IOT BASED GRID AUTOMATION

B.Tech PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere

In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY( Electrical Engineering)

By

MAYUR SANJAY BONDE

YOMIT BHARAT CHOPADE
ANANTA DNYANESHWAR PATIL
CHETAN TULSHIDAS PATIL

Guide

Prof. Rahul V. Patil

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Khandesh College Education Society’s

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT,
JALGAON
JUNE 2022
 Khandesh College Education Society’s
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT,
JALGAON

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Project entitled “IOT BASED GRID AUTOMATION”, which
is being submitted herewith for the partial fulfillment of the award of B.Tech., is the re-
sult of the work completed by MAYUR BONDE, CHETAN PATIL, ANANTA
PATIL, YOMIT CHOPADE under my supervision and guidance within the four walls
of the institute during the academic year 2021-22 and the same has not submitted else-
where for the award of any degree.

Date:
Place: Jalgaon

Prof. Rahul V. Patil Prof. K. M. Mahajan

Guide Head of Electrical Department

Dr. S. R. Sughandhi
Principal Examiner
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project entitled, “IOT BASED GRID AUTOMATION”
was carried out and written by us under the guidance of Prof. Rahul V. Patil assistant
Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Khandesh College Education Society’s
College of Engineering and Management, Jalgaon.
This work has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree or diploma
or certificate nor has been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree or diploma
or certificate.

Date:
Place: Jalgaon

Name and Signature of Student(s)

MAYUR SANJAY BONDE
YOMIT BHARAT CHOPADE
ANANTA DNYANESHWAR PATIL
CHETAN TULSHIDAS PATIL
 Acknowledgement
I would like to thank my guide, Prof. Rahul V. Patil, for his support and subtle guid-
ance. I also thank for the valuable guidance of Head of the Electrical Department Prof.
K. M. Mahajan . I also thank for the support of Principal of K.C.E.S’s C.o.E.M., Jal-
gaon. I would like to thank to all faculty members of Electrical Engineering Department
and all friends for their co-operation and supports.
I also thank my family for their moral support and encouragement to fulfill my goals.
Lastly all the thanks belong to the almighty for his blessings

MAYUR SANJAY BONDE

YOMIT BHARAT CHOPADE
ANANTA DNYANESHWAR PATIL
CHETAN TULSHIDAS PATIL

iii
 Abstract
Internet of Things (IoT) is widely used in smart energy monitoring, industrial automation,
and a variety of applications. At various stages of Smart Grid, IoT devices are deployed
to monitor and control grid statistics for reliable and efficient delivery of power. Although
IoT integration in the smart grid domain provides manifold benefits, the challenges in
IoT-smart grid integration needs to be solved for the efficient operation of the grid.
Transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level. The
aim of the proposed work is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load
sharing. Due to over load on transformer, the efficiency drops and winding get overheated
and may get burnt. Thus, by sharing load on transformer, the transformer is protected.
This will be done by connecting another transformer in parallel through a microcontroller
on the other hand through the Arduino. The both controllers compare the load on the first
transformer with the reference value. When the load exceeds the capacity of transformer,
the second transformer will share the remaining load. Load sharing provides suffcient
protection to distribution transformer under overloaded conditions. Due to overload on
transformer, the efficiency drops and windings get overheated and may burn. By sharing
a load current on transformer for each phase the transformer was protected. Therefore,
the objective of this study was to protect transformers from overloaded conditions by
sharing the load.

iv
 Contents
Certificate i

Declaration ii

Acknowledgement iii

Abstract iv

List of Figures vii

List of Tables viii

List of Abbreviations ix

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 NEED FOR THE NEW SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 DETAILED PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 PRESENTLY AVAILABLE SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 SCOPE OF THE WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 4
2.1 REVIEW ON IMPLEMENTATION OF SMART GRID . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 REVIEW ON IOT APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3 PROPOSED WORK 7
3.1 NEED OF THE SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 METHOD USED FOR REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 DATA REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.4 FUNCTIONALITY OF THE SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.5 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.5.1 ATMEGA328 MICROCONTROLLER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.5.2 CT SENSOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.6 WIFI MODULE esP8266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.6.1 RELAY MODULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

v
 3.6.2 TRANSFORMERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.7 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.7.1 ARDUINO UNO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.7.2 ARDUINO IDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.7.3 NETWORK IP SCANNER APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4 DESIGN OF SYSTEM 19
4.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.1.2 WORKING OF THE SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.1.3 FLOWCHART OF SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2 SYSTEM MODELLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2.1 HARDWARE DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2.2 SOFTWARE DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.3 COST OF COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 38

6 CONCLUSION 41
6.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.2 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.3 FUTURE SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

References 43

Appendix 46

vi
 List of Figures
3.1 Internal block diagram of microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 Pin diagram of microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3 Current Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4 Wifi Module ESP8266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.5 Relay Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.6 230v/230v Tansformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.7 Arduino Uno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.8 Blynk System Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4.1 Block diagram of load sharing using Arduino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4.2 Flowchart of the system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.3 Circuit diagram of system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.4 Block diagram of power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.5 Circuit diagram of three terminal voltage regulator . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.6 IC 7806 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.7 Relay Circuit Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.8 Arduino setup installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.9 Installation of software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.10 Running the Arduino software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.11 selection of Arduino uno option in software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.12 Selection of serial device on Arduino board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

5.1 Project model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

5.2 Line plot between load and current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.3 Webpage visuals when the load is in normal condition . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.4 Webpage visuals when the load is in overload condition . . . . . . . . . . 40

vii
 List of Tables
4.1 Cost of components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

5.1 Observation table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

viii
 List of Abbreviations
WSN: Wireless Sensor Network

ix
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 NEED FOR THE NEW SYSTEM
Power travels from the power plant to house through an amazing system called the
power distribution grid. For power to be useful in a home or business, it comes off
the transmission grid and is stepped-down to the distribution grid. This may happen
in several phases. The place where the conversion from ”transmission” to ”distribution”
occurs is in a power substation. It has transformers that step transmission voltages (in the
tens or hundreds of thousands of volts range) down to distribution voltages (typically less
than 10,000 volts). It has a ”bus” that can split the distribution power off in multiple
directions. It often has circuit breakers and switches so that the substation can be
disconnected from the transmission grid or separate distribution lines can be disconnected
from the substation when necessary. Transformer is the vital component in the electric
power transmission and distribution system. The problem of overloads, voltage variation
and heating effects is very common. It takes lot of time to its repair and also involves lot of
expenditure. This work is all about protecting the transformer under overload condition.
Due to overload the efficiency gets reduced and the secondary winding gets overheated
or it may be burnt. So, by reducing the extra load, the transformer can be protected.
This can be done by operating another transformer in parallel with main transformer
through comparator and change over relay. The comparator compares the load on the
first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value,
the second transformer will automatically be connected in parallel with first transformer
and share the extra load. Therefore, two transformers work efficiently under overload
condition and the damage can be prevented.
For home appliances, commercial and industrial loads, the transmitted voltage must
be steeped down to a distribution level. This may happen in several phases. In sub-s-
tations the voltage gets stepped down from transmission level (in the tens or hundreds
of thousands of volts range) to the distribution level (typically less than 10,000 volts).
In this work, a slave transformer shares the load of master transformer in the case of
over load and over temperature. A sensor circuit is designed to log the data from master

1
 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

transformer and if it is found to be in overload condition, immediately the slave trans-

former will be connected in the parallel to the master transformer and the load is shared.
Initially when we switched ON the load that load will be shared by the first transformer.
Once load has been increased on first transformer above its rated capacity then the stand
by transformer (second) will share the load automatically. When the load is shared by the
transformer, the information of the sharing transformer will be send to the near station
or grid.

1.2 DETAILED PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

Energy generation companies supply electricity to all the households via intermedi-
ate controlled power transmission hubs known as Electricity Grid. Sometimes problems
arise due to failure of the electricity grid leading to black out of an entire area which
was getting supply from that particular grid. Several basic decencies in the traditional
electric grid increase its vulnerability to failure as power use continues to rise. Because
electricity cannot be stored, whatever amount of power is needed at a given moment
must be generated and transported to the end users at that moment. This means that
the traditional electric grid must always be capable of generating at peak load capacity
even though that peak load may only be required for a few hours a day. In fact, the grid
must have some excess generating capacity above any anticipated peak because if demand
rises at any time above the system’s ability to respond with adequate power, the result
will be some type of power failure in the system. Peak demand in one part of the grid
may be met by transporting power into the high - demand area from another part of the
grid where demand is lower, but this is an incident and potentially dangerous method of
meeting peak-demand needs. The further electric power is transported over high-voltage
transmission lines, the more power is lost due to resistance in the wires. The old tech-
nology of power grid turns into a factor of restricting a final consumption. Therefore,
to protect, control and optimize the energy consumption of all consumers needs innova-
tive technology upgrading power system (PS). The purpose of this part is to establish
requirements for building smart (intelligent) business processes of the integrated power
grid system and to develop a conceptual model of a prospective vision of the smart energy
system based on cyber physical methods.

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 2

 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

This project aims to solve this problem using IOT as the means of communication and
also tackling various other issues which a smart system can deal with to avoid unnecessary
losses to the Energy producers. Apart from monitoring the Grid it is very important to
monitor energy consumption and even theft of electricity to make proper use of electricity.
The amount of electricity consumed and the estimated cost of the usage needs to be
updated on the webpage along with the Energy Grid information.

1.3 PRESENTLY AVAILABLE SYSTEM

In traditional Power System, when a power failure takes place, or an outage is en-
countered on distribution side or consumer’s place, then utility gets to know about it only
after a complaint is obtained. But if the Smart Grid System is there, then utility can
be informed at a faster pace with the help of smart automated devices attached to the
smart network. It will have the capability to operate immediately according to the fault
and it will have the ability to isolate the faulty part within few nanoseconds and create
a detailed analysis to be repaired from the service men. In the urgency, it may re-route
the power flow to give continuous uninterrupted supply. It has been generally estimated
that some special type of equipment tends to wear out within a long span of certain time
and needs to be replaced with new devices after specific time. These devices are built of
several different pieces and every piece gets substituted. On the other hand, Smart Grid
technology is able to spot the soon to be worn out devices and can help in making a cost
effective replacement strategy. Moreover, having access to all the data of their power
use, customers can plan their usage accordingly. Ultimately, it will bring transparency
and eventually it will help them save money and power, and change their daily practices.
Also, an efficient delivery operation is the biggest advantage of a Smart Grid system.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE WORK

The future scope of our project is particularly in Substation. In substations particu-
larly during the peak hours there is a need for the operation of additional transformer to
supply the additional load requirement. Our project automatically connects the trans-
former under critical loads. Thus there is no need to operate both transformers under
normal loads, particularly during off peak hours. Thus power is shared intelligently with
the transformers in parallel.

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 3

 Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 REVIEW ON IMPLEMENTATION OF SMART
GRID
The traditional power system is being transformed into an intelligent, secure, ef-
ficient, and reliable SG [9]. There are different information flow networks in the SG
domain; Home Area Network (HAN), Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) and a Wide
Area Network (WAN). SG modernizes the generation, distribution, and consumption
sections of the power system with power and information flows. An overview of SG ar-
chitecture is provided in Fig. 1, which presents the main subsystems and networks in SG
[10]. SG provides various features such as advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), load
balancing, and fault detection and control [11]-[12]. One of the key concerns in SG is
the connectivity of devices that needs monitoring and analysis. IoT is a technology that
provides this automation in the SG paradigm. The integration of IoT devices in SG (such
as sensors and smart meters), various functions related to connectivity and automation
aspects can be effectively provided throughout the power system [13]. SG devoid of the
IoT technology is not possible. There are different forums addressing the SG and IoT in-
tegration including special issues on Smart Grid Internet of Things [14]. Several attempts
have been done to cover the IoT aided SGs. A general vision of SG is provided in [15].
A vision of SG in the paradigm of IoT is presented by Al-Ali and Aburukba [16] with a
focus on the SG communication layer. In [17], the authors provided a detailed survey on
AMI and smart metering to address the problems of power quality and reliability in the
conventional grid. However, the authors did not cover other key features of IoT aided
SGs such as architectures and applications. In the domain of smart cities, IoT plays
a dominant role and sensors will enable the management and control of the cities [18].
Smart metering deployment in the power system involves various challenges. The benefits
and challenges due to the deployment of smart meters are presented in [19]. An overview
of SG technologies such as IoT, smart metering, and Energy Management System (EMS)
is provided in [20]. The monitoring, control, and analyzing the data are the primary
tasks in the SG. Billions of monitoring devices are installed at power generation plants,

4
 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE SURVEY

distributions centers, transmission towers, and consumer premises [21]. At the distri-
bution level of the SG, monitoring of electrical parameters like voltage, current, active
power, power factor, etc has a crucial role in improving grid efficiency. Moreover, reliable
communication infrastructure is required to send received information to the consumer
gadget or utility company. A WSN based power monitoring for a single-phase electric
system is developed in [22]. The authors have used power sensing and communication
modules to send load consumption data at periodic intervals to the utility. Furthermore,
a power theft algorithm is proposed that can help utility companies to detect power theft.
However, the developed system is costly and not suitable for implementation on a large
scale [22].

2.2 REVIEW ON IOT APPLICATION

IoT can be considered as a worldwide network infrastructure consisting of various
connected devices that depend on different processing technologies such as sensory, com-
munication, networking and information. In order for IoT to provide high quality services
to end users, technical standards is needed to define different specifications for informa-
tion exchange, processing, and communications between things. The future Success highly
depends on standardization, which provides various characteristics like interoperability,
compatibility, effective operation, and reliability on world scale. Many countries in the
world are looking forward to the development of IoT standards because it can bring huge
economic benefits in future. ”Landi, C, Dipt. di Ing. dell”Inf, Seconda University di
Napoli, Aversa, Italy ; Merola, P, Ianniello, G”, titled ”ARM-based management system
using smart meter and Web server”,2011. In this paper it is describes the low cost re-
al-time ARM-based energy management system. It is devised as a part of a distributed
system which measures the main power system quantities and gives the possibility to
control the whole power plant. An integrated Web Server allows the system to collect the
statistics of power consumptions, power quality and is being able to interface the devices
for load displacement. This device is distinguished with an easy access to information
and the combination of a smart meter and data communication capability which allows
local and remote access. In this way it is possible to manage the power consumption of
the power system leads to an overall reduction in power consumption and billing costs.
”AMR perspective to save energy in Smart Grids ”, 2012. In this paper, an AMR solution

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 5

 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE SURVEY

provides the enhanced end-to-end application. It is completely based on an energy me-

ter with low-power microcontroller MSP430FE423A and the Power Line Communication
standards.

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 6

 Chapter 3
PROPOSED WORK
3.1 NEED OF THE SYSTEM
Transformer is a static device which converts energy at one voltage level to another
voltage level. It is an electrically isolated inductively coupled device which changes voltage
level without change in frequency. Transformer transfers ac voltage from one electrical
circuit to another by the principle of mutual induction. Distribution transformers are
one of the most important equipment in power system and are also known as the heart of
the power system. The reliable operation of a power system depends upon the effective
functioning of the distribution transformer. Therefore, monitoring and controlling of key
parameters like voltage and current are necessary for evaluating the performance of the
distribution transformer. Thus, it helps in avoiding or reducing the disturbance due to
the sudden unexpected failure. Transformers being one of the most significant equipment
in the electric power system, needs protection as a part of the general system protection
approach. Moreover, the increasing population and their unavoidable demands have led
to an increasing demand on electrical power. With this increased need, existing systems
have become overloaded. The overloading at the consumer end appears at the terminals
which can affect its efficiency and protection systems. Due to overload on the transformer,
the efficiency drops and the windings gets over heated and may get burnt.
Transformers are occasionally loaded beyond nameplate ratings because of existing
possible contingencies on the transmission lines, any failure or fault in power systems,
or economic considerations. One of the reported damage or tripping of the distribution
transformer is due to thermal overload. To eliminate the damaging of transformers due
to overloading from consumer end, it involves the control against over current tripping
of distribution transformer. Rise in operating temperature of the transformer due to
overloading has an influence on aging of transformers. The accelerated aging is one of
the main consequences of overloading power transformers. Thus, load limitations must
be implemented to operate the transformers within safe limits. Moreover, on overloading
the transformers voltage regulation may increase and power factor drops. The proposed
work all about protecting the transformer under overload condition. This can be done

7
 CHAPTER 3. PROPOSED WORK

by connecting another transformer in parallel through a microcontroller (IOT) as well as

Arduino and relay which shares the excess load of the first transformer. If there is a further
increase in load beyond the capacity of two transformers there will be a priority-based load
shedding of consumers which will provide un-interrupted power supply for the hospitals,
industries.

3.2 METHOD USED FOR REQUIREMENT ANAL-

YSIS
The main objective is to take the grid system, a next step further. The main param-
eters should be measured, to make it smart is to monitor the load on the transformers.
The current sensor measured the load, whenever the load on a particular transformer
is increased relay module shift the load to the another. And these current sensor and
relay module are connected through the Arduino microcontroller. In simple words, on a
one side, Arduino microcontroller monitor the load through the current sensor and relay
module. And on the other hand loads on the different transformers and judges if the load
shifting is necessary or not and display all the data to the web page through wifi module.
The following steps guides through the procedure undertaken to make grid smart.
• Step1: In this above proposal current transformer used as a current sensor is used
to detect the overload on the particular transformer
• Step2: Required action by the help of the controller (i.e. Arduino Microcontroller
ATMEGA328) is to be taken to counter the overload to prevent the transformer
from damage and maintain its health
• Step3: An autonomous system is implemented here to taking the action by shifting
the load to another transformer through the relay module which is indeed controlled
by the Arduino microcontroller itself.
• Step4: All the data will be shared to the web server by the microcontroller for the
user. User can also sends the signal to the microcontroller to shift the load on which
transformer simply by using Network ip scanner application.

3.3 DATA REQUIREMENTS

The project will be controlling the grid system activity independently from the incharge
person from any end of the world and can monitor real time data on the screen for the

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 8

 CHAPTER 3. PROPOSED WORK

others for safety and knowledge. User can understand the working efficiency of various
transformers. With the help of IOT user can control the all the load. User need to know
the ratings of the transformers and should check the webpage time to time although the
microcontroller automatically shifts the load, but if any damage happens to the system
or devices then in this case The user can monitor the system.

3.4 FUNCTIONALITY OF THE SYSTEM

• Automatic Load Sharing by Transformers
• No manual error fit and forget system
• Highly sensitive low cost and reliable circuit
• It prevents the main transformer from damage due to the problems like overload
and overheat.
• Un-interrupted power supply to the consumers is supplied.
• The load voltage and current are effectively monitored
• Electrical Network Monitoring Control Electrical Integrated Control
• Integrated Protection and Control

3.5 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

3.5.1 ATMEGA328 MICROCONTROLLER

The ATmega328P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR en-
hanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the
ATmega328P achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system
designed to optimize power consumption versus processing speed. The AVR core com-
bines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers
are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent
registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The result-
ing architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster
than conventional CISC microcontrollers. The ATmega328P provides the following fea-
tures: 4K/8K/16K/32K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write
capabilities, 256/512/512/1K bytes EEPROM, 512/1K/1K/2K bytes SRAM, 23 general
purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible Timer/Counters
with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 9

 CHAPTER 3. PROPOSED WORK

Figure 3.1 Internal block diagram of microcontroller

byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface, an SPI serial port, a 6-channel 10-bit ADC (8 chan-
nels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), a programmable Watchdog Timer with internal
Oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the
CPU while allowing the SRAM, /Counters, USART, 2-wire Serial Interface, SPI port,
and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the register
contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next inter-
rupt or hardware reset. In Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run,
allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping. The
ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except asynchronous
timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode,
the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 10

 CHAPTER 3. PROPOSED WORK

allows very fast start-up combined with low power consumption. The device is manu-
factured using Atmel’s high density non-volatile memory technology. The On-chip ISP
Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed In-System through an SPI serial
interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip Boot
program running on the AVR core. The Boot program can use any interface to download
the application program in the Application Flash memory. Software in the Boot Flash
section will continue to run while the Application Flash section is updated, providing
true Read-While-Write operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with In-System
Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel ATmega328P is a powerful mi-
crocontroller that provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded
control applications. The internal block diagram of microcontroller is shown in figure 3.1
The ATmega328P AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system develop-
ment tools including: C Compilers, Macro Assemblers, Program Debugger/Simulators,
In-Circuit Emulators, and Evaluation kits.
Features

• High Performance, Low Power AVR 8-Bit Microcontroller

• Advanced RISC Architecture - 131 Powerful Instructions - Most Single Clock Cycle
Execution - 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers - Fully Static Operation -
Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz - On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments - 4/8/16/32K Bytes of In-System
Self-Programmable Flash program memory (ATmega328P) - 256/512/512/1K Bytes
EEPROM (ATmega328P) - 512/1K/1K/2K Bytes Internal SRAM (ATmega328P)
- Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM In-System Programming by
On-chip Boot Program
• Peripheral Features - Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Com-
pare Mode - One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode,
and Capture Mode - Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator - Six PWM Chan-
nels
• Special Microcontroller Features - Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out
Detection - Internal Calibrated Oscillator - External and Internal Interrupt Sources
- Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby,
and Extended Standby

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 11

 CHAPTER 3. PROPOSED WORK

• I/O and Packages - 23 Programmable I/O Lines - 28-pin PDIP, o Operating Voltage:
- 1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega328P
• Temperature Range: - -40C to 85C
• Speed Grade: - ATmega328P: 0 - 4 MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V, 0 - 10 MHz @ 2.7 - 5.5V, 0
- 20 MHz @ 4.5 - 5.5V
• Low Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 1.8V, 25C for ATmega48P/88P/168P: - Active
Mode: 0.3 mA - Power-down Mode: 0.1 ?A - Power-save Mode: 0.8 ?A (Including
32 kHz RTC)

Figure 3.2 Pin diagram of microcontroller

Pin Descriptions

Pin diagram of microcontroller is in figure 3.2 VCC

Digital supply voltage. GND
Ground. Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high
sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when
a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
Port C (PC5:0)
Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The PC5. 0 output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high
sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 12

 CHAPTER 3. PROPOSED WORK

a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

PC6/RESET
If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the electrical
characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If the RSTDISBL
Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer
than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not running.
Port D (PD7:0)
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high
sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when
a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
AVCC
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6. It should
be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it
should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that PC6..4 use digital
supply voltage, VCC.
AREF
AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

3.5.2 CT SENSOR

Figure 3.3 Current Sensor

The rated accuracy limit factor is the ratio of the rated accuracy limit primary cur-
rent to the rated primary current. A protective current transformer type 5P10 has, for
example, the accuracy class 5P and the rated accuracy limit factor 10. For protective cur-
rent transformers, the accuracy class is determined by the highest permissible percentage
composite error at the rated accuracy limit primary current specified for the accuracy

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 13

 CHAPTER 3. PROPOSED WORK

class concerned, followed by the letter ”P” (referring to protection). The CT accuracy
primary limit current defines the highest fault current magnitude at which the CT will
meet the specified accuracy. Beyond this level, the secondary current of the CT will be
distorted, and this may have severe effects on the performance of the protection relay. In
practise, the actual accuracy limit factor (Fa) differs from the rated accuracy limit factor
and is proportional to the ratio of the rated CT burden and the actual CT burden. For
the reliable and correct operation of the protection relays, the current transformer (CT)
has to be carefully chosen. The distortion of the secondary current of a saturated CT
may endanger the operation, selectivity and co-ordination of the protection. A correctly
selected CT, on the other hand, enables fast and reliable protection.The CT sensor is
shown in figure 3.3

3.6 WIFI MODULE esP8266

Figure 3.4 Wifi Module ESP8266

The ESP8266 Wifi Module is a self-contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP proto-
col stack that can give any microcontroller access to your Wifi network. The ESP8266
is capable of either hosting an application or offloading all Wifi networking functions
from another application processor. Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with
an AT command set firmware, meaning, you can simply hook this up to your Arduino
device and get about as much Wifi -ability as a Wifi Shield offers (and that’s just out
of the box)! The ESP8266 module is an extremely cost-effective board with a huge, and
ever growing, community. This module has a powerful enough on-board processing and
storage capability that allows it to be integrated with the sensors and other application
specific devices through its GPIOs with minimal development up-front and minimal load-
ing during runtime. Its high degree of on-chip integration allows for minimal external
circuitry, including the front-end module, is designed to occupy minimal PCB area. The

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 14

 CHAPTER 3. PROPOSED WORK

ESP8266 supports APSD for VoIP applications and Bluetooth co-existance interfaces,
it contains a self-calibrated RF allowing it to work under all operating conditions, and
requires no external RF parts. The figure 3.4 shows the wifi module ESP8206 There is an
almost limitless fountain of information available for the ESP8266, all of which has been
provided by amazing community support. In the Documents section below you will find
many resources to aid you in using the ESP8266, even instructions on how to transform
this module into an IoT (Internet of Things) solution.
Features of esP8266

• 802.11 b/g/n
• Wi-Fi Direct (P2P), soft-AP
• Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
• Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
• Integrated PLLs, regulators, DCXO and power management units
• +19.5dBm output power in 802.11b mode
• Power down leakage current of ¡10uA
• 4MB Flash Memory
• Integrated low power 32-bit CPU could be used as application processor
• SDIO 1.1 / 2.0, SPI, UART
• STBC, 11 MIMO, 21 MIMO
• A-MPDU A-MSDU aggregation 0.4ms guard interval
• Wake up and transmit packets in ¡ 2ms
• Standby power consumption of ¡ 1.0mW (DTIM3)

3.6.1 RELAY MODULE

A relay shown in figure 3.5 is an electrically operated switch. Relay is an electromechanical
device that uses an electric current to open or close the contacts of a switch. The single
channel relay module is much more than just a plain relay, it comprises of components
that make switching and connection easier and act as indicators to show if the module is
powered and if the relay is active or not.

3.6.2 TRANSFORMERS
An isolation transformer is a transformer used to transfer electrical power from a source of
alternating current (AC) power to some equipment or device while isolating the powered

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 15

 CHAPTER 3. PROPOSED WORK

Figure 3.5 Relay Module

device from the power source, usually for safety reasons. Isolation transformers provide
galvanic isolation; no conductive path is present between source and load. This isolation
is used to protect against electric shock, to suppress electrical noise in sensitive devices,
or to transfer power between two circuits which must not be connected. A transformer
sold for isolation is often built with special insulation between primary and secondary,
and is specified to withstand a high voltage between windingsshoen in figure 3.6

Figure 3.6 230v/230v Tansformer

3.7 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

3.7.1 ARDUINO UNO

Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to
use hardware and software. It’s intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone
interested in creating interactive objects or environments.
Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors
and can affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other actuators. The
microcontroller on the board is programmed using the Arduino programming language
and the Arduino Development Environment. Arduino projects can be stand-alone, or
they can communicate with software running on a computer.

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 16

 CHAPTER 3. PROPOSED WORK

There are plenty of other microcontrollers available. So you may be asking, why
choose the Arduino? Arduino really simplifies the process of building projects on a
microcontroller making it a great platform for amateurs. You can easily start working
on one with no previous electronics experience. In addition to Arduino’s simplicity, it
is also inexpensive, cross-platform and open source. The Arduino is based on Atmel’s
ATMEGA8 and ATMEGA168 microcontrollers as shown in figure 3.7. The plans for the
modules are published under a Creative Commons license, so experienced hobbyists and
professionals can make their own version of the Arduino, extending it and improving it.
Although there are many different types of Arduino boards available, this manual focuses
on the Arduino Uno. This is the most popular Arduino board around. So what makes
this thing tick? Here are the specifications:
• Processor: 16 Mhz ATmega328
• Flash memory: 32 KB
• Ram: 2kb
• Operating Voltage: 5V
• Input Voltage: 7-12 V
• Number of analog inputs: 6

Figure 3.7 Arduino Uno

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 17

 CHAPTER 3. PROPOSED WORK

3.7.2 ARDUINO IDE

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) - con-
tains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons
for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the microcontroller hardware
to upload programs and communicate with them.

3.7.3 NETWORK IP SCANNER APPLICATION

Figure 3.8 Blynk System Principle

This app is an opensource android application that can be used to build IoT ap-
plications. It can be used to control these micro-controllers with the smart phone over
the internet. Bluetooth and BLE is supported too. The application was designed for the
primary purpose of Internet of Things. This is a platform with IOS and Android apps to
control Arduino, Raspberry Pi and the likes over the Internet. It’s a digital dashboard
where graphic interface for a prototype can be built by simply dragging and dropping
widgets. It can control hardware remotely; it can display sensor data, can store and visu-
alize data and possessed a lot more functionality. Every time a radio button is accessed
in the application, the message travels to the Cloud, where it finds the specific hardware
by the unique generated authentication token. It works in the same way for the opposite
direction. Working principle of Blynk application is shown figure 3.8

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 18

 Chapter 4
DESIGN OF SYSTEM
4.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
A grid system is designed to improve the power quality and reliability of power supply.
Using smart grid Based sensors like current, along with IOT wireless communication.
This system is planned for online monitoring of distribution transformers parameters
can give useful Information about the transformers. All sensors are connected to the
transformer for mentoring.

4.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 4.1 Block diagram of load sharing using Arduino

19
 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM

The proposed system consists of monitoring, communication and analysis units. The
monitoring setup comprises of current sensors connected to consumer loads. The com-
munication unit consists of Arduino and Wifi module. The analysis unit is a remote
application/web page on consumer mobile/laptop that can be access to obtain load pro-
files, energy consumption, etc. The block diagram of an IoT based transformers load
shifting for smart grid application is shown in figure 4.1. The two grid stations are con-
nected through the relay module. The Arduino is interfaced with sensors to gather load
data and saves it in internal memory. Wifi fetches load data from Arduino through a
UART interface and communicates the load data with the server. Wifi modulates acts
as a gateway between the monitoring side and the webserver.

4.1.2 WORKING OF THE SYSTEM

Only one transformer is operating to feed the loads. A standby transformer is con-
nected in parallel through a circuit breaker and relay. The current transformer continu-
ously measures the load current and feeds it to the Arduino. The reference value or the
maximum load limit is entered by the user and priority level of the load is also set by the
user or concerned authority. As the load demand increase during peak hours, a single
transformer would not be able feed all the load. During this condition, when the load
demand exceeds the reference value, an Arduino will give a control signal to energize the
relay coil. Thus, the standby transformer will be connected in parallel and will share the
load equally since the transformers are of the same ratings. Thus, all the loads are fed
efficiently providing un-interrupted power supply. The wifi module will send a message
to the control room about the load sharing and when the load increases further to a value
which is greater than the capacity of the two transformers, priority-based load shedding
will be implemented. The loads which have the lowest priority will be shut down by open-
ing the respective circuit breakers. This message is also sent to the control room. When
the load decreases, and comes to normal working condition, first transformer will be shut
down in order to avoid thermal overloading. This is done because the first transformer
operates for a longer time interval than standby transformer and its body temperature
rises. By providing alternative switching, the transformers can be cooled by natural
methods. Each time the wifi module will send message about the active transformer thus
making load sharing and load shedding efficient.

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 20

 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM

4.1.3 FLOWCHART OF SYSTEM

Figure 4.2 Flowchart of the system

The figure 4.2 shows generalized flow chart of load sharing of transformer. Auto-
matic load sharing of transformer using Microcontroller and Arduino. The two identical
transformers are using which are connected in parallel thought change over relay. Trans-
former 1 is a main transformer, which is called a master transformer and Transformer
2 is an auxiliary transformer which is called as slave transformer. Each transformer has
its own load handling capacity. In case of a normal operation the master transformer
shears the load but as the load is beyond the rated capacity of main transformer the
slave transformer is connected in parallel automatically and shares the load. There are
different conditions would apply while connecting the load which are discussed below.
Under normal condition

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 21

 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM

In the proposed system only one transformer is operating to feed the loads. A standby
transformer is connected in parallel a circuit breaker and relay. The current transformer
continuously measures the load current and feeds it to the comparator. Under normal
condition the main transformer is in ON condition and the reserve transformer is in OFF
condition. Apply the load, the reference value or maximum load limit is entered by the
user and priority level of the load is also set by the user or concerned authority. During the
normal the single transformer can able to feed the entire load.Under abnormal condition
As the load demand increases during peak, a single transformer would not be able to
feed the entire load. During this condition, when the load demand exceeds the reference
value, The Microcontroller on the other hand the Arduino will give a control signal to
energize the relay coil. Thus, the standby transformer will be connected in parallel and
will share the load equally since the transformers are of the same ratings. Thus, all the
loads are feed efficiently providing un-interrupted power supply. The wifi module will
send the message to the control room about the load sharing.If load limits exceed the
main transformer is in ON condition and the reserve transformer is in ON condition.
When the load increases further to a value which is greater that the capacity of the two
transforms, priority-based load shading will be implemented. The loads which have the
lowest priority will be shut down by opening the respective circuit breakers. If the load
limit exceeds the both the transformer. The main transformer and the reserve transformer
will be in OFF condition.

4.1.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 4.3 shows the circuit diagram of the system

4.2 SYSTEM MODELLING

4.2.1 HARDWARE DESIGN

POWER SUPPLY DESIGN

Power supply is the first and the most important part of our project. For our project
we require +5V regulated power supply with maximum current rating 500Ma Following
basic building blocks are required to generate regulated power supply.The block diagram
of power supply is shown in figure 4.4
1. Step Down Transformer Step down transformer is the first part of regulated power

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 22

 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM

Figure 4.3 Circuit diagram of system

Figure 4.4 Block diagram of power supply

supply. To step down the mains 230V A.C. we require step down transformer.
Following are the main characteristic of electronic transformer. Power transformers
are usually designed to operate from source of low impedance at a single frequency.
It is required to construct with sufficient insulation of necessary dielectric strength.
Transformer ratings are expressed in volt-amp. The volt-amp of each secondary
winding or windings are added for the total secondary VA. To this are added the
load losses. Temperature rise of a transformer is decided on two well-known factors
i.e. losses on transformer and heat dissipating or cooling facility provided unit.
2. Rectifier Unit Rectifier unit is a circuit which converts A.C. into pulsating D.C.
Generally semi-conducting diode is used as rectifying element due to its property of
conducting current in one direction only. Generally there are two types of rectifier.
(a) Half wave rectifier
(b) Full wave rectifier.
In half wave rectifier only half cycle of mains A.C. is rectified so its efficiency is
very poor. So we use full wave bridge type rectifier, in which four diodes are used.
In each half cycle, two diodes conduct at a time and we get maximum efficiency

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 23

 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM

at o/p. Following are the main advantages and disadvantages of a full-wave bridge
type rectifier circuit.
Advantages:
1)The need of centre tapped transformer is eliminated. 2)The o/p is twice
that of centre tap circuit for the same secondary voltage. 3)The PIV rating of
diode is half of the centre tap circuit.
Disadvantages:
(a) It requires four diodes.
(b) As during each half cycle of A.C. input, two diodes are conducting therefore
voltage drop in internal resistance of rectifying unit will be twice as compared
to center tap circuit.
3. Filter Circuit Generally a rectifier is required to produce pure D.C. supply for using
at various places in the electronic circuit. However, the o/p of rectifier has pulsating
character i.e. if such a D.C. is applied to electronic circuit it will produce a hum i.e.
it will contain A.C. and D.C. components. The A.C. components are undesirable
and must be kept away from the load. To do so a filter circuit is used which removes
(or filters out) the A.C. components reaching the load. Obviously a filter circuit is
installed between rectifier and voltage regulator. In our project we use capacitor
filter because of its low cost, small size and little weight and good characteristic.
Capacitors are connected in parallel to the rectifier o/p because it passes A.C. but
does not pass D.C. at all.
4. Three terminal voltage regulator A voltage regulator is a ckt. that supplies constant
voltage regardless of change in load current. IC voltage regulators are versatile
and relatively cheaper. The 7800 series consists of three terminal positive voltage
regulator. These ICs are designed as fixed voltage regulator and with adequate heat
sink, can deliver o/p current in excess of 1A. These devices do not require external
component. This IC also has internal thermal overload protection and internal
short circuit and current limiting protection. For our project we use 7805 voltage
regulator IC. the circuit diagram of three terminal voltage regulator is in figure 4.5
Design of Step down Transformer

The following information must be available to the designer before he commences for the
design of transformer.

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 24

 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM

Figure 4.5 Circuit diagram of three terminal voltage regulator

1. Power Output.
2. Operating Voltage.
3. Frequency Range.
4. Efficiency and Regulation.
1. Size of core
Size of core is one of the first considerations in regard of weight and volume of trans-
former. This depends on type of core and winding configuration used. Generally
following formula is used to find area or size of core.
Ai= ?(P1 /0.87)(1)

Ai = Area of cross - section in Sq. cm. and

P1= Primary voltage.
In transformer P1 = P2
For our project we required +5V regulated output. So transformer secondary rating is
12V, 500mA.
So secondary power wattage is,
P2 = 12 x 500 x 10-3 w.
= 6w.
so Ai=?(6/(0.87)) ..(2)
= 2.62
Generally 10% of area should be added to core to accommodate all turns for low Iron
losses and compact size.
So Ai = 2.88.

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 25

 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM

2. Turns per volt

Turns per volt of transformer are given by relation
Turns/volt= 10000/(4.44 fBm.Ai) ..(3)
Here,
f is the frequency in Hz
Bm is flux density in Wb/m2
Ai is net area of cross section.
Following table gives the value of turns per volt for 50 Hz frequency.

Generally lower the flux density better be quality of transformer.

For project for 50 Hz the turns per Volt for 0.91 Wb/m2 from above table.
Turns per Volt = 50 / Ai ..(4)
= 50/2.88
17 Thus for Primary winding = 220 x 17 = 3800.
for Secondary winding = 12 x 17 = 204.
Wire size
As stated above size depends upon the current to be carried out by the winding,
which depends upon current density of 3.1 A/mm2. For less copper losses 1.6 A/mm2 or
2.4 A/mm2 may be used. Generally even size guage of wire are used.Rectifier Design
R.M.S. Secondary voltage at secondary of transformer is 12V.So maximum voltage
Vm across Secondary is
= Rms. Voltage x 2 ..(5)
= 12 x 2
= 16.97
D.C. O/p Voltage at rectifier O/p is
Vd c = 2V m/?..(6)
= (216.97)/?
= 10.80V
P IV ratingof eachdiodeis
P IV = 2V m..(7)
= 2x16.97
= 34V

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 26

 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM

maximumf orwardcurrentwhichf lowf romeachdiodeis500mA.

Sof romaboveparameterweselectdiodeIN 4007f romdiodeselectionmanual.

Design of Filter Capacitor

Formula for calculating filter capacitor is,

C= 1/(4?(3rfRL ))(8)
r = ripplepresentato/pof rectif ier.
(W hichismaximum0.1f orf ullwaverectif ier.)
F = f requencyof mainsA.C.
RL = I/pimpedanceof voltageregulatorIC.
C = 1/(4?30.15028)(9)
= 1030f
1000f.
Andvoltageratingof f iltercapacitorisdoubleof V dci.e.rectif iero/pwhichis20V.Sowechoose1000f /25V
IC 7805 (Voltage Regulator IC.)

Figure 4.6 shows the IC 7806 Specifications:

Available o/p D.C. Voltage = + 5V.
Line Regulation = 0.03
Load Regulation = 0.5
Vin maximum = 35 V
Ripple Rejection = 66-80 (db)

Figure 4.6 IC 7806

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 27

 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM

Figure 4.7 Relay Circuit Design

PCB Design

Introduction to Printed Circuit Board:

Printed circuit board pattern applied to one or both sides of an insulating base,
depending upon that, and it is called single sided PCB or double Sided PCB. Conductor
materials available are silver, brass, aluminum and copper, copper is the most widely
used which is used here also. The thickness of conducting material depends upon the
current carrying capacity of the circuit.The Printed Circuit Board usually serves three
functions:
1. It provides mechanical support to the components mounted on it.
2. It provides necessary electrical interconnection.
3. It acts as heat sink i.e. it provides a conduction path leading to removeal of most
of the heat generated in the circuit.
Copper (Cu) Clad:
The base of laminate is either paper of glass fiber cloth. Cu foil, which is produced
by the method of electroplating, is placed on laminate and both are kept under hydraulic
pressure for proper adhesive pressure for proper adhesive. These Cu clad are easily
available in the market.
Types of Laminates
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) has various grades of lami-
nates that are obtained by different resins and filters.

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 28

 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM

Phenol
Phenol and Formaldehyde produce phenolic paper base laminate it has phenolic
resins with proper filter. This is Brown in color and opaque. Disadvantage is poor
moisture resistance.
Epoxy Laminates
Epoxy paper this is also paper based but impregnated with epoxy resin, yellowish
white and translucent. Epoxy Glass base material has high mechanical strength and
good electrical properties usually green in color and semitransparent. There are a variety
of laminates available. We have selected Fiber Glass epoxy laminate.PCB fabrication
includes following steps:
1. Layout of the circuit
2. Artwork designing
3. Printing
4. Etching
5. Drilling
6. Mounting of components and soldering
7. Finishing Layout
The layout of PCB has to incorporate all the information on the board before one
can go onto the all work preparation. Detailed circuit diagram, design concept and the
philosophy behind the equipment are very important for the layout.
Layout Scale
Depending on the accuracy required artwork should be produced at a 1:1 or 2:1 or
even 4:1 scale. The layout is best prepared on the same scale as the artwork to prevent
the entire problem, which might be caused by redrawing of layout to the artwork scale.
The layout/artwork scale commonly applied is 2:1 with a 1:1 scale, no demanding single
sided boards can be designed but sufficient care should be taken, particularly during the
artwork preparation.
Procedure
The first rule is to replace each and every PCB layout as viewed from the component
side. This rule must be strictly followed to avoid confusion, which would otherwise be
caused. Among the components, the larger ones are placed first and the space in between
is filled with smaller ones. Components requiring input/output connecting come near

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 29

 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM

the connector. All components are placed in such a manner that de-soldering of other
components is not necessary if they have to be replaced.
Layout Sketch
The end product of the layout designing is the pencil sketched component and con-
ductor drawing which is caller ’layout sketch’. It contains all information for the prepa-
ration of network.
Basic Approaches
For ink drawing on white cardboard paper, good quality Indian ink and ink pen set
are minimum requirements. Drawing practice - drawing procedure is very at least by 0.1
- 0.2, and solder pad locations.And conductors can easily be displaced by 0.3 - 0.5mm.
Conductor Holes
A code can used for the conductor with a special width. Minimum spacing should
also be provided.A) Holes B) Conductor Widths Standard holes Standard width, 0.5mm
1.1 mm 1 mm 1.5 mm 2 mm 3.2 mm 4 mm
Screen Printing
The process of screen - printing is well known to the printing industry because of
its inherent capabilities of printing a wide range of inks on almost any kind of surface
including glass, metal, plastic fabrics, wooer, etc. Found their way into an extremely
broad field of applications.
Screen- printing offers the advantages of wide control on the ink deposition, thickness
though the selection of suitable mass density and composition, in the production of PCB’s.
It is successfully employed in printing of
• Etch resists
• Plate resists
• Solder stop lacquers printing
In its basic form, the screen - printing process is very simple. A screen fabric with
uniform meshes and opening is stretched and fixed on a solid frame of metal or wood.
The circuit pattern area open, while the meshes in the rest of the area is closed.
In the actual printing step, ink is forced by the moving squeeze thorough the open
meshes onto the surface of the material to be printed. The ink deposition, in a magnified
cross section, shows the shape of a trapezoid.
Pattern Transfer onto The Screen

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 30

 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM

There are two different methods in use, and each method has its own advantages
and disadvantages.
With the direct method, the screen is prepared, by coating a photographic emulsion
directly onto the screen fabric and exposing it in the pattern area. The indirect method
makes use of a separate screen process film, supported on a backing sheet. The film on its
backing sheet that is there after pressed onto the screen fabric and sticks there. Finally,
the backing sheet is peeled off, opening all those screen meshes, which are not covered by
the film pattern.
The direct method provides very durable screen stencils with a higher dimensional
accuracy but the finest details are not reproduced. The indirect method is more suitable
for smaller series and where the finest details to be reproduced. The indirect method
is faster but dimensionally less accurate and the screen stencils are less durable, more
sensitive to mechanical damages and interruption in printing.
Etching
In all subtractive PCB process, etching is one of the most important steps. The final
copper pattern is formed by selective removal of all the unwanted copper, which is not
protected by an etching unit.
Solutions, which are used in etching process, are known as enchants.
1. Ferric Chloride
2. Cupric Chloride
3. Chromic Acid
4. Alkaline Ammonia
Of these Ferric Chloride is widely used because it has short etching time and it can
be stored for a long time. Etching of PCBs as required in modern electronic equipment
production, is usually done in spray type etching machines. bubble etching, in which
the boards kept in tank, were lowered and fully immersed into the agitated, has almost
disappeared.
Component Mounting
Carefully mounting of components on PCB increases the reliability of assembly.
1. One leads must be cleaned before they are inserted in PCB holes. Asymmetric lead
bending must be avoided, the ENT leads must fit into holes properly so that they
can be soldered.

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 31

 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM

2. When the space is to be saved then vertical mounting is preferred. The vertical
lead must have an insulating sleeve.
3. Where jumper wire crosses over conductors, they must be insulted.
4. For mounting of PCBs, TO5, DIP packages special jigs must be used of easy inser-
tion.
5. For mounting transistors, each lead must have insulating sleeve.
All the flat radial components such as resistors, diodes, and inductors are mounted
and soldered. Then IC bases are soldered. The vertical components such as transistors,
gang condenser and FET are mounted and soldered.
Soldering
The next process after the component mounting is soldering, solder pint is achieved
by heating the solder and base metal about the melting point of the solders used.
The necessary heat depends upon:
1. The nature and type of joints
2. Melting temperature of solder
3. Flux
Soldering techniques are of so many types but we are using iron soldering.
Iron soldering
Soldering iron consists of an insulating handle connected through a metal shaft, of a
bit accurately makes contact with the component parts of the joint and solder and heats
them up. The electrical heating element is located in the hollow shank or handles to heat
the bit.
Functions of Bit
It stores heat and convey it from the heat source to the work. It may be required
to store surplus solder from the joint. It may be required to store molten solder and flux
to the work. It’s surface must be lined or wetted, this encourages flow of solder into the
joint. When the surface of the work becomes ester by solder, a continuous film of liquid
metal between the bit and work provides a path of high thermal conductivity through
which heat can flow into the work piece.
Solder bit are made up of copper, this metal has good wetting properly, heat capa-
bility ad thermal conductivity. Tin-lead solder affects copper during soldering operation.
Production of copper bit can be made with thick iron coating followed by Ni/Tin plating.

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 32

 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM

The life of the bit is increased by a factor of 10 to 15. Solder irons are specified in terms of
wattage. Depending on heat input intended for working and types of work (Continuous
or individual) the choice of the solder iron can be made.
Procedure of Soldering
The points to be joined must be cleaned first and fluxed. The hard solder iron and
solder wire is applied to the work. The melted solder becomes bright and fluid. The iron
must be removed after sufficient time and joint is allowed to coal. At the end, finishing
is done.

4.2.2 SOFTWARE DESIGN

INSTALLING ARDUINO IDE ON WINDOWS

Step 1: Download the Arduino software

Go to http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software and download the Arduino Software for win-
dows

Figure 4.8 Arduino setup installation

Step 2: Install the software

Install the Drivers:
• Plug in your board and wait for Windows to begin its driver installation process.
After a few moments, the process will fail, despite its best efforts.
• Click on the Start Menu, and open up the Control Panel.
• While in the Control Panel, navigate to System and Security. Next, click on System.
Once the System window is up, open the Device Manager.

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 33

 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM

• Look under Ports (COM LPT). You should see an open port named ”Arduino
UNO (COMxx)”.
• Right click on the ”Arduino UNO (COMxx)” port and choose the ”Update Driver
Software” option.
• Next, choose the ”Browse my computer for Driver software” option.
• Finally, navigate to and select the Uno’s driver file, named ”ArduinoUNO.inf”,
located in the ”Drivers” folder of the Arduino Software download.
• Windows will finish up the driver installation from there.as shown in figure 4.8 and
4.9

Figure 4.9 Installation of software

Running the Arduino Software

Now that our software is installed and our Arduino is setup, let’s verify everything is
working. The easiest way to do this is by using the ”Blink” sample application.
1. Open the Arduino Software by Double-clicking the Arduino Application (./arduino
2. Make sure the board is still connected to your computer.
3. Open the LED blink example sketch: File ¿ Examples ¿ 1.Basics ¿ Blink. You
should see the code for the application open and it should look like this
4. You’ll need to select the entry in the Tools ¿ Board menu that corresponds to your
Arduino. Select the Arduino Uno Option.as shown in figure 4.11
5. Select the serial device of the Arduino board from the Tools ¿ Serial Port menu.
On Windows. This is likely to be higher. On the Mac or on Linux, this should be
something with ’/dev/tty.usbmodem ’ in it.as shown in figure 4.10
6. Now, simply click the ”Upload” button in the environment. Wait a few seconds -
you should see the RX and TX LEDs on the Arduino flashing.as figure 4.12 shows

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 34

 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM

Figure 4.10 Running the Arduino software

If the upload is successful, the message ”Done uploading.” will appear in the status bar.
A few seconds after the upload finishes, you should see the pin 13 (L) LED on the board

Figure 4.11 selection of Arduino uno option in software

start to blink. If it does, congratulations! You’ve got your Arduino up and running.

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 35

 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM

Figure 4.12 Selection of serial device on Arduino board

4.3 COST OF COMPONENTS

The cost of components is shown in table no. 4.1

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 36

 CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF SYSTEM

Table 4.1 Cost of components

Sr. No Component Value Quantity Cost

1 Diodes IN4007 5 15
2 Capacitors 1000F 16V 1 20
3 100 F 16V 1 20
1 F 63V 2 40
4 Voltage regulator 7805 1 50
5 LED 5mm RED 2 10
6 Resistors 470? 2 2
7 IC Base 28 pin 1 20
8 Crystal 16MHz 1 20
9 Capacitors 33pF 2 20
10 Capacitors 10 F 63v 1 20
11 PCB Copper clad 30X30cm 1 200
12 Transformers 0-12V 1A 1 450
13 Power cable 1M 1 100
14 Rainbow wire 1M 150
15 plywood 18inchX12 inch 1 500
16 transformer 230V to 230V 2 3000
17 CT 1 500
18 Solder Gun 25w 1 650
19 Solder Metal - 1 200
20 Etching solution Fecl3 1 200
21 Arduino Microcontroller ATMEGA328 1 400
22 Drilling gun - 1 800
23 Drilling Bit 1mm 2 300
24 Relay module 2 500
Capacitor Bank 2 200
25 Preset 1K 1 20
26 Load 230Vac 2 200
esP8266 Wifi module 1 500

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 37

 Chapter 5
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Figure 5.1 Project model

The hardware design of IOT Based Grid Automation shown in Fig.5.1 The loads are
connected to this hardware setup to evaluate its performance. The WiFi module sends
the data to the web page.
The hardware is tested using different loads for current. WiFi sends real-time data
to the web page. The controller looks the load on transformer first and made decisions to
protect transformers. Therefore, there was no equipment failure and power interruption
due overloading conditions. three various types of loads were applied at the output of
the distribution transformer.The current rating of first transformer is 250mA and second
transformer is 500mA. Then various load is applied and results is shown in following
observation table 5.1
According to above results we conclude that when the load current is below 250 mA
the system is in the normal condition, when the load current exceeds above the capacity of
first transformer i.e, 250 mA so the first transformer is in now overload condition hence
to protect the transformer from overloading the system shifts the load to the second
transformer.we plotted a graph load vs current to show the output shown in figure 5.2

38
 CHAPTER 5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Table 5.1 Observation table

OBS.NO. LOAD(W) VOLTAGE(V) CURRENT CONDITION

(mA)
1 15 230 65.21739 Normal T1
2 30 230 130.4348 Normal T1
3 45 230 195.6522 Normal T1
4 60 230 260.8696 Normal T1
5 75 230 326.087 Normal T1
6 90 230 391.3043 Overload T2
7 105 230 456.5217 Overload T2
8 120 230 521.7391 Overload T2
9 135 230 586.9565 Overload T2
10 150 230 Overload T2

When the load is shifts wifi module sends the signal to the web page to see on web
page by using Network IP scanner application is used first switch on users mobile hotspot
and connect to the wifi module scan the ip address at any browers the webpage is open

Figure 5.2 Line plot between load and current

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 39

 CHAPTER 5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

and data is shown

Figure 5.3 Webpage visuals when the load is in normal condition

Figure 5.4 Webpage visuals when the load is in overload condition

The user can see wheather the load is normal or high on the web page. as shown in
figure 5.3 and 5.4

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 40

 Chapter 6
CONCLUSION
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Internet of Things (IoT) is widely used in smart energy monitoring, industrial au-
tomation, and a variety of applications. At various stages of Smart Grid, IoT devices
are deployed to monitor and control grid statistics for reliable and efficient delivery of
power. Although IoT integration in the smart grid domain provides manifold benefits,
the challenges in IoT-smart grid integration needs to be solved for the efficient operation
of the grid. In this report firstly an overviewed of smart grid and IoT based smart grid
system is provided. The aim of the proposed work is to protect the transformer under
overload condition by load sharing. Due to over load on transformer, the efficiency drops
and winding get overheated and may get burnt. Thus, by sharing load on transformer,
the transformer is protected

6.2 CONCLUSIONS
In this project observed that if load on one transformer is increases then the relay will
sense the change in current. Arduino operates and slave transformer comes automatically
in operation to share the load. The work on ”IOT Based Grid Automation” is successfully
done and demonstrated. The demo is fabricated for operating two transformers in parallel
to share the load automatically with help of change over relay and relay driver circuit.
Thus, the two transformers are protected from overloading as well as overheating and
providing an uninterrupted power supply to the customers. Load sharing of transformer
to protect from failures. This load sharing was modelled to the town; therefore, this
transformer load sharing system was the best solution to protect equipment failure and
electric instructions. Smart grid represents one of the most promising and prominent
internet of things applications. More efficient transmission of electricity.

6.3 FUTURE SCOPE

The future scope of our project is particularly in Substation. In substations particu-
larly during the peak hours there is a need for the operation of additional transformer to

41
 CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION

supply the additional load requirement. Our project automatically connects the trans-
former under critical loads. Thus there is no need to operate both transformers under
normal loads, particularly during off peak hours. Thus power is shared intelligently with
the transformers in parallel.
In future, we will study on the security of a key-component of the Smart Grid, where
we center around how we can safely incorporate energy-aware smart home, equipped
with smart meters and smart appliances, in the smart grid, so end-client could effectively
and safely take an interest in the energy consumption/production equilibrium. Internet
of Things, is the subsequent stage towards an all around and inescapable association
with any correspondence and calculation empowered articles/gadgets, in any case their
entrance innovation, accessible assets and area. The smart Grid can exceedingly profits
by the IOT vision.

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 42

 References
[1] T. Basso, J. Hambrick, D. DeBlasio (2012) Update and review of IEEE P2030 Smart
Grid Interoperability and IEEE 1547 interconnection standards. 2012 IEEE PES
Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT).

[2] Kuzlu M., Pipattanasomporn M., Rahman S. (2014) Communication network re-
quirements for major smart grid applications in HAN, NAN and WAN. Computer
Networks, 67, 2014, pp. 74-88.

[3] A. Bose. Smart transmission grid applications and their supporting infrastructure.
IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 1 (1), pp.11-19, 2010.

[4] Gene Wolf, ”The Smart Substation”, TD World Magazine, 2016, [Online] Available:
http://www.tdworld.com/grid-opt-smart-grid/smart substation

[5] Youjie Ma, Guidong Wang and Xuesong Zhou, ”An Overview on Smart Distribution
Grid”, IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, August 2
- 5, Beijing, China, 2015.

[6] Y. Saleem, N. Crespi, M. H. Rehmani and R. Copeland, ”Internet of Things-Aided

Smart Grid: Technologies, Architectures, Applications, Prototypes, and Future Re-
search Directions,” in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 62962- 63003, 2019.

[7] Yaacoub and A. Abu-Dayya, ”Automatic Meter Reading in the Smart Grid using
Contention Based Random Access over the Free Cellular Spectrum,” Computer Net-
works, vol. 59, pp. 171-183, 2014.

[8] S. Bush, ”Network Theory and Smart Grid Distribution Automation,” IEEE Journal
on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 1451-1459, 2014.

[9] W. Wang, Y. Xu, and M. Khanna, ”A Survey on the Communication Architectures

in Smart Grid,” Computer Networks, vol. 55, no. 15, pp. 3604-3629, 2011.

[10] Y. Saleem, N. Crespi, M. H. Rehmani and R. Copeland, ”Internet of Things-Aided

Smart Grid: Technologies, Architectures, Applications, Prototypes, and Future Re-
search Directions,” in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 62962- 63003, 2019.

43
 Bibliography

[11] Yaacoub and A. Abu-Dayya, ”Automatic Meter Reading in the Smart Grid using
Contention Based Random Access over the Free Cellular Spectrum,” Computer Net-
works, vol. 59, pp. 171-183, 2014.

[12] S. Bush, ”Network Theory and Smart Grid Distribution Automation,” IEEE Journal
on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 1451-1459, 2014.

[13] W. Meng, R. Ma, and H.-H. Chen, ”Smart Grid Neighborhood Area Networks: A
Survey,” IEEE Network, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 24-32, 2014.

[14] Z. M. Fadlullah, A.-S. K. Pathan, and K. Singh, ”Smart Grid Internet of Things,”
Mobile Networks and Applications, pp. 1-2, 2017.

[15] R. Ma, H.-H. Chen, Y.-R. Huang, and W. Meng, ”Smart Grid Communication: Its
Challenges and Opportunities,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 1, pp.
36- 46, 2013.

[16] A. Al-Ali and R. Aburukba, ”Role of Internet of Things in the Smart Grid Technol-
ogy,” Journal of Computer and Communications, vol. 3, no. 05, p. 229, 2015.

[17] F. Al-Turjman and M. Abujubbeh, ”IoT-enabled Smart Grid via SM: An Overview,”
Future Generation Computer Systems, In Press, 2019.

[18] R. Morello, S. C. Mukhopadhyay, Z. Liu, D. Slomovitz, and S. R. Samantaray,

”Advances on Sensing Technologies for Smart Cities and Power Grids: A Review,”
IEEE Sens. J., vol. 17, no. 23, pp. 7596-7610, Dec. 2017.

[19] S. S. S. R. Depuru, L. Wang, and V. Devabhaktuni, ”Smart meters for power grid:
Challenges, issues, advantages and status,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 15,
no. 6, pp. 2736-2742, 2011.

[20] S. Jain, N. Kumar, A. Paventhan, V. K. Chinnaiyan, V. Arnachalam, and M.

Pradish, ”Survey on Smart Grid Technologies-Smart Metering, IoT and EMS,” in
Students’ Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS),
2014, pp. 1-6.

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 44

 Bibliography

[21] S. E. Collier, ”The emerging Enernet: Convergence of the Smart Grid with the
Internet of Things,” in IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 2, 2017, pp. 12-
16.

[22] R. V. P. Yerra, A. K. Bharathi, P. Rajalakshmi and U. B. Desai, ”WSN based power

monitoring in smart grids,” 2011 Seventh International Conference on Intelligent
Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing, Adelaide, SA, 2011, pp. 401-
406.

[23] R. Ma, H.-H. Chen, Y.-R. Huang, and W. Meng, ”Smart Grid Communication: Its
Challenges and Opportunities,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 1, pp.
36- 46, 2013.

[24] Ms. Mayuri B. Patil, Ms. Pooja M. Nikam, Ms. Hemalata A. Patil, Mr. Alim F.
Pathan, Mr. Shubham P. Nikam, Prof. D. D. Gavali: ”Automatic load sharing of
transformer using Arduino”, International Journal of Scientific Research and Review
ISSN No.:2279-543X Volume 07, Issue 02, February 29 UGC Journal No.: 64650

[25] T. Venkata Sai Kalyani, V. Sunil Kumar, Ch. Srinivas: ”Automatic Load Sharing of
Transformer using Microcontroller”, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering— Vol. 7, Issue 5, May-2018
ISSN (print): 2320-3765, ISSN (online): 2278-8875

[26] W. Meng, R. Ma, and H.-H. Chen, ”Smart Grid Neighborhood Area Networks: A
Survey,” IEEE Network, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 24-32, 2014.

KCES’s CoEM, JALGAON 45

Appendix

46