or
any other business logic-related data. It can add or retrieve data
from the database. It responds to the controller’s request because
the controller can’t interact with the database by itself. The model

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interacts with the database and gives the required data back to the
controller.

Advantages of MVC:
 Codes are easy to maintain and they can be extended easily.
 The MVC model component can be tested separately.
 The components of MVC can be developed simultaneously.
 It reduces complexity by dividing an application into three units. Model,
view, and controller.
 It supports Test Driven Development (TDD).
 It works well for Web apps that are supported by large teams of web
designers and developers.
 This architecture helps to test components independently as all classes and
objects are independent of each other
 Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Friendly.

Disadvantages of MVC:
 It is difficult to read, change, test, and reuse this model
 It is not suitable for building small applications.
 The inefficiency of data access in view.
 The framework navigation can be complex as it introduces new layers of
abstraction which requires users to adapt to the decomposition criteria of MVC.
 Increased complexity and Inefficiency of data

Popular MVC Frameworks:

Some of the most popular and extensively used MVC frameworks are listed below.
 Ruby on Rails
 Django
 CherryPy
 Spring MVC
 Catalyst
 Rails
 Zend Framework
 Fuel PHP
 Laravel
 Symphony

Understanding of Different Stack:

Express

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The Express module acts as the webserver in the Node.js-to-Angular stack.
The fact that it is running in Node.js makes it easy to configure, implement, and
control. The Express module extends Node.js to provide several key components
for handling web requests.
This allows you to implement a running webserver in Node.js with only a
few lines of code. For example, the Express module provides the ability to easily
set up destination routes (URLs) for users to connect to.
It also provides great functionality on working with the HTTP request and
response objects, including things like cookies and HTTP headers. The following is
a partial list of the valuable features of Express:

■ Route management: Express makes it easy to define routes (URL

endpoints) that tie directly to Node.js script functionality on the server.
■ Error handling: Express provides built-in error handling for documents not
found and other errors.
■ Easy integration: An Express server can easily be implemented behind an
existing reverse proxy system such as Nginx or Varnish. This allows it to be easily
integrated into your existing secured system.
■ Cookies: Express provides easy cookie management.
■ Session and cache management: Express also enables session management
and cache management.

Angular
Angular is a client-side framework developed by Google. Angular provides
all the functionality needed to handle user input in the browser, manipulate data on
the client side, and control how elements are displayed in the browser view. It is
written using TypeScript.
The entire theory behind Angular is to provide a framework that makes it
easy to implement web applications using the MVC framework.
Other JavaScript frameworks could be used with the Node.js platform, such
as Backbone, Ember, and Meteor.
However, Angular has the best design, feature set, and trajectory at this
writing.
Here are some of the benefits of Angular:
■ Data binding: Angular has a clean method to bind data to HTML elements
using its powerful scope mechanism.
■ Extensibility: The Angular architecture allows you to easily extend almost
every aspect of the language to provide your own custom implementations.
■ Clean: Angular forces you to write clean, logical code.
■ Reusable code: The combination of extensibility and clean code makes it
easy to write reusable code in Angular. In fact, the language often forces you to do
so when creating custom services.

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■ Support: Google is investing a lot into this project, which gives it an
advantage over other similar initiatives.
■ Compatibility: Angular is based on TypeScript, which makes it easier to
begin integrating Angular into your environment and to reuse pieces of your
existing code within the structure of the Angular framework.

Node.js
Node.js is a development framework based on Google’s V8 JavaScript
engine. Therefore, Node.js code is written in JavaScript and then compiled into
machine code by V8 to be executed.

Many of your backend services can be written in Node.js, as can the server-
side scripts and any supporting web application functionality. The nice thing about
Node.js is that it is all just JavaScript, so you can easily take functionality from a
client-side script and place it in a server-side script.

Also, the web server can run directly within the Node.js platform as a
Node.js module, so it makes it much easier than, say, Apache at wiring up new
services or server-side scripts.

The following are just a few reasons why Node.js is a great framework to
start from:

■ JavaScript end-to-end: One of the biggest advantages to Node.js is that it

allows you to write both server- and client-side scripts in JavaScript. There have
always been difficulties in deciding where to put scripting logic. Too much on the
client side makes the client cumbersome and unwieldy, but too much on the server
side slows down web applications and puts a heavy burden on the webserver. With
Node.js you can take JavaScript written on the client and easily adapt it for the
server and vice versa. Also, your client developers and server developers will be
speaking the same language.

■ Event-driven scalability: Node.js applies a different logic to handling web

requests. Rather than having multiple threads waiting to process web requests, they
are processed on the same thread using a basic event model. This allows Node.js
webservers to scale in ways that traditional webservers never can. This is discussed
in more detail in later chapters.

■ Extensibility: Node.js has a great following and an active development

community. New modules to extend Node.js functionality are being developed all
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the time. Also it is simple to install and include new modules in Node.js, making it
easy to extend a Node.js project to include new functionality in minutes.

■ Time: Let’s face it, time is valuable. Node.js is super easy to set up and
develop in. In only a few minutes, you can install Node.js and have a working
webserver.

MongoDB
MongoDB is an agile and scalable NoSQL database. The name Mongo
comes from “humongous.”

It is based on the NoSQL document store model, meaning that data is stored
in the database as a form of JSON objects rather than the traditional columns and
rows of a relational database.

MongoDB provides great website backend storage for high traffic websites
that need to store data such as user comments, blogs, or other items because it is
fast, scalable, and easy to implement.

This book covers using the MongoDB driver library to access MongoDB
from Node.js. Node.js supports a variety of DB access drivers, so the data store
could just as easily be MySQL or some other database. However, the following are
some of the reasons that MongoDB really fits in the Node.js stack well:

■ Document orientation: Because MongoDB is document-oriented, the data

is stored in the database in a format close to what you will be dealing with in both
server-side and clientside scripts. This eliminates the need to transfer data from
rows to objects and back. Understanding the Node.js-to-Angular Stack
Components 13

■ High performance: MongoDB is one of the highest performing databases

available. Especially today when more and more people interact with websites, it is
important to have a backend that can support heavy traffic.

■ High availability: MongoDB’s replication model makes it easy to maintain

scalability while keeping high performance.

■ High scalability: MongoDB’s structure makes it easy to scale horizontally

by sharing the data across multiple servers.

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■ No SQL injection: MongoDB is not susceptible to SQL injection (putting
SQL statements in web forms or other input from the browser that compromises
the DB security) because objects are stored as objects, not using SQL strings.

React
React anchors the MERN stack. In some sense, it is the defining component
of the MERN stack.

React is an open-source JavaScript library maintained by Facebook that can

be used for creating views rendered in HTML.

Unlike AngularJS, React is not a framework. It is a library. Thus, it does not,

by itself, dictate a framework pattern such as the MVC pattern.

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