Fluidization Engineering

Dr. Subrata K. Majumder

Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati

Lecture – 20
Entrainment Characteristics (Part 2): Fast fluidization condition

Welcome to massive open online course on fluidization engineering. Today’s lecture will
be on entrainment characteristics, part two, basically, it will be on fast fluidization
condition. So, we have already discussed about that entrainment mechanism in the churn
turbulent, even for a particulate system in bubbling fluidize bed system, and also how
these solid particles are entrained by the bubble by capturing the solid particle to its
bottom part; that is in wake region and then busting into the surface and ejecting the
solid particles to the freeboard.

So, there is a certain mechanism that, by which this entrainment of solid is being
happened. So, that has already been discussed in previous lecture on that. Again, this
entrainment characteristics is being continued here in this lecture 20, and this
entrainment characteristic will be only for the condition of fast fluidization system. Now,
what is that fast fluidization? Of course, you know that.

(Refer Slide Time: 01:55)

That there will be a certain range of operating condition by which you can get the fast
fluidization. Already, we have discussed at the very beginning of the courses regarding
the flow pattern of the fluidization system, and they are we have discussed to the range
and the operating condition of different flow patterns like particulate system bubbling
fluidized bed, bubbling fluidized bed slag fluidized bed and fast fluidization and the
churn turbulent fluidization.

So, in that case, we have seen that generally, fast fluidization occurs for the fine particle
of type Geldart A where the gas velocity or fluid velocity relative to the terminal velocity
will be a certain range, and it is observed that this ratio of this fluid velocity to the
terminal velocity of the solid particles will be ranging within 2 to 11 and in that case of
you will see that fast fluidization phenomena will decreases if you are using on the large
particles there.

Fast fluidization only occurs for fine particles, but this characteristic can be obtained, but
in decreasing manner for larger particles for large Geldart B or D type particles, of
course, you, I think, you will obtain that the ratio of a fluid velocity to the terminal
velocity should be less than well below one thus for a coarse particle. If particle diameter
is 6 650 micrometer and it is above in that case, Rhodes and Geldart found that the ratio
of the fluid velocity to the terminal velocity will be within the range of 0.3 to 0.6.

And churning flow is the name sometimes that given to large particle systems in a
turbulent flow. So, fast fluidization case within this operating region or operating
condition how the entrainment characteristics happen will be actually continued here for
fast fluidization also, you will see some characteristics that has already been discussed.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:49)

Still, we are discussing here some extend of that this case the separation between that
bed and the freeboard becomes uncertain, but for this regular that is particulate system or
bubbling fluidized bed system that the bed and freeboard region should be actually
defined at a certain condition and in that case, transport disagreement height is main
factor for which the phenomena of the entrainment actually depends on.

Now, in the case of fast fluidization, you not get that particular actually separation mark
between the bed and the freeboard high because the high turbulence is there in fast
fluidization and for this, you will not exactly estimate, the demarcation between that bed
and freeboard entrainment and this case, you will see rises sharply above that of bubbling
beds, you will see before going to entrainment, of course, there will be a bubbling
condition, and whenever bubbles will be busting at the surface of this freeboard and the
bubbling bed region, then there will be ejection of the solid particles by which the
entrainment occurs.

And in this fast fluidization case, you will see the ejection will be so fast, ejection will be
so forcibly that the entrainment rises sharply and above that bubbling beds and the
cyclone duty becomes severe enough so that the external cyclones may have to be used
instead of internal cyclones there so, in this case because of that entrainment for reusing
that solid particle which in which is coming out by the entrainment characteristics that
that to be reused by separating it from the gaseous medium or from the outlet by some
mechanical device that is called cyclone separator.

Now, if in this case, fast fluidization case you cannot use the, a cyclone separator, they
are internally because here the flow is so fast that is so turbulence than that cyclone duty
would be severe, they are enough so, that that you need to have some external cyclones
instead of internal cyclones. So, in the fast fluidization regimes, you will see that
carryover of the solid is very large. Hence the fresh solids have to be introduced
continuously and at a significant rate to make up to the loss of bed solids and to achieve
steady-state operations.

So, this is very important point that of course, this in this fast fluidization case, since the
fluid velocity is very high relative to the terminal velocity, the carryover of the solid is,
of course, the amount of that to carryover solids is so high that sometimes fresh solids
have to be actually supplied for making up the flow consistency even the conservation of
the mass and their for significant rate at a significant rate for the loss of beds because of
this entrainment and to achieve the steady-state operations in the fast fluidization system.

Now, there are you see different modes to run a fast fluidized circulation system like
mode 1, mode 2, mode 3, mode 4, here, in this case, mode 1 means here you have to
keep a constant inventory of the solids.

(Refer Slide Time: 09:24)

In the bed, even though you or may change, that means, here if there is velocity of the
fluid change, of course, you have to keep the inventory of the solids constants in the bed.

And as a mode 2, you have to keep the throughflow of solids constant that is denoted by
Gs here Gs, then even though your fluid velocity may change and mode 3. In this case,
you have to keep the gas flow rate are constants while changing the solid throughflow,
there in the bed and mode 4 in this case; that means, solid inventory or you can say solid
flow rate and the fluid flow rate both can be changed independently there as a mode 4.

So, there are several modes of operations by which you can run the fast fluidized
circulation system. So, once you have to keep the inventory of solids constant one you
have to keep the constant of the throughflow of the solid even you can keep the flow of
gas constant by changing gas-solid flow rate, and also you can independently change the
Gs; that means, solid inventory or you can say the solid throughflow and the gas velocity
they are or fluid velocity, they are in bed, you will see because of the entrainment inside
the bed by either of this mode.

(Refer Slide Time: 11:09)

You will see there will be a certain distribution of the voidage inside the bed.

And this voidage may not be the same as whatever, it is in case of bubbling fluidized bed
in this case, I think there will be more viodage compared to the bubbling fluidized beds
and both small and large diameter beds, you will see, if the bed diameter is a 15.2
centimeter and 34 centimeter of small particles of type a higher than average gas flow
and bed voidage in the central core of the bed is being observed and for larger beds; one
notice says a dip in bed voidage of at the centerline of the bed, this may affect the
downflow of the emulsion phase due to the solid circulation.

So, this case that you will see in this fast fluidization system for small and large diameter
beds, you will see for the small solids, you will get the higher gas flow rate which will be
higher than the average gas flow rate and the bed voidage also will be higher in the
central core of the bed and for larger beds one, of course, you can get that the at the
centerline of the bed, there will be a dip in bed voidage, this may reflect the downflow of
emulsion phases due to solid circulation.

So, here in this figure, you will see that at the central region, the maximum voidage
absorb in the fluidized bed here. So, this is 0 R 0 means at the central region and 0.8 is
the maximum voidage of fluid here and add up I think that adjusting to the wall of the
bed, they are the height will be laser and related to the central zone.

Similarly, gas flow rate; that means, flow pattern the average gas flow rate at the
centerline, it will also be higher than the average value and here distance from the wall,
you will see that of course, that it will be an increasing like this is the pattern here, but at
the wall, it will see, there will be a 0 voidage of course. So, this pattern will give you that
what will be the distribution of the voidage inside the bed, of course, this distribution of
voidage other the same pattern will change just by changing the fluid velocity inside the
bed.

So, for higher velocity you will get the higher voidage inside the bed and for lower
velocity will get the lower, of course, the for first fluidization a bed condition here, of
course.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:32)

You will see that other factors of that distribution of voidage, if you add some baffles in
the bed; that means, a there will some internal provisions you are making to just change
the effective area of the flow of fluid then in that case you will see there will be a change
of voidage there.

And horizontal baffles, in that case, increase the bed voidage, but vertical bubbles
vertical baffles that do not. So, adding fines under 20 micrometer of size of particles to
the bed that may increase the bed voidage here and bed voidage of 75 percent to 85
percent in the main body of the turbulent beds can be obtained on the borderline of the
fast fluidization regime.

So, this is the voidage distribution, it is important because it is related to that entrainment
characteristic. So, they are; so, they are what is that you will see in this figure the
voidage will increase with the velocity of the fluid and in case of horizontal bubbles
baffles, it will be higher than the verticals one. So, vertical and no baffles you will get for
bed diameter of 0.6 meter, this is the trend of that velocity profile which is increasing
with the increasing gas velocity whereas, for a lower diameter of the bed it, you can get
more voidage they are even if you are using that baffles or not.

So, that case, if you are using the same gas velocity and the different diameter you will
get, of course, higher entrainment higher voidage, even if you are using same diameter
and if you are using horizontal baffles and the vertical bubbles horizontal baffles will
give you the more voidage, they are for a particular gas velocity or fluid velocity, and
this are voidage of could change with the solid concentration inside the bed and that case
you will see if you increase the fines they are in the bed you get the more voidage and
also this more voidage will decreases will decreases, if you are using a more densed
particles and also the bulk density of the fluid medium inside the bed increases, then you
may get the lower voidage inside the bed because of the viscous effect of the solid
particles, there as an emulsion which is being used there that may change the voidage
inside the bed.

(Refer Slide Time: 17:42)

And also, you will see that distribution of solids in the first fluidized bed and that case
this distribution of solids will get into the results for the entrainment characteristics
inside the bed. Now at the bottom, you will see a relatively short entry zone having a
solid fraction of 0.2 to 0.4 here, and then there is a portion of the vessel of almost
constant solid fraction, as shown in the figure of about this solid fraction of around
twenty percent there.

And then this lower portion is called the denser region, and above these and upper
entrained region, higher the solid fraction decreases progressively to about solid volume
fraction of about 0.02 to 0.05 and this region, of course, the signify somewhat to the
denser turbulence in the bed and its freeboard. So, they are, of course, you will see a
certain range of volume fraction of the solids that, based on that volume fraction of the
solids, you can classify whether it will be the bottom region and how it will be the
entrainment characteristics happens.

So, they are, and there is a portion of the vessel of almost there constant solid fraction of
about twenty percent, and this lower portion, will be called as that this will be called as
that a denser region and above this denser region. You may get that the void fraction of
very drastically reducing to the 0.0 to the 0.05 there. So, these are the profile that has
been given this is given exactly as far; what the model we have discussed in the previous
lecture according to that this profile will come only thing different is that the flow
velocity when also what is that the height of the bed is they are and the what is that there
will be the solid fraction that effect on that.

So, here exactly in the denser region as per are the constant solid fraction will be there,
whereas, in the freeboard region this freeboard region here, the solid fraction will be
decreasing exponentially like this here.

(Refer Slide Time: 20:26)

And of course, this axial distribution of the solids that you can experimentally observe
from your that is solid distribution data, in this case, you will see the profile of solid
distribution that moved up or down the column that depending on the solid and gas flow
rates.
According to Li and Kwauk 1980; they have developed or proposed one correlation
based on their experimental data and they obtained their the solid distribution inside the
bed like this here and they represented as

 s   s*
*
 e  ( z  zi )/ z0
 sd  s

So, this way you can calculate what should be the solid distribution inside the bed, of
course, what is that z? z is at any position at any point of this curve, here you just locate
here and then what is that zi? zi is the here what is symmetrical point here based on this
Es star and the E sd here, and then what is the intersection point, it will be is equal to zi
and what is z0? z0 is nothing, but that here that in this case that what is the sd; that
means, the solid distribution for this dense zone here and if you extend it and then where
this the tangent line just joining to this zi intersect and from which you will get this z 0
up to these points.

So, as per this diagram, you can see how the z 0 and zi will be calculated, once you know
these zi and z 0 and if you substitute here for a particular operating condition, you will be
able to calculate, what should be the solid distribution at that particular location here now
for bubbling beds you will see this sd; that means, the concentration of the solid for this
dense region will be within the range of 0.55 to 0.40 here, whereas, for turbulent bed it
will be 0.40 to 0.22, it will be lesser or as this fast fluidization case, it will be very less
here, it will be 0.22 to 0.16.

So, as per these are bubbling to fast fluidization, you will see that the dense region will
be a coming down there because of the solid concentration will be decreasing there. So,
this case you will see that once you know the sd; that means, dense region solid
concentration and the carrying capacity amount of this solid concentration that will be
epsilon s star that already been discussed earlier also the what is this epsilon s star here at
this location at an infinite length you will see there will be constant dilutions of the solid
particles here which is coming out that would be fixed here.

So, that would be represented by epsilon s star. So, once you know this epsilon s star and
the epsilon s d and also by the quantity of interactions of zi and what slope or tangent
and what is the intersection point of these and these, then you will get the exact amount
of solid concentration at this particular z height. So, this is the profile by which you can
say how axial distribution of the solids actually happening inside the different types of
beds.

So, for the bubbling beds, you will see the nature in this figure the nature of this
entrainment profile here and also, what is the turbulent fluidization this is the nature here
and this is for pneumatic or conveying or fast fluidization case you will see this is a
profile. So, in this case, you will see that the height above the distributor the dense region
will be higher, and then this is the dense region, and this portion is the dense region for
this. So, this is, and this is for the bubbling bed. The dense region is so high relative to
that other bubbling condition other fluidization patterns.

So, so, this is the trend of that is the entrainment characteristic of the solid and by which
you can get the profile of this a solid distribution inside the bed.

(Refer Slide Time: 25:32)

And the fraction of solids at the exit that is epsilon se how to calculate that epsilon se and
what should be the value for that if you know that exit concentration then what should be
the makeup and also circulation rate that can be obtained by these.

So, fraction of solids at the bed or column exits, you can say epsilon is greater than the
saturation carrying capacity of the gas that is epsilon s star and solid flux of that is
epsilon se at the exit is higher at low fluid velocity, then at higher fluid velocity and as
per this mass balance gives this equation number 2 here

Gs  Gse   s seus

So, here the slip velocity us is considered as the mean velocity of the solids at the exit
level of the column now this us should be calculated as

u
us   up
1   se

u is the fluid velocities as a superficial fluid velocity, if you divided by 1 minus epsilon
se, it will be is equal to actual fluid velocity inside the bed, and if you subtract the
particle velocity from this absolute fluid velocity, then you will get the slip velocity here
up is the particle velocity and for the fine particles at high gas velocity where you will
see that exit solid concentration will be very very less to be; if it is less than equals to 1;
thus the equation here 2 and 3, you will yields the epsilon se; that means, solid
concentration at the exit, it will be by the mass balance equation will be approximately
equal to Gs, this is

Gs
 se 
 s (u  u p )

So, by this equation 4, you will be able to calculate what should be the fraction of solids
at the exit epsilon as epsilon se.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:52)

So, this is the case, but if you are good as bed is the or diameter is too high, then, in that
case, you have to know what should be the radial distribution of the solids because they
are in the side the bed, they are may be internal fluid circulation will be in such way that
solid will be distributed not only in the actually, it will be radially also distributed and
because of which this entrainment a radial entrainment, it will give you the change of
radial distribution of the solids inside the bed.

And as for this figure that is given by Kunii and Levenspiel in their books that they are
that the solid distribution radially, you will see if you just go from the center to the wall,
you will see there will be a change of solid distribution, and at the center, there will be
higher solid fraction relative to the what is that center region.

So, relative to the center region that will be wall region, there will be here, this solid
fraction here this is as per this, but here local flux of solids that is mean flux, if you are
getting that according to our; if you increase the radius of the diameter of the bed, then it
will be coming decreases and whereas, in this case, this epsilon under solid fraction here
by this graph you can see how this solid fraction will be changing as per this radial
distance here.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:34)

And solid distribution in the fast fluidization from the freeboard entrainment model let us
see how this solid distribution can be expressed by the entrainment model now just first
consider a first fluidization column which have a lower region of constant solid fraction
that is generated by epsilon sd and upper linear region where the solid density decreases
the progressively to its exit value epsilon se.

Now, let us consider all the solids are entrainable in the flow regime; that means, here
the all the solid fractions like x is equal to one if you are considering that x is the solid
fraction which are being entrainable. Now if all the particles are entrainable, then x will
be is equal to 1, then according to the freeboard entertainment model that has already
been discussed in the previous lectures that has given by the Kunii and Levenspiel, the
solid distribution can be written as this

 s   s*  az
*
e f
 sd  s

Now, this a is called decay constant. This decay constant will be depending on the
velocity of the fluid. Now, this, you will see that this decay constant will be inversely
proportional to the fluid velocity. So, from that truth, you can express that a into u that
would be is equal to constant. So, based on this entrainment model, you can obtain what
should be the solid fraction at a certain height of the freeboard. So, this is zf or a shape
you can say, from this location, you are considering that zf and this will be your total
freeboard height.

So, at this outlet, what should be the solid fraction you just substitute the capital F
instead of zf here or at a certain location what should be the value of epsilon s that you
can calculate from this equation 5.

 s   s*  az
*
e f
 sd  s

au  constant

(Refer Slide Time: 31:53)

Now, the fraction of solids at the vessel exit just you just substitute the value of zf, then
you will get the solid fraction at the vessel exit,

 aH f
 se   s*  ( sd  s* )e

the mean value of epsilon s in the upper entrainment region; that means, in the freeboard
height of Hf can be found from the relation here this

Hf
1
s 
Hf   dz
0
s f
So, if you integrate this epsilon s within the height of that is freeboard height, and if you
divide it by the total height of the freeboard, then you can get average or mean value of
the solid a fraction in the freeboard height now inserting this equation number seven you
know that this is the exit concentration or exit solid fraction just by substituting this zf
into Hf and if you substitute this exit that is solid fraction here in equation that is given in
earlier that here in this case that then epsilon s bar that will be is equal to here this

( sd  s* )  aH (  )
 s   s*  (1  e f )   s*  sd se
aH f aH f

just after substitution inserting equation and integrating gives you will get this

( sd  se )
 s   s* 
aH f

So, this in this case, then you just substitute this value, you will get this average solid
fraction they are inside the bed.

(Refer Slide Time: 33:41)

And then total inventory how to calculate then total inventory here. Now total inventory
of the solids in the column of height that will be is equal to Ht that is equal to Ht = Hf +
Hd, Ht is the total height of the bed, and Hf is the freeboard height and Hd is the dense
region height of the dense region here.
So, according to this height of the bed total height of the bed, what should be the total
inventory here? Now, total inventory if you are considering the W; then

W
 Lm (1   m )  Lmf (1   mf )  H d  sd  H f  s
Abed  s

So, here Hf into mean solid fraction, it will give you the weight of the solids at the
freeboard height, and this is Hd into epsilon Hd, it will give you the weight of the solids
at this dense region. So, after substitution of epsilon sd and epsilon s bar, here you will
get this equation finally, as equation 10, as

W
 Lm (1   m )  Lmf (1   mf )  H d  sd  H f  s
Abed  s
 sd   se
  H t  sd  H f ( sd   s* )
a

in this case, what should be the total inventory for the fast fluidization system in this case
you can calculate.

Now, to use this freeboard entrainment model, one has to know the value of; that means,
decay constant and saturation carrying capacity value and the solid fraction at the dense
region. So, three parameters, of course, you have to know then what should the total
inventory and what should be the value of solid fraction at a particular height of the fast
fluidized bed.
(Refer Slide Time: 35:44)

And then the parameter how to calculate this parameter than a and carrying saturation
capacity here.

Now, if you match the slopes of equation one that; earlier have we have shown and 5 at
the midpoint between epsilon s star and epsilon sd, this relates the parameters z 0 of
equation 1 that earlier we have given to the decay constant a by the equation here, a will
be is equal to

2
a
zo

that you can obtain by the by experimental here. So, this is from this 2 by z 0, you have
to find out what should be the value of z 0 here this height total height; that means, at zi;
that means, here symmetrical point here and where the symmetrical line that is tangent
that this point will intersect this here. So, that will be giving you total height here at z 0.

Now, epsilon s star generally is considered for first at 0.01 and epsilon s star general
represented as Gs star by rho su. Now, you have to know if you collect the solid amount
there and if you represented that saturated amount of solids which is coming out at Gs
star, it will be is equal to some solid flux represent and if you divide it by rho s into fluid
velocity density of the solid and the fluid velocity, then you will get this epsilon s star;
 Gs*
 s* 
 su

generally, it is a very small amount then it is a generally 0.01 for different of flow pattern
of flow regimes, you will get different value of this saturated carrying capacity amount
here of solid.

And after substitution of this es star and decay constant, and then you will get the final
value for the that is total inventory inside the bed.

(Refer Slide Time: 37:45)

Now performance of the fast fluidized bed in different modes of operation so, how to
actually calculate the performance of the fluidized bed with different mode of that solid
inventory now sometimes this has mode 1, you can say constant inventory of the solids
that there we know reservoir of the solids there. So, for a given fluid velocity first you
have to estimate the epsilon sd and the decay constant and then calculate the epsilon se;
that means, exit solid fraction as a function of freeboard height for the desired inventory
of the solids; that means, Lm (1-m) and given height of the vessel as a total height that
will be is equal to freeboard height and dense region height as a summation that will
determine the Hf by substituting all known values there.

After that you have to calculate the exit value of the that is solid flux, then the mass flux
of the circulating particles that is coming out from the bed the other by bubbling or
turbulent fluidized bed through an inner cyclone collector is calculated in the same way
that you can calculate what would be the amount of that the solid flux is coming out from
the fast fluidized bed.

So, you can calculate the performance of fluidized bed by just calculating in this way
systematic way and here like this.

(Refer Slide Time: 39:12)

And then model 2, model 3 and model 4 in that case constant inventory; that means,
constant solid flux or you can say constant fluid velocity or you can both change that Gs
and u there. So, in that case, you have to estimate the again the solid fraction at the dense
region and the decay constant as before, and after that, you have to calculate the exit
solid fraction for a given solid flux, and then you have to determine what will be the
height of freeboard, and the dense from the truth of that Hd is equal to Ht minus Hf.

And then determine the; what will be this amount of solid they are Lm (1-m) multiplied
into cross-sectional into density of the H. So, you just determine it and then after that you
just calculate what should be the freeboard height there. So, from these this mode 1,
mode 2, mode 3, mode 4, in that way just you just L mf is equal to 2.4 meter and Gs is
equal to 100 kg per meter square second and here at a constant gas velocity of 4 meter
per second and mode 4 constant gas velocity and solid flux how, then this solid fraction
can be changing. So, here that different modes of how these changes occurred.
So, ultimately you can say that that this epsilon s; that means, solid fraction inside the
fluidized bed that depends on the that will minimum height of the fluidized bed the solid
flux here and the fluid velocity and both the solid flux and fluid velocity even the type of
fluid particles and other operating conditions there and so, this is very important. So, this
is the example is given by Kunii and Levenspiel, how to get the solid fraction, and how it
look likes that for this for different mode of operations, how it will be there.

(Refer Slide Time: 41:32)

Now, let us see an example here to calculate this at different modes that the solid fraction
they are. So, in this case, a fast fluidized column operated in the following 4 modes, let
us see mode 1 is constant solid inventory corresponding to minimum fluidized height is
two point four meter with variable gas flow of u 0 is equal to 2, 4 and 6 meter per second
whereas in mode 2 constant solid flow at solid flux of 100 kg per meter square second
with variable gas flow of velocity 2, 4 and 6 meter per second; mode 3 in that case, gas
velocity should be constant at 4 meter per second, whereas, you have to change the solid
flow ah; that means, Gs that will be 42, 50, 100, 200 and 400 kg per meter square
second.

And as the mode 4, you can say you can vary both of these Gs and u 0 as per table here u
0 and Gs that is gas velocity and the solid flux here if u 0 is equal to 2, then solid flux
would be 70, then 406, 120, 120 and for all cases, you can consider that the saturated
carrying capacity is solid fraction will be is equal to 0.01 and for mode 1 determine the
vertical distribution of the solids epsilon is for the other modes determine the solid
inventory in the bed as represented by this minimum fluidizing height.

So, column diameter is given you that forty centimeter and height, it is given 10 meter
whereas, particles of the catalyst particles here density is 1000 kg per meter cube and
particle diameter is 55 micrometer, and minimum voidage in the fluidized bed will be is
equal to 50 percent and gas condition is ambient condition there. So, determine the
performance characteristics of the fast fluidized bed based on this operating condition.

(Refer Slide Time: 43:46)

Now, mode 1, first of all, you have to calculate the epsilon sd that is take this epsilon sd
is equal to 0.2, 0.16 and 0.14 for gas velocity, 2, 4 and 6 meter per cell respectively and
then calculate a from this a into u 0 is equal to 3; thus a will be is equal to 1.5, 0.75 and
0.5 meter inverse for u 0 u for different gas velocity, in this case respectively and for gas
velocity is equal to 2 meter per second, you just calculate the exit solid fraction from the
equation 7 here.

And then just substitute the all known value here on in this case you will see that
unknown value is Hf; that means, freeboard height now, but freeboard height you have to
calculate here freeboard height, but what is that freeboard height is equal to be 4.8 meter
because here you will see total height is given there, and dense height is given. So, there
what should be the freeboard height there and otherwise, if you know that a total height
and dense height there, then you have to solve this non-linear equation for freeboard
height.

And after obtaining this freeboard height of 4.8 meter, then you substitute here in
equation 7, then you will get what would be the exit concentration of this solid in the
bed. Now here see equations 1 and 2 here in this case, this equation, if you substitute the
parameters here just are knowing unknown parameter is a sf and epsilon se here in this
case question from equation 10 you are substituting all parameters here under the sf and
epsilon s is unknown.

So, solving these two equations, you can get this sf also and Hd, they are from this total
height. So, once you know this sf, then you substitute here in the equation seven again
for this exit solid fraction.

(Refer Slide Time: 45:54)

Once you know this of exit solid fraction you know already the solid density and the gas
velocity, then you will get the solid flux in the bed here. So, for different gas velocity
and different exit solid fraction and different height of the freeboard and dense height,
then you can get the respective solid fraction at different condition as mode two similarly
mode 2, you have to calculate the same value of epsilon sd and a as in the previous case
as in previous case, then what should be the exit solid fraction and what should be the
solid fraction from the equation seven once you know that you will be able to calculate
would be the freeboard height they are they are.
(Refer Slide Time: 46:36)

Similarly, this Lmf should be calculated from this equation given here and then at
different gas velocity and different dense height, of course, you will be able to calculate
what would be the minimum fluidizing height there as a mode three at a certain gas
velocity, it is given at 4 meter per second then a should be is equal to 0.75 and the dense
a solid fraction is equal to 16 percent, if you substitute this value, what should be the exit
solid fraction there, once you know the exit solid fraction and then from equation seven
you will be able to calculate the what should be the freeboard height there.

(Refer Slide Time: 47:20)

And then you will be able to calculate what should be the dense side of course, it is given
and then what should be the minimum fluidizing height there Lmf.

Similar calculations with other solid, solid circulation rates given as follows, here you
just calculate as per that the equation wisely given in that is equation one to 10 there. So,
you will get this Gs Hf and Lmf, and then mode 4 again the calculation would be similar to
those of mode 3, which is given the following values here as after calculation. So, you
just you have to use the equation whatever given in the slides, then only enough to
calculate this phenomenon.

(Refer Slide Time: 48:09)

Now, for further reading, you can follow this Kunii Levenspiel that fluidization it takes
to kind the yang that is handbook of fluidization and fluid particle system and other
references given in this book also here. So, in this lecture, what we have learned that in
the what should be the fast fluidization condition and how the solid fraction is changing
because of this entrainment characteristic, whatever mechanism discussed in the previous
lecture, based on squeeze as per this entrainment model in solid fraction, how to
calculate and what should be the freeboard height, once you know that exit a solid
fraction.

And what should be the average the solid fraction inside the bed and also how to
calculate the solid inventory inside the bed for the fast fluidization condition and based
on this solid fraction distribution, this solid fraction distribution depends on different
parameters operating condition like fluid velocity even the diameter of the column even
the what is that if there is there any internal there or not and other solid loads also is
there.

So, based on who is this solid fraction distribution in the bed now this will be very
helpful to actually calculate the performance of the fluidized bed whether it is in the
reaction mode or not that of course, will be helpful we will discuss later on also more
about these they are how these entrainment characteristics when solid fraction will be
helpful to calculate the performance of the fluidized bed in different operating condition
with a different flow pattern of the fluidized bed so.

Thank you for this lecture, ok.