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T Test Final

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T test

Types of t tests
There are three types of t tests which can be used for hypothesis
testing:
 One sample t test
 Independent Sample t test
 Paired sample t test

Independent Sample T Test

The independent samples t-test is used to compare two sample


means from unrelated groups. This means that there are different
people providing scores for each group. The purpose of this test is
to determine if the samples are different from each other.
Hypotheses
The null hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis (H1) of the
Independent Samples t Test can be expressed in two different but
equivalent ways:
H0: µ1 = µ2 ("the two population means are equal")
H1: µ1 ≠ µ2 ("the two population means are not equal")
OR
H0: µ1 - µ2 = 0 ("the difference between the two population means
is equal to 0")
H1: µ1 - µ2 ≠ 0 ("the difference between the two population means
is not 0")

where µ1 and µ2 are the population means for group 1 and group 2,
respectively. Notice that the second set of hypotheses can be
derived from the first set by simply subtracting µ2 from both sides
of the equation.
Data View

Variable View
Select Analyze > Compare means > Independent Sample T test
Define Group> Group 1 > Group 2

Result
Group N Mean
Std. Deviation
Male 10 31.20
7.28
Female 10 33.20
10.40

F Significant t
df

1.37 0.25 -0.49


18

Interpretation: The computed Independent T value is -0.49 is not


significant (α= 0.25) at 0.05 and 0.01level, which implies there is no
significant difference between two group means, M1= 31.2, M2=
32.2.

Paired Sample t Test

Paired t tests are also known as a paired sample t-test or a dependent samples t test.
These names reflect the fact that the two samples are paired or dependent because
they contain the same subjects. Conversely, an independent samples t test contains
different subjects in the two samples.

The Paired-Samples t test procedure compares the means of two


variables for a single group. The procedure computes the
differences between values of the two variables for each case and
tests whether the average differs from 0. The procedure also
automates the t-test effect size computation. The paired sample t-
test hypotheses are:
The null hypothesis (H0) assumes that the true mean difference (μd)
is equal to zero.
Formula:

Data View

Variable view

Analyse > Compare Means > Paired Sample t Test


Drag Pair > Variables1 > Variable2 > Ok

Select > Option > Continue


Result

Variable N Mean
Std. Deviation
Happiness 30 1.46
0.50
Productivity 30 2.13
0.81

Mean Std. Deviation Significant t


df

-0.66 0.66 0.95 -3.80


29

Interpretation: The computed Paired t value is -3.808 is not


significant (α= 0.95) at 0.05 and 0.01 level, which implies there is
no significant difference between two group means, M1= 1.4, M2=
2.1.

One way ANOVA

ANOVA Test is used to analyze the differences among the means of


various groups using certain estimation procedures. ANOVA means
analysis of variance. ANOVA test is a statistical significance test that
is used to check whether the null hypothesis can be rejected or not
during hypothesis testing.
A one-way ANOVA (“analysis of variance”) compares the means of
three or more independent groups to determine if there is a
statistically significant difference between the corresponding
population means.

 If the hypothesis is significant Null hypothesis is rejected.


 If the hypothesis is not significant Null hypothesis is accepted

Data View
Variable View
Value Labels

Analyze > Compare Means > One way ANOVA > Dependent List and
Factor
Drag > Dependent List > Factor

Select Option > Descriptive > Homogeneity > Means Plot >
continue > OK
Result
Group N Mean
Std. Deviation
Rural 5 13
3.46
Urban 5 16
3.08
Tribal 5 14
4.69

F t Significant

0.08 14 0.47

Interpretation: The computed f value (f= .805) is not significant (α=


0.47) at 0.05 and 0.01level, which implies there is no significant
difference between among group means, M1= 31.2, M2= 32.2. With
df (df= 2+ 12= 14).
M1=M2=M3 (Not Significant).
Chi- Square (x2)

Chi-square is a method that is used in statistics and it calculates the difference


between observed and expected data values. It is used to find out how closely actual
data fit with expected data. The value of chi-square will help us to get the answer to
the question as to the significance of the difference in expected and observed data
statistically. A small chi-square value will tell us that any differences in actual and
expected data are due to some usual chance.

Chi-Square is one way to show the relationship between two categorical variables.
Generally, there are two types of variables in statistics such as numerical variables
and non-numerical variables.
The calculation of the Chi-Square statistic is quite straight-forward and intuitive:

 where fo = the observed frequency (the observed counts in the cells) and f e = the
expected frequency
 if NO relationship existed between the variables
 As depicted in the formula, the Chi-Square statistic is based on the difference
between what is actually observed in the data and what would be expected if
there was truly no relationship between the variables.
The chi-square goodness of fit test is appropriate when the following
conditions are met:
 The sampling method is simple random sampling.
 The variable under study is categorical.
 The expected value of the number of sample observations in each level of the
variable is at least 5
Data View

Variable View
Select Values > Enter Value > Label
Analyze > Descriptive > Crosstabs

Crosstabs > Drag > Row (s) > Column (s)


Select Statistic > Chi-Square > Continue > Ok

Result
Value df Significant

0.68 1 0.87

Interpretation: The value of the chi square statistic is .268. The p-


value is (.875). The result is not significant, the value is greater than
the designated alpha level (.05).
Therefore, there is no significant between introverted and
extroverted in color preference.

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