CHAPTER: PROBABILITY

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement

of Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

1 Assertion (A) : Let A and B are independent events. If P(A) = 0.2 and P(B) = 0.1
then P(A∩B) = 0.02

Reason (R): For independent events A and B, P(A∩B) = P(A) x P(B)

2 Assertion (A) : Let A and B are independent events. If P(A) = 0.4 , P(B) = p and
P(A∪B) = 0.6, then 3p = 1
Reason (R): For independent events A and B, P(A∩B) ≠ P(A) x P(B)

3. Assertion (A) : Let A and B are independent events. If P(A) = p , P(B) = 2p and
5 3
P(Exactly one of A,B) = 9, then p = 5 .
1 5
Reason (R): The value of p = 3 , 12

4
Assertion (A) : Let A and 𝐵̅ are independent events then, P(𝐴̅ ∪ 𝐵) = 1 – P(A)
P(𝐵̅ )
Reason (R): P(𝐴̅ ∪ 𝐵) = P(A ∩ 𝐵̅)

5 1
Assertion (A) : Let A and B are mutually exclusive events. If P(A) = 2 , P(B) = p
and
3 1
P(A∪B) = 5 , then p = 5
Reason (R): For mutually exclusive events A and B, P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B)

6 Assertion (A) : If A and B are any two events such that P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B) =
P(A), then P(𝐴⁄𝐵 ) = 1
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
Reason (R): For any two events A and B, P(𝐵⁄𝐴) = .
𝑃(𝐴)

7 4
Assertion (A): Given that the probability of ‘Ajay’ speaks truth is 5. When a die
is thrown once Ajay reports that 6 appears, then the probability that actually there
4
was actually 6 appeared is11.

Reason (R): Two events are independent then

𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵)

pg. 163
 8 5
Assertion (A) : If A and B are any two events such that 2P(A) = P(B) = 13, and
2 11
P(𝐴⁄𝐵 ) = 5 then P(A∪B) = 26
Reason (R): For any two events A and B, P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B)

Assertion (A) : A die is thrown. If E is the event the number appearing is a multiple
9
of 3 and F be the event the number appearing is even. The events E and Fare not
independent.
Reason (R): Two events E and F are independent then P(E∩ 𝐹) = P(E) . P(F).

Assertion (A) : A speaks truth in 60% of the cases, while B in 90% of the cases.
10
Then the percent of cases are they likely to contradict each other in stating the
21
same fact is 50
Reason (R): A and B are two independent events, then the probability of
occurrence of at least one of A and B is 1 - 𝑃(𝐴̅)𝑃(𝐵̅ )

Assertion (A) : A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is
11
observed to be 6. Then the probability that the number 4 has appeared at least
2
once is 5 .
𝑃(𝐸∩𝐹)
Reason (R): E and F are any two events, then P(𝐸⁄𝐹 ) = 𝑃(𝐹) .

Assertion (A) : For any two events A and B, if P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.5 and
12 2
P(𝐴⁄𝐵 ) = 0.4, then P(𝐵⁄𝐴) = 5
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
Reason (R): For any two events A and B, P(𝐵⁄𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐴)

13 Assertion (A) : A and B are mutually exclusive events then P(𝐴⁄𝐵 ) = 0

Reason (R): A and B are mutually exclusive events then A∩B = { }

2 1 5
14 Assertion (A) : If P(A) = 3 , P(B) = 2 and P(A∪B) = 6 , then the events A and B
are independent.
Reason (R): Events A and B are independent then P(A∪B) = P(A) x P(B)

Assertion (A) In answering an MCQ Test a student either knows the answer or
15 3 1
guesses. Let the probability that he knows answer is 4 and that of he guesses is4.
1
Assume that a student guesses the answer will be correct with probability4. Then
12
the probability that he knows the answer given that he answered it correctly is13.

Reason (R): The probability of a sure event is 1

Assertion (A) : The mean of a number obtained in throwing a die having

16
1 on
3 on three faces ,2 on two faces and 5 on one face is 2.

Reason (R) : Mean is also called Average, Expectation or Expected value as E

pg. 164
17
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X) C 2C 2C 3C C2 2C 2 7C 2+ C
1
Assertion (A) : Value of C is 10

Reason (R): Using the formula ∑ 𝑃𝑖 =1,

Assertion (A): The Mean number of tails in three throws of a coin is 1.5
18
Reason (R) : The mean of probability distribution is ∑(𝑥𝑖 𝑝𝑖 )

Assertion (A) : A Random variable X can take the values 0,1,2 and
19
P( X=0 ) = P (X =1 ) = P.

Reason (R): E( X ) = E( X 2 ) =1/2

E (x ) =∑ 𝑥 𝑝(𝑥) , and E (x 2 ) =∑(𝑥 2 𝑝 (𝑥 ))

𝐴 ̅
20 Assertion (A) : For any two events A and B , 𝑃 ( ̅ ) = 5/8 , given P ( 𝐴̅ ) = ½
𝐵
P ( 𝐵̅ ) =2/3 and P ( A ∩ 𝐵 ) =1/4.

Reason (R) : A and B are independent events.

Assertion (A) Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a composite number, she
21
tosses a coin two times, otherwise she tosses a coin only once. If she gets exactly
one head then the probability that she does not get a composite number in the
2
throw of a die is 3 .

Reason (R): The Sample Space of the above experiment is 𝑆 =

{1𝐻, 1𝑇, 2𝐻, 2𝑇, 3𝐻, 3𝑇, 5𝐻, 5𝑇, 4𝐻𝐻, 4𝐻𝑇, 4𝑇𝐻, 4𝑇𝑇, 6𝐻𝐻, 6𝐻𝑇, 6𝑇𝐻, 6𝑇𝑇}

Assertion (A): If the outcome of one event does not affect the outcome of another
22
event ,they are Independent events.

Reason (R) : P ( A ∩ 𝐵 ) = P ( A ) P ( B ).
Assertion (A): The probability distribution of a random variable is given below
23
and value of k is 1 / 32.

X 2 3 4 5
P(X ) 5/k 7/k 9/k 11/ k
Reason (R) : Using the formula ∑ 𝑃𝑖 =1.

Assertion (A): The Probability of getting an even number on the die and a spade
24
card in a single event of throwing a die and selecting a card is 1 /8.
Reason (R); Both are not independent events.

Assertion (A): Mean of getting sixes in throwing pair of dice simultaneously is

25
1 /3
Reason (R); 0 ≤ 𝑃 (𝑋 ) ≤ 1

pg. 165
 Assertion (A): Probability of drawing four kings , provided they are drawn
26 1
successively from a deck of 52 cards is
270721
𝐴 𝐶 𝐷
Reason (R): P ( A ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ∩ 𝐷 ) = 𝑃 (𝐴 ) × 𝑃 (𝐵 ) × 𝑃 (𝐴∩𝐵) × 𝑃 (𝐴∩𝐵∩𝐶)

ANSWERS
1 Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
P(A∩B) = P(A) x P(B) = 0.2 x 0.1 = 0.02

2 Answer: A is true but R is false.

P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B)
= P(A) + P(B) - P(A) x P(B)
0.6 = 0.4 + p - 0.4 p
1
p=3
3p =1
3 Answer: (d) A is false but R is true.
5
p(1-2p)+(1-p)(2p) = 9
1 5
p = 3 , 12

4 Answer: A is true but R is false.

P(𝐴̅ ∪ 𝐵) = 1 - P(A ∩ 𝐵̅) = 1 – P(A) P(𝐵̅ )
( since A and 𝐵̅ are independent )

5 Answer: (d) A is false but R is true.

P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B)
3 1
= + 𝑝
5 2
1
P = 10

6 Answer: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
P(A) + P(B) – P(A∩B) = P(A)
P(B) – P(A∩B) = 0
P(B) = P(A∩B)
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
=1
𝑃(𝐵)
P(𝐴⁄𝐵 ) = 1

7 𝐸1 → 𝐴𝑗𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡ℎ; 𝐸2 → 𝐴𝑗𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑡ℎ

𝐴 → 𝐴𝑗𝑎𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 6 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 ) 𝑃(𝐸1 )
𝑃(𝐸1 /𝐴) =
𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 )𝑃(𝐸1 ) + 𝑃(𝐴/𝐸2 ) 𝑃(𝐸2 )

pg. 166
 1 4
6×5 =
4
1 4 5 1 11
6×5+6×5

Assertion is true
Reason is also true but it is not the correct reason. So the answer is (b)
8 Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2
P(𝐴⁄𝐵 ) = 5
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 2
=5
𝑃(𝐵)
2
P(A∩B) = 13.
P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B)
5 5 2
= 26 + 13 - 13
11
= 26

9 Answer: (d) A is false but R is true.

1 1 1
P(E) = 3 , P(F) = 2 , P(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) = 6 .
1
P(E).P(F) = 6
E and F are independent
10 Answer: (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
̅ ∩ B)
Required probability = P(A ∩ 𝐵̅) + P(A
6 1 4 9
= × + ×
10 10 10 10
6 36 42 21
= 100 + 100 = = 50
100

11 Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
E : number 4 appears at least once
F : sum of the numbers appearing is 6
𝑃(𝐸∩𝐹)
P(𝐸⁄𝐹 ) = 𝑃(𝐹) .
2
36 2
= 5 =5.
36

12 Answer: A is false but R is true.

𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
P(𝐴⁄𝐵 ) = 𝑃(𝐵)
P(A∩B) = 0.2
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 0.2 2
P(𝐵⁄𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐴) = 0.3 = 3

13 Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 0
P(𝐴⁄𝐵 ) = 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐵) = 0

14 Answer: (c) A is true but R is false.

P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B)
1
P(A∩B) = 3

pg. 167
 1
P(A) x P(B) = 3
P(A∩B) = P(A) x P(B).

15 𝐸1 → 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟; 𝐸2 → 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝐴 → 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦
𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 ) 𝑃(𝐸1 )
𝑃(𝐸1 /𝐴) =
𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 )𝑃(𝐸1 ) + 𝑃(𝐴/𝐸2 ) 𝑃(𝐸2 )

3
1× 12
4
= 3 1 1 =
1× + × 13
4 4 4

Assertion is true
Reason is also true and it is the correct reason. So the answer is (a)
16 (b)

X 1 2 5
P(x ) 3/6 2/6 1/6
(3+4+5)
Mean =∑ 𝑥 𝑝(𝑥) = = 12/6 =2
6

17 (a )
formula ∑ 𝑃𝑖 =1, so 9C + 10 C 2 =1 , 10C 2 + 9C -1 =0
10 C( C +1 ) – 1 ( C + 1 ) =0, ( 10C -1 ) ( C + 1 ) =0
( C +1 ) ≠ 0. ( 10C -1 ) =0 GIVES C =1/10

18 (a )

x 0 1 2 3
P(x ) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
0+3+6+3
Mean = = 12 / 8 = 3/2 =1.5
8

19 (a )
X 0 1 2
P(X ) P P 1-2P
2 2
E (x ) =∑ 𝑥 𝑝(𝑥) = E (x ) =∑(𝑥 𝑝 (𝑥 ))
P + 2 -4P = P + 4 – 8P, 4P=2. P=1/2

20 (c)
𝐴̅ 𝑝 ( 𝐴̅∩𝐵̅ ) (1−𝑃(𝐴∪𝐵) (1−(𝑃(𝐴 )+𝑃(𝐵)−𝑃 (𝐴∩𝐵)))
𝑃 (𝐵̅) = = ̅̅̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅̅ =
𝑃(𝐵̅) 𝑃(𝐵) 𝑃(𝐵)
1 2 1
(𝑃(𝐴̅)− {1−𝑃( 𝐵̅)}+𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∩𝐵)) ( − (1− )+ ) 5 3
2 3 4
= 2 = (12 × 2) =5/8
𝑃 (𝐵̅ )
3

21 𝐸1 → 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟; 𝐸2 → 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝐴 → 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦

pg. 168
 𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 ) 𝑃(𝐸1 )
𝑃(𝐸1 /𝐴) =
𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 )𝑃(𝐸1 ) + 𝑃(𝐴/𝐸2 ) 𝑃(𝐸2 )

3
1× 12
4
= 3 1 1 =
1× + × 13
4 4 4

Assertion is true
Reason is also true and it is the correct reason. So the answer is (a)
22 (a)

23 32
( d ) Using the formula ∑ 𝑃𝑖 =1, ( 𝑘 ) =1 , k =32.

24 (c )
P( A) be the probability of getting even number is 3/6 =1/2
P(B )be the probability of getting spade is 13/52 = ¼
P ( A∩ 𝐵 ) = P (A ) P (B ) = 1/8
25
(b)
x 0 1 2
P(x ) 25/36 10/36 1/36
E(x ) = ∑ 𝑥 𝑝(𝑥) = 12/36 = 1/3
26 (d )
4 3 2 1 1
× × × =
52 51 50 49 270725

CASE BASED QUESTIONS

1
In a bilateral hockey series of two matches between the countries India and Germany the
1 1 3
probabilities of India Winning, Losing and Drawing are 2 , 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 10 resply. Each win, draw
and loss gives the points 2, 1, 0 respectively to the team. Let X and Y denote total points
scored by India and Germany after two games series.

pg. 169
 Based on the above information answer the following questions:

(i) Write the probability distribution of X.

(ii) Find the probability of India winning the series

(iii) What is the probability of India drawing the series?

2.
A coach is training 3 players. He observes that the player A can hit a target 4 times in 5
shots,player B can hit 3 times in 4 shots and the player C can hit 2 times in 3 shots.

Based on the given information, answer the following questions.

(i) Find the probability that A, B and C all will hit the target?
(ii) What is the probability that any two of A, B and C will hit?

3. Two persons A and B decided to play a game by using a die. They decided to throw
the die alternately. They play with the condition that the person who gets 4 first will be
the winner of the game.

Based on the given information, answer the following questions.

(i) A wins the game, if A starts the game first

pg. 170
 (ii) B wins the game, if A starts first.

4. In a play zone, Alina is playing crane game. It has 12 blue soft toys, 8 red
soft toys, 10 yellow soft toys and 5 green soft toys. Alina draws two soft
toys one after the other without replacement.

(i) What is the probability that the first soft toy is blue

and the second is green.

(ii). What is the probability that the first soft toy is green

and the second is not yellow.

5. Arun can detect spam e-mails in his inbox. It is found that the word “offer” occurs in
80% of the spam messages in his account. Also the word “offer” occurs in 10% of his
desired e-mails. If 30% of the received e-mails are considered as spam.

Based on the above information answer the following questions:

(i) He received a new message which contains the word “offer”, what is the probability
that it is a spam mail?
(ii) What is the probability of e-mails received with “offer” word?

6. Husband and wife appear in an interview for two vacancies in the same post.
1 1
The probability of husband’s selection is 7 and that of wife’s selection is 5 .

pg. 171
 Based on the above information, answer the following
questions.

(i) Both of them will be selected

(ii) Only one of them will be selected.
(iii) None of them will be selected. (OR)
At least one of them will be selected

7. A fruit seller purchased Mango fruits from a farmer. The farmer told the vendor that he
used chemical pesticide for 30% of the mango trees and organic pesticide for 70% of the
mango trees during the flowering season to prevent the insects damaging the fruit. 80%
of the flowers, which got chemical pesticide sprinkled, turned into fruits and 90% of the
flowers, which got organic pesticide sprinkled, bore the fruits. Past experience shows
that insects damage 20% of the fruits, sprinkled with chemical pesticide and only 10%
of the fruits, with organic pesticide.

Based on the above information answer the following questions:

(i) A consumer purchased a fruit from that shop and found to be not affected by the
insects. What is the probability that the tree had been sprinkled with organic pesticide?

(ii) What is the probability of selecting a fruit with insects inside the seed of it?

8.
A company has two plants to manufacture TVs. The first plant manufactures 70% of
the TVs and the rest are manufactured by the second plant. 80% of the TVs
manufactured by the first plant are rated of standard quality, while that of second plant

pg. 172
 only 60% are of standard quality. One TV is selected at random.

Based on the above information answer the following;

(i) Find the probability that the selected TV is of standard quality.

(ii) Find the probability that the TV is of standard quality, given that it was made by
1st plant.

9. In a survey at Vande Bharat Train, IRCTC asked passengers to rate and review the food
served in train. IRCTC asked 500 passengers selected at random to rate food according
to price ( low, medium ,or high) and food (1,2,3,or 4 stars ). The results of this survey
are presented in the two-way, or contingency, table below. The numbers in this table
represent frequencies. For example, in the third row and fourth column, 30people rated
the prices high and the food 4 stars.

Price/ * ** *** **** Total

rating
Low 20 30 90 10 150
Medium 50 80 90 30 250
High 20 10 30 40 100
Total 90 120 210 80 500

(1) Find the probability that the passenger rates the prices medium?

pg. 173
 (2) Find the probability that the passenger rates the food 2 stars.
(3) Suppose the passenger selected rates the price high. What is the probability that
he rates the restaurant 1 star?
(4) Suppose the passenger selected does not rate the food 4 stars.
. What is the probability that she rates the prices high?
10. Two friends A and B had gone for a shopping, and
they came across a beautiful antique piece and both
want to buy it. They asked shop keeper for another
piece but not available in shop. Both of them decided to go to coffee shop to have coffee
and toss a PAIR OF COINS, whosoever gets the pair of heads first will buy the antique
piece, both shook hands and sat down for their luck ,
Answer the following if A starts
(1) What is the probability of getting pair of heads?
(2) What is the probability of getting only one head in a throw?
(3) What is the probability that A gets pair of heads in third throw and wins the game?
(4)What is the probability that B wins the game if A starts?
(5 ) What is the probability that A buys the antique piece if A starts ?

11. During Examination, we need to reschedule on study hours and along with the study
hours, we need quality revision of syllabus. In one such situation ,if X is a random
variable which represents number of hours a student of class XII studied a particular
subject per day, the probability distribution is given as,

X 0 1 2 3 >3
P(X) 0 K 3K 4K 0

pg. 174
 (1) What is the value of K?

(2 ) The probability that less than two hours time is given to a subject per day is:

(3) What is the probability that two hours or three hours of time is given to a subject
per day?

(4) What is the probability that 3 hours or more than three hours of time is given to
a subject per day?

12. A doctor is to visit a patient. From the past experience, it is known that the probabilities
that he will come by cab, metro, bike or by other means of transport are respectively 0.3,
0.2, 0.35 and 0.1 if he comes by cab, metro, bike and other means of transport
respectively.

(1) When the doctor arrives late, what is the probability that he comes by metro?

( 2 )When the doctor arrives late, what is the probability that he comes by cab?

(3) When the doctor arrives late, what is the probability that he comes by bike?

13. Suman was doing a project on a school survey, on the average number of hours spent on
study by students selected at random. At the end of survey, Suman prepared the
following report related to the data. Let X denotes the average number of hours spent on
study by the students.

X 0 1 2 3 4 >4
P(X) 0.2 Kx Kx K ( 6-x ) k(6-x) 0

pg. 175
 (1) Find the value of k?

( 2 )What is the probability that the average study time is not more than 1 hour?

( 3 )What is the probability that the average study time is atleast 3 hours?

(4 )What is the probability that the average study time is exactly 2 hours?

14. Three persons A, B and C apply for manager post in a company ,the chances of selection
is given by the ratio 1 : 2 : 4.The probability that if selected A , B and C can bring
changes to improve profitability are 0.8, 0.5 and 0.3 respectively.

(1)If the changes does not take place Find The probability that C is selected as manager?

(2) What is the conditional probability that if change has taken place due to B?

ANSWERS
1. (i)
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1
× 2( × ) 2( × ) + ( × ) 2( × ) ( × )
5 5 10 5 2 5 10 10 10 2 2 2

(ii) 𝑃(𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4)

3 1 1 1
= 2( × ) + ( × )
10 2 2 2
11
=
20

pg. 176
 (iii) 𝑃(𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 2)
1 1 3 3
= 2( × ) + ( × )
2 5 10 10

29
=
100

2.
4 3 2
Answer : (i) P(A) = 5 , P(B) = 4 , P(C) = 3
2
P(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 𝑃(𝐴)𝑃(𝐵)𝑃(𝐶) = 5
(ii) P(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶̅ ) + P(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵̅ ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑃(𝐴̅ ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
13
P(A) P(B) P(𝐶̅ ) + P(A)P(𝐵̅)P(C) + P(𝐴̅) P(B)P(C) = 30

3. Answer:
1 5
P(Win) = 6 , P(lose) = 6

1 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1
(i) P(A wins) = 6 + ×6 × 6 +6 × 6× 6× 6× 6 + ⋯⋯⋯⋯
6

1 1 6
=6× 5 2
= 11
1−( )
6

6 5
(ii). P(B wins) = 1 - 11 = 11.

4. Let B, R,Y and G denote the events that soft toy drawn is blue, red, yellow
and green respectively.(without replacement)

B R Y G TOTA
L

12 8 10 5 35

𝐺 12 5 6
(i) 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐺) = 𝑃(𝐵)𝑃 (𝐵) = . =
35 34 119
̅
𝑌 5 24 12
(ii) ̅ ) = 𝑃(𝐺). 𝑃 ( ) = . =
𝑃(𝐺 ∩ 𝑌 𝐺 35 34 119

5. (𝑖)𝐸1 → 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑙; 𝐸2 → 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑙

𝐴 → 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑 "𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟"
𝑃(𝐴/𝐸2 ) 𝑃(𝐸2 )
𝑃(𝐸2 /𝐴) =
𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 )𝑃(𝐸1 ) + 𝑃(𝐴/𝐸2 ) 𝑃(𝐸2 )
80 30
100 × 100 24
= =
80 30 10 70 31
100 × 100 + 100 × 100
pg. 177
 (ii)
(𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 )𝑃(𝐸1 ) + 𝑃(𝐴/𝐸2 ) 𝑃(𝐸2 )
80 30 10 70
= × + ×
100 100 100 100
31
=
100

6. Answer :
1 1 1
(i) ×5=
7 35
1 4 6 1 4 6 10 2
(ii) ×5+7×5= + 35 = =
7 35 35 7
6 4 24
(iii) × 5 = 35
7
24 11
(iv) 1 - P(both will not be selected) = 1- = .
35 35

7. (i)
𝐸1 → 𝑂𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒; 𝐸2 → 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒
𝐴 → 𝑛𝑜𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 ) 𝑃(𝐸1 )
𝑃(𝐸1 /𝐴) =
𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 )𝑃(𝐸1 ) + 𝑃(𝐴/𝐸2 ) 𝑃(𝐸2 )
90 70
× 100 63
= 100 =
90 70 80 30 87
× + ×
100 100 100 100

(ii)
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐵 → ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑢𝑖𝑡

𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐵/𝐸1 )𝑃(𝐸1 ) + 𝑃(𝐵/𝐸2 ) 𝑃(𝐸2 )

10 70 20 30
= × + ×
100 100 100 100
13
=
100

8. Answer :

E1 = TV produced by first plant

E2 = TV produced by second plant.
A = Manufactured TV of standard quality.
7 3 𝐴 8 𝐴 6
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = , 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = 10 , 𝑃 (𝐸 ) = , 𝑃 (𝐸 ) =
10 1 10 2 10

7 8 3 6 74
(i) P(A) = 10 × 10 + 10 × 10 = = 0.74
100

𝐴
𝐸1 𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃( ) 56
𝐸1
(ii) 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) = 𝐴 𝐴 = 74 = 0.756.
𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃( )+ 𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃( )
𝐸1 𝐸2

pg. 178
9. Number of passengers =500

(1) P ( Rating Medium ) = 250/500 =1/2

(2) P( Rating 2 stars ) = 12/500
(3) P ( Rating one star/selecting the price high ) = 20/100
P ( price high /does not rating 4 stars ) =60/420
10. (1 ) S = { HH,HT,TH,TT }

P( getting two heads ) = ¼

(2 ) P ( getting only one head in a throw ) =1/2

3 3 1 9
(3) P ( A getting pair of heads in third throw ) = × 4 × 4 = 64
4

3
(4) Ans :
7

4
(5 )Ans :
7

11. ( 1 ) We know ∴ 0 + 𝐾 + 3𝐾 + 4𝐾 + 0 = 1
1
8K=1, = .
8

(2 ) P ( X < 2 ) = P (X =0 ) + P ( X =1 )
1
=1K = 8
7
(3 ) P ( X =2 ) + P ( X =3 ) = 3K + 4K = 7K = 8

4
(4 )P ( X=3 ) + P( X =4 ) = 4K + 0 = 8

12. Let E be the event of coming late.

A be the event of coming by cab.
B be the event of coming by metro.
C be the event of coming by bike.
D be the event of coming by other transport.
P (A ) = 3/10 P (B ) = 2/10 P (C ) = 1/10 P (D) = 4/10
P ( E/A ) = 25/100 P ( E/B ) = 3/10 P ( E/C ) = 35/100
P ( E/D ) = 1/10
𝐸
𝑃(𝐵)𝑃( )
𝐵
(1) P ( E /B ) = 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸 𝐸
𝑃(𝐴)𝑃( )+𝑃(𝐵)𝑃( )+𝑃(𝐶)𝑃( )+𝑃(𝐷)𝑃( )
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
6/100 6 ×2
= ( 15 6 7 4 ) = = 2/7
( + + + ) 42
200 100 200 100
5
(2) ANSWER : 14
1
(3) ANSWER : 6

pg. 179
13.
P(X) 0.2 k 2k 3k 2k 0
( 1 ) Using ∑ 𝑃(𝑥) = 1 , 8k = 1 -0.2

8k = 0.8 , k = 1/10

(2) Probability of study time NOT more than one ; P( X=0 ) + P(X =1 )

2/10 + 1/10 = 3/10

5
(3 ) P (X=3 ) + P( X =4 ) + P ( X >4 ) = 10

1
(4) P( X =2 ) = 5
(5) P(X =1 ) + P(X=2 ) + P (X=3 ) + P( X =4 ) + P ( X >4 ) ==1 – P(X=0)
= 1- 0.2 =0.8
14. Let the events be described as below :
A: No change takes place
E1: Person A gets appointed
E2: Person B gets appointed
E3: Person C gets appointed.
The chances of selection of A, B and C are in the ratio 1: 2: 4 .
Hence, P(E1)=1/7 ,P(E2)=2/7 ,P(E3)=4/7
Probabilities of A,B and C introducing changes to improve profits of company
are 0.8,0.5 and 0.3 respectively. Hence probability of no changes on appointment
of A,B and C are 0.2,0.5 and 0.7 respectively.

Hence ,P(A∣E1)=0.2= 2/10

P(A∣E2)=0.5= 5/10
P(A∣E3)=0.7= 7/10

(1 )∴the required probability is

𝐴 28
𝑃(𝐸3 )𝑃( )
𝐸3 70
P (𝐸3 / A ) = ( ) = 2 10 28 =28/40
∑31(𝑃 (𝐸𝑖 )×𝑃 ( ))
𝐴 (70 + 70
+ 70)
𝐸𝑖

= 7/10

∴ if no change takes place, the probability that it is due to appointment of C is 7/10

(2 ) E : Change takes place

𝐸 2
𝐸2 𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃( ) ×5/10
𝐸3 7
P( (𝐸) = =( 8 10 12) = 10/30 =1/3
𝐸
∑31(𝑃 (𝐸𝑖 )×𝑃 ( )) ( + + )
70 70 70
𝐸𝑖

pg. 180