Q.1 (a) Blockchain-as-a-Service(BaaS) is a concept similar to Software-as-aService(SaaS). Justify.

1. Cloud-Based: Both BaaS and SaaS are online services, so you don’t need to install anything on your
computer. You can access them from anywhere.

2. Subscription Model: You pay a regular fee for these services, making it easy to change how much
you use them based on your needs.

3. Focus on Core Business: They help businesses focus on what they do best instead of worrying
about tech stuff. This saves time and effort.

4. Quick Deployment: You can start using both services really fast, which is great if you need
something done quickly.

5. Flexibility: You can customize the services to fit what you need, picking features that work for you.

6. Security: Both have built-in security to keep your data safe and help you follow the rules, so you
don’t have to worry as much about risks.

(b) Write Application of Blockchain. Also Write Name of platform for developing blockchain
application.

(c) Explain Proof-of-work v/s Proof-of-stake protocol.

Q.2 (a) What is consensus protocol in blockchain? Explain.

A consensus protocol in blockchain is a set of rules that helps all the participants in the network
agree on the current state of the blockchain.

It ensures that every transaction is verified and recorded correctly, which prevents problems like
double spending.

This is super important because blockchains are decentralized, meaning there’s no single authority to
oversee everything.

1. Agreement:

The primary goal of a consensus protocol is to achieve agreement among all participants on the
validity of transactions and the order in which they are added to the blockchain.
2. Decentralization:

Consensus protocols enable decentralized decision-making, meaning that no single entity has control
over the network.

This is crucial for maintaining the integrity and security of the blockchain.

3. Types of Consensus Protocols: There are various types of consensus protocols, including:

- Proof of Work (PoW): Requires participants to solve complex mathematical problems to validate
transactions.

- Proof of Stake (PoS): Allows participants to validate transactions based on the number of coins
they hold and are willing to stake.

- Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS): Involves a voting system where stakeholders elect delegates to
validate transactions on their behalf.

- Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT): A consensus mechanism designed for permissioned
blockchains that can tolerate failures and malicious actors.

4. Security and Trust:

Consensus protocols help secure the network by making it difficult for any single entity to manipulate
the blockchain.

They also build trust among participants, as everyone can verify the transactions independently.

(b) Difference between Bitcoin blockchain and Ethereum Block chain?

(c) Discuss Key characteristics of Consortium Blockchain in detail.

W-21

Q.3 (a) Explain What is Metamask? How it is useful in Blockchan.

(b) Differentiate between Public and Private blockchain.

1. Access:

- Public: Open to everyone.

- Private: Restricted access.

2. Transparency:
 - Public: All transactions visible.

- Private: Only authorized users see transactions.

3. Control:

- Public: Decentralized; no single owner.

- Private: Centralized; controlled by one group.

4. Security:

- Public: High security with mining.

- Private: Security managed by the organization.

5. Speed:

- Public: Slower due to many users.

- Private: Faster with fewer users.

6. Consensus Mechanism:

- Public: Uses proof of work or proof of stake.

- Private: May use simpler methods like voting.

7. Cost:

- Public: Can be costly to maintain.

- Private: Generally lower costs for management.

8. Use Cases:

- Public: Best for cryptocurrencies.

- Private: Ideal for businesses and private data.

9. Node Participation:

- Public: Anyone can run a node.

- Private: Only approved users can run nodes.

10. Scalability:

- Public: Can struggle with scaling.

- Private: Easier to scale due to fewer participants.

(c) Explain the structure of Blockchain eco system.

1. Nodes: Think of nodes as the computers that make up the blockchain network.

-Each node can be a full node, which keeps a complete copy of the entire blockchain, or a lightweight
node, which only keeps part of it.

Nodes communicate with each other to validate and share information about transactions.

2. Blocks: A blockchain is made up of blocks, which are like containers for transactions.

Each block holds a list of transactions that have occurred during a certain period. Blocks are linked
together in order, forming a chain, and each block has a timestamp showing when it was created and
a unique hash (a kind of digital fingerprint) that distinguishes it from other blocks.

3. Transactions: These are the actual records of actions on the blockchain, like sending or receiving
cryptocurrency.

When someone wants to make a transaction, it gets verified by the network before being added to a
block.

4. Consensus Mechanism: This is how the nodes agree on which transactions are valid.

It ensures that everyone in the network has the same version of the blockchain. Two popular
methods are:

- Proof of Work (PoW): Nodes (called miners) compete to solve complex mathematical problems to
add a new block to the chain. This requires a lot of computational power.

- Proof of Stake (PoS): Instead of competing, nodes are chosen to create new blocks based on the
number of coins they hold and are willing to "stake" as collateral.

5. Smart Contracts: These are like digital agreements that automatically execute when certain
conditions are met.

They are written in code and run on the blockchain, removing the need for middlemen.

For example, a smart contract could automatically transfer ownership of a digital asset once payment
is received.
6. Cryptographic Hash Functions: These are special algorithms that take input data and produce a
fixed-size string of characters. Each unique input will produce a unique output.

This is crucial for ensuring the security and integrity of the data on the blockchain, as even a small
change in input will result in a completely different hash.

7. Wallets: Digital wallets are tools that allow users to store and manage their cryptocurrencies. They
can be:

- Software wallets: These can be apps on your phone or computer that allow easy access to your
crypto.

- Hardware wallets: These are physical devices that store your crypto offline, making them more
secure against hacking.

8. Tokens/Cryptocurrencies: Tokens are digital assets created on a blockchain. They can represent
things like money (cryptocurrencies) or other forms of value, such as voting rights in a network or
access to specific services.

9. Decentralization: This means that no single person or organization controls the entire blockchain.

Instead, control is spread out among all the nodes, making the system more secure and less
vulnerable to attacks or fraud.

10. Governance: This involves how decisions are made within the blockchain community.

It can include voting on changes to the network, such as software upgrades or new features.

Governance ensures that all participants have a say in how the blockchain operates.

Q.3 (a) What is Hybrid Blockchain System? List and explain pros and cons of it.

Hybrid blockchain is a type of blockchain that combines features of both public and private
blockchains.

In a hybrid blockchain, some data is stored on a public network, accessible to anyone, while other
data is kept private and only accessible to authorized users.

This allows organizations to benefit from the transparency and security of public blockchains while
maintaining control over sensitive information.

Pros:
1. Flexibility: You can control what data is public or private.

2. Scalability: It handles more transactions better.

3. Security: Protects sensitive info while allowing public access to other data.

4. Compliance: Meets legal requirements for data privacy.

5. Cost-Effective: Reduces costs by separating data types.

Cons:

1. Complexity: Harder to set up and manage.

2. Governance Issues: Conflicts over who controls the data.

3. Less Transparency: Private data can cause distrust.

4. Integration Problems: Difficult to connect with other blockchains.

5. Resource Intensive: Needs more resources to maintain.

(b) Discuss the benefits of DLT (Distributed Ledger Technology).

1. Transparency: All participants in the network can access the same information, which enhances
trust and accountability.

2. Security: DLT uses cryptographic techniques, making it difficult for unauthorized parties to alter
data, thus ensuring data integrity.

3. Decentralization: There’s no central authority controlling the ledger, reducing the risk of a single
point of failure and enhancing resilience.

4. Efficiency: Transactions can be processed faster since they don’t require intermediaries, leading to
reduced costs and quicker settlement times.

5. Immutability: Once data is recorded on the ledger, it cannot be changed or deleted, providing a
reliable audit trail.

6. Accessibility: DLT can be accessed by multiple parties across different locations, facilitating
collaboration and data sharing.
7. Smart Contracts: DLT can automate processes through smart contracts, which execute
automatically when predefined conditions are met, increasing efficiency and reducing human error.

(c) Explain in detail types of cryptocurrency.

Q.4 (a) Explain BFT algorithm.

The Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) algorithm is a method used in distributed computing to ensure
that a group of nodes (computers) can reach an agreement even when some of them fail or act
maliciously. Here’s a breakdown of how it works:

1. Nodes and Proposals: In a BFT system, there are multiple nodes that need to agree on a single
value or decision. Each node can propose a value, like a transaction or a block in a blockchain.

2. Communication: Nodes communicate with each other by sending messages. This is essential
because they need to share their proposals and gather votes from other nodes.

3. Voting Process: After proposing a value, each node collects votes from other nodes. A proposal
needs to receive a certain number of votes to be considered valid. Typically, it requires more than
two-thirds of the nodes to agree.

4. Handling Faults: The algorithm is designed to tolerate failures or malicious behavior from some
nodes. It can handle situations where up to one-third of the nodes are faulty. This means that as long
as the majority of nodes are honest, they can still reach a consensus.

5. Multiple Rounds: The process may involve several rounds of messaging and voting. If a proposal
doesn’t get enough votes in one round, nodes might propose new values and vote again until a
consensus is reached.

6. Final Agreement: Once a proposal receives enough votes, all nodes agree on that value, and it
becomes the accepted decision.

(b) How do smart contracts reduce the transaction cost? List the benefits of smart contract.

Smart contracts are self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement directly written into
code. They run on blockchain technology, and they help reduce transaction costs in several ways:

### How Smart Contracts Reduce Transaction Costs:

1. Elimination of Intermediaries: Traditional contracts often require intermediaries like lawyers,
notaries, or banks to facilitate and verify transactions. Smart contracts automate this process,
allowing parties to transact directly, which cuts down on fees associated with these intermediaries.

2. Automation of Processes: Smart contracts execute automatically when predefined conditions are
met. This reduces the need for manual intervention, saving time and labor costs.

3. Increased Efficiency: The automated nature of smart contracts speeds up the transaction process.
Faster transactions mean lower costs associated with delays and inefficiencies.

4. Reduced Errors: Since smart contracts are coded, they minimize human error that can occur in
traditional contracts. Fewer errors lead to fewer disputes and less need for costly corrections.

5. Lower Administrative Costs: By streamlining processes and reducing the need for paperwork and
manual processing, smart contracts can significantly decrease administrative costs.

### Benefits of Smart Contracts:

1. Transparency: All parties involved can see the terms of the contract and the execution process,
which builds trust and reduces disputes.

2. Security: Smart contracts are encrypted and stored on a blockchain, making them tamper-proof
and secure from fraud.

3. Immutability: Once a smart contract is deployed on the blockchain, it cannot be changed. This
ensures that the terms are honored as agreed.

4. Cost-Effectiveness: As mentioned, by reducing the need for intermediaries and minimizing errors,
smart contracts lower the overall costs of executing agreements.

5. Speed: Transactions can be completed quickly because they are executed automatically, which is
especially beneficial in time-sensitive situations.
6. Accuracy: The automated execution of contracts ensures that the terms are followed precisely,
reducing the likelihood of misinterpretation or disputes.

7. Global Reach: Smart contracts can facilitate transactions across borders without the need for
currency conversion or compliance with different legal systems, making them accessible to a wider
audience.

(c) What is Oracles in blockchain? List and explain type of it.

Oracles in blockchain are tools that connect smart contracts with real-world data.

Since smart contracts operate on the blockchain and can't access external information directly,
oracles serve as intermediaries that provide the necessary data for these contracts to function
properly.

Sure! Here are the main types of oracles in blockchain, along with explanations for each:

1. Software Oracles:

- These oracles pull data from online sources, such as websites or APIs. They are used to provide
information like stock prices, weather data, or sports scores to smart contracts. For example, if a
smart contract needs to know the current price of Bitcoin, a software oracle can fetch that data from
a cryptocurrency exchange.

2. Hardware Oracles:

- These oracles connect physical devices or sensors to the blockchain. They are useful for
applications that require real-time data from the physical world. For instance, a hardware oracle
might use a temperature sensor to report the temperature to a smart contract that manages a
supply chain, ensuring that perishable goods are stored at the correct temperature.

3. Consensus Oracles:

- These oracles aggregate data from multiple sources to ensure its accuracy and reliability. Instead
of relying on a single data point, consensus oracles collect information from various providers and
calculate an average or a consensus value. This is particularly important in financial applications
where data integrity is crucial.

4. Inbound Oracles:

- Inbound oracles bring external data into the blockchain ecosystem. They are responsible for
feeding information from the outside world to smart contracts. For example, an inbound oracle
might provide weather data to a smart contract that triggers a payment based on specific weather
conditions, like rainfall for an insurance policy.

5. Outbound Oracles:

- Outbound oracles send data from the blockchain to external systems or applications. They act as a
bridge for smart contracts to communicate with the outside world. For instance, if a smart contract
executes a payment, an outbound oracle might notify a payment processor to complete the
transaction.

Q.4 (a) Explain pBFT algorithm.

The pBFT (Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance) algorithm is a method used in distributed systems to
help multiple computers (or nodes) agree on a shared state, even if some of them fail or act
maliciously. Here’s a simpler breakdown:

1. Purpose: pBFT helps ensure that a group of computers can reach a consensus (an agreement) even
if some of them are unreliable or trying to cheat.

2. How It Works:

- Nodes: There are several nodes in the system, with one acting as the leader (primary) and the
others as followers (backup).

- Three Steps to Agree:

- Pre-prepare: The leader sends out a message with a proposed request (like a transaction).

- Prepare: Each backup node checks the message and, if it looks good, sends back a confirmation
to all nodes.

- Commit: Once a node gets enough confirmations (more than two-thirds), it finalizes the request
and updates its records.

3. Fault Tolerance: pBFT can handle situations where up to one-third of the nodes are faulty or
dishonest, as long as the majority are honest.

4. Efficiency: While pBFT is good at reaching agreement quickly and securely, it can become less
efficient as more nodes are added because the number of messages exchanged increases.

5. Use Cases:

- pBFT is often used in blockchain and distributed ledger technologies.

- It helps prevent issues like double-spending in cryptocurrencies, ensuring that once a transaction is
confirmed, it cannot be reversed or altered by malicious actors.

(b) Give the difference between Smart Contract and Traditional Contract.

1. Trust:

Smart contracts don’t need personal trust; it’s in the code.

2. Speed:

Smart contracts execute instantly; traditional ones take time.

3. Cost:

Smart contracts are usually cheaper; traditional ones have fees.

4. Security:

Smart contracts use blockchain for security; traditional ones can be hacked.

5. Disputes:

Smart contracts reduce disputes; traditional ones may need lawyers.

6. Transparency:

Smart contracts are visible to all; traditional ones can be private.

7. Automation:

Smart contracts run automatically; traditional ones need manual work.

8. Accuracy:

Smart contracts minimize errors; traditional ones can have mistakes.

9. Access:

Smart contracts can be accessed easily online; traditional ones may need paperwork.
10. Flexibility:

Smart contracts can be updated; traditional ones are harder to change.

(c) Discuss Case Study: Smart Contract in Supply Chain Management.

Sure! Here's a discussion on the case study of smart contracts in supply chain management:

Smart contracts are transforming supply chain management by enhancing transparency, efficiency,
and security. Here's how they work in this context:

1. Transparency:

Smart contracts provide a clear and immutable record of every transaction in the supply chain. This
transparency allows all parties involved, from suppliers to manufacturers to retailers, to track the
movement of goods in real-time. For example, if a product is delayed, stakeholders can quickly
identify where the bottleneck is occurring.

2. Automation:

Smart contracts automate various processes, such as payments and order fulfillment. When
specific conditions are met (like the delivery of goods), the smart contract automatically triggers
payment to the supplier. This reduces delays and the need for intermediaries, streamlining the entire
process.

3. Security:

Using blockchain technology, smart contracts are secure and resistant to tampering. This security is
crucial in supply chains where trust is essential. By ensuring that data cannot be altered, all parties
can have confidence in the information being shared.

4. Cost Reduction:

With smart contracts, companies can reduce costs associated with manual processing and the need
for intermediaries. For instance, fewer disputes arise when all terms are clearly defined and
automatically enforced, leading to lower legal and administrative costs.

5. Traceability:

Smart contracts enhance traceability by providing a detailed history of each product’s journey
through the supply chain. This is particularly valuable for industries like food and pharmaceuticals,
where knowing the origin and handling of products is crucial for safety and compliance.
6. Case Example:

A notable example of smart contracts in supply chain management is IBM's Food Trust network.
This platform uses blockchain to enable food suppliers, retailers, and consumers to trace the origin of
food products. Smart contracts help automate the verification process, ensuring that products meet
safety standards and are delivered on time.

smart contracts in supply chain management lead to increased efficiency, reduced costs, and
enhanced trust among stakeholders.

By automating processes and providing transparency, they help create a more flexible and responsive
supply chain.

Q.5 (a) List and explain characteristics of Smart Contract.

1. Self-Execution:

Smart contracts automatically carry out their tasks when certain conditions are met. Once they're
set up, they work on their own without needing anyone to manage them.

2. Transparency:

Everyone can see the details of the smart contract on the blockchain. This means all parties can
check what's happening, which helps build trust.

3. Immutability:

After a smart contract is created, it can't be changed or deleted. This protects the agreement from
being tampered with.

4. Security:

Smart contracts use strong encryption to keep the information safe. This makes them hard to hack
or cheat.

5. Cost Efficiency:

By automating processes and cutting out middlemen, smart contracts can save money on
transactions.

6. Accuracy:
 Smart contracts do exactly what they're programmed to do, which reduces the chance of mistakes
that can happen with human involvement.

7. Decentralization:

They run on a decentralized network, meaning no single person or organization controls them,
which adds to their security.

8. Flexibility:

Smart contracts can be designed for many different types of agreements, making them useful in
various situations.

9. Auditability:

Because everything is recorded on the blockchain, it's easy to check and verify the contract's
history and terms whenever needed.

10. Programmability:

Smart contracts can be programmed to do complex tasks and work with other technologies,
expanding their uses even further.

(b) How blockchain can help in immutability, disintermediation and collaboration in education
sector?

1. Immutability:

When records like grades, certificates, or student achievements are stored on a blockchain, they
cannot be changed or deleted.

- This means that once something is recorded, it stays that way forever.

- This helps prevent fraud, like fake diplomas or altered grades, because anyone can check the
authenticity of these records easily.

2. Disintermediation:

Blockchain can remove the need for middlemen, like administrative offices or third-party
verification services.

- For example, when a student applies for a job or further studies, employers or institutions can
directly access the student's verified records on the blockchain.
- This speeds up the process and reduces costs since there’s no need for extra verification steps.

3. Collaboration:

Blockchain enables better collaboration between educational institutions, students, and employers.

- For instance, multiple schools can share student records securely and transparently. - This can help
in joint programs or projects, making it easier to track student progress and achievements across
different institutions.

-Additionally, students can have more control over their own data, sharing it with whoever they
choose for internships or job applications.

(c) Discuss the Blockchain Implementation Limitations.

1. Slow Transactions:

- Blockchains can be slow, especially when a lot of people are using them at the same time.

- When many users try to make transactions together, the network can get busy.

- This can make it take longer for transactions to be confirmed, which can be frustrating for users
who want quick processing.

2. High Energy Use:

- Validating transactions on some blockchains, especially those like Bitcoin that use a proof-of-work
system, requires a lot of computer power.

- This leads to high electricity use, raising concerns about its impact on the environment.

- As people become more aware of climate change, the energy use of these systems is being looked
at more closely.

3. Hard to Understand:

- The technical details of blockchain can be quite complicated for most people.

- Ideas like cryptography, consensus mechanisms, and smart contracts can be tough to understand
without a background in computers or finance.

- This complexity can make it hard for many people to use blockchain technology.

4. Unclear Laws:

- Rules about blockchain and cryptocurrency are very different in various countries and regions.
- This lack of clear rules can create uncertainty for businesses that want to use blockchain
technology.

- Companies may hesitate to invest in blockchain solutions if they are unsure about the legal issues or
future rules.

5. Not Compatible:

Different blockchain networks often work separately from one another, which can create barriers.

This lack of connection can make it hard for users to move assets or data between different
blockchains, limiting how useful the technology can be.

6. Privacy Issues:

While blockchain transactions are clear and publicly visible, this can create privacy problems.

Sensitive information could be linked to public addresses, leading to worries about data being
exposed.

Users may be concerned about their transaction history being traced back to them, which can stop
some from using blockchain.

7. Initial Costs:

Setting up blockchain technology can require a lot of money at the start. Businesses need to buy the
right hardware, software, and infrastructure, as well as train employees.

This initial cost can be a barrier for smaller companies or startups.

8. Fear of Change:

Many organizations are used to traditional systems and may be reluctant to adopt new technologies
like blockchain.

This fear can come from worries about the reliability of new systems, possible disruptions to existing
processes, or the need to retrain staff.

9. Limited Applications:

While blockchain has many possible uses, not every industry or situation is right for it. In some cases,
traditional databases may work better or be cheaper.

Companies need to carefully consider whether blockchain is the best solution for their specific
needs.
10. Decision-Making Problems:

In decentralized systems, making decisions can become tricky.

Since no single group controls the blockchain, reaching agreement among many stakeholders can be
hard.

This can lead to delays in making changes or updates, as different opinions may slow down the
process.

Q.5 (a) Discuss the scalability issues in Blockchain.

Scalability issues in blockchain are basically about how well a blockchain can handle more users and
transactions.

1. Speed: Blockchains like Bitcoin can only handle a few transactions at a time, which means they can
get slow when lots of people are trying to use them.

2. Block Size: Each block in the chain can only hold a certain amount of data. If too many transactions
come in, some have to wait, which can make things slow.

3. Busy Network: When many people are using the blockchain at once, it can get crowded. This can
lead to longer wait times and higher fees for transactions.

4. Decentralization Problems: Making a blockchain faster can sometimes mean giving more control to
a few people or companies, which isn’t what blockchains are usually about.

5. Layer 2 Solutions: There are ways to help with this, like using secondary systems (called Layer 2)
that let transactions happen off the main blockchain, making things faster and less crowded.

(b) How blockchain can help in managing interoperability and accessibility in healthcare sector?

1. Data Sharing: Blockchain allows different healthcare providers to share patient data securely and
easily. This means that if you visit multiple doctors or hospitals, they can access your medical history
without any hassle, ensuring everyone has the same information.
2. Patient Control: With blockchain, patients can have more control over their own health data. They
can decide who gets to see their information and when, making it easier for them to share their
records with new doctors or specialists.

3. Secure and Transparent Records: Because blockchain keeps a secure and unchangeable record of
all transactions, it helps prevent fraud and ensures that medical records are accurate and reliable.
This builds trust among patients and providers.

4. Streamlined Processes: By using smart contracts (which are self-executing contracts with the terms
directly written into code), healthcare processes like insurance claims and billing can be automated
and made more efficient, reducing the time and effort needed for these tasks.

5. Interoperability Standards: Blockchain can help create common standards for data formats and
communication protocols, making it easier for different systems to work together. This can help
various healthcare providers and organizations collaborate more effectively.

Q.5(c) Discuss the “Lack of Governance and Standard” challenge of blockchain implementation.

The "Lack of Governance and Standards" challenge in blockchain implementation refers to the
absence of clear rules and guidelines for how blockchain networks should operate. Here’s a
breakdown of the issue:

1. No Central Authority: Unlike traditional systems, blockchains are decentralized, meaning there
isn't a single organization in charge. This can lead to confusion about who is responsible for decision-
making and managing the network.

2. Variety of Protocols: There are many different blockchain platforms, each with its own set of rules
and protocols. This diversity can create compatibility issues, making it hard for different blockchains
to communicate and work together.

3. Regulatory Uncertainty: Governments and regulatory bodies are still figuring out how to handle
blockchain technology. Without clear regulations, businesses may hesitate to adopt blockchain
solutions due to fears of legal issues or compliance challenges.

4. Quality Control: Without standardized practices, the quality of blockchain implementations can
vary widely. Some might be well-designed and secure, while others could be poorly constructed,
leading to vulnerabilities.
5. Adoption Barriers: The lack of agreed-upon standards can make it difficult for organizations to
adopt blockchain technology. If there are no clear guidelines, companies may not know how to
implement it effectively or may fear investing in a technology that could become obsolete.

(c) Explain the various hyperledger fabric tools in detail.

These tools work together to create a secure and flexible blockchain system, allowing organizations
to customize their networks for their specific needs.

1. Hyperledger Fabric SDKs: These are special tools that help developers build applications that can
talk to the Hyperledger Fabric network. They come in different programming languages like Go, Java,
and JavaScript.

2. Fabric CA (Certificate Authority): This tool manages the identities of everyone in the network. It
gives out digital certificates that prove who you are, making sure that only trusted people can join
and use the network.

3. Peer Nodes: These are the computers that keep a copy of the blockchain and run the smart
contracts (called chaincode). They help validate transactions to ensure everything is correct.

4. Orderer Nodes: These nodes are like traffic controllers. They take transactions from peer nodes,
put them in order, and create blocks. This ensures that all the peers have the same version of the
blockchain.

5. Chaincode: This is the smart contract part of Hyperledger Fabric. It contains the rules and logic for
how transactions should work. Developers write this code in languages like Go or JavaScript.

6. Channel: Channels are private sections of the network where a group of participants can transact
without others seeing their transactions. Each channel has its own separate ledger.

7. Hyperledger Fabric CLI: This is a command-line tool that lets users run commands to interact with
the network. It's useful for tasks like installing chaincode or checking the ledger.

8. Hyperledger Composer (deprecated): This was a tool that made it easier to build blockchain
applications on Hyperledger Fabric, but it’s no longer being updated.