INTRODUCTION

TO
STATISTICS

By: Daphne M. Legaspino, LPT, MAEd

 APPLIED STATISTICS

Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics

Frequency Parametric Non-Parametric

Distribution statistics statistics
Measures of
Central tendency Sign Test
T-test Kolmogrow-smirnov
Measures of ANOVA Run Test
position Mann-whitney
Median
Measures of
Spearman Rank
Variability
Correlation
Correlation Friedman Test
Coefficient Wilcoxon Test
McNemar Test
Chi-square
Krushkal Wallis Test
What is statistics?
Statistics is the study of how to
collect, organize, analyze, and
interpret numerical from data
Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive Statistics is that part

of statistics which quantitatively
describes the characteristics of a
particular dataset under study, with
the help of brief summary about the
sample
Example of Descriptive Statistics

Present the Philippine population by constructing a

graph indicating the total number of Filipinos counted
during the last census by age group and sex
Example of Inferential Statistics

A new milk formulation designed to improve the psychomotor

development of infants was tested on randomly selected infants.

Based on the results, it was concluded that the new milk formulation is
effective in improving the psychomotor development of infants.
Inferential Statistics
Larger Set
(N units/observations) Smaller Set
(n units/observations)

Inferences and
Generalizations
Use of Descriptive and Inferential Statistics in answering Common
Research Problems

1. What is the BMI of the students before and after the

intervention? Descriptive
2. What is the profile of the students in terms of gender and
age? Descriptive
3. What is the assessment of the participants on their extent
of compliance to R.A. 2026? Descriptive
4. Is there a significant difference on the performance of
students when they are grouped according to year level?
inferential
5. Do students significantly differ on their level of
acceptability of Gay Lingo when they are grouped
according to sex? Inferential
6. Is there a significant association between work
performance level and teaching position? inferential
Example
Inferential Statistics

Inferential Statistics is one of the

type of statistics in which a random
sample is drawn from the large
population, to make deductions
about the whole population, from
which the sample is taken
Example
Example
Example
Identify if Descriptive or
Inferential

Descriptive
Inferential

Descriptive
Identify if Descriptive or
Inferential

Inferential
Identify if Descriptive or
Inferential

Inferential
Descriptive Inferential
Statistics VS
Statistics
It explains the
It describes basic
chances of
feature of the
occurrence of an
situation.
event or activity

Chart, Graph and

Probability scores
Tables

Measures of
Hypothesis test
Central Tendency,
and Analysis of
Measures of
Variance
Dispersion

Data set is small Large dataset

 Individuals are the people or
objects included in the study.

A variable is a characteristic of the

individual to be measured or
observed.
 A quantitative variable has a value or
numerical measurement for which operations
such as addition or averaging make sense.

A discrete variable assumes values that can

be counted.

A continuous variable can assume an infinite

number of values between any two specific
values. They are obtained by measuring often
includes fractions and decimals.
Identify if Discrete or
Continuous

Continuous

Discrete
Identify if Discrete or
Continuous

Continuous

Discrete
 A qualitative variable describes an
individual by placing the individual into a
category or group, such as male or female.

A hypothesis testing is a decision-making

process for evaluating claims about a population,
based on information obtained from samples.
Identify if Quantitative or
Qualitative

Quantitative

Qualitative
Identify if Quantitative or
Qualitative

Quantitative

Quantitative
Identify if Quantitative or
Qualitative

Qualitative
 Discrete /Continous
• Variable • Type (QL or
QN)
• Gender QL N/A
• Years of teaching QN Continuous
• Height in meters QN Continuous
• Size of shirt (small, medium, large) QL N/A

• Crime committed QL N/A

• Number of crimes in a day QN Discrete
• Score in a test QN Discrete
 The classification of variables can be
summarized as follows:

DATA

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS
In population data, the data are from every
individual of interest.

In sample data, the data are from only some

of the individuals interest.
Identify if Population or Sample

Sample

Population
Identify if Population or Sample

Sample

Population
Identify if Population or Sample

Sample
A parameter is a numerical measure that
describes an aspect of a population.

A statistic is a numerical measure that

describes an aspect of a sample.
 Example 1
The Hawaii Department of Tropical Agriculture is
conducting a study of ready-to-go harvest pineapples in an
experimental field.
• The pineapples are the objects (individuals) of the study. If the
researchers are interested in the individual weights of pineapple in
the field, then the variable consists of weights. At this point, it is
important to specify units of measurement and degree of accuracy of
measurement. The weights could be measured to the nearest ounce
or gram. Weight is a quantitative variable because it is a numerical
measure. If the weights of all the ready-to-harvest pineapples in the
field are included in the data, then we have a population. The
average weight of all ready-to-harvest pineapples in the field is a
parameter.
 Example
The Hawaii Department of Tropical Agriculture is
conducting a study of ready-to-go harvest pineapples in an
experimental field.
• Suppose the researchers also want data on taste. A panel of
tasters rates the pineapples according to the categories “poor”,
“acceptable”, and “good”. Only some of the pineapples are included in
the taste test. In this case, the variable is taste. This is a qualitative
or categorical variable. Because only some of the pineapples in the
field are included in the sturdy, we have a sample. The proportion of
pineapples in the sample with a taste rating of “good” is a statistic.
 Example 2
Television station ABIAS wants to know the proportion
of TV owners in Davao City who watch the station’s new
program at least once a week. The station asked a group of
1000 TV owners in Davao City if watch the program at
least once a week.
(a) Identify the individuals of the study and the variable.
(b) Do the data comprise a sample? If so, what is the underlying
population?
(c) Is the variable qualitative or quantitative?
(d) Identify a quantitative variable that might be of interest.
(e) Is the proportion of viewers in the sample who watch the new
program at least once a week a statistic or a parameter?
 Example 2
(a) Identify the individuals of the The individuals are the 1000 TV owners
study and the variable. surveyed.
The variable is the response does, or does not
watch the new program at least once a week

(b) Do the data comprise a sample? If so, what The data comprise a sample of the population
is the underlying population? of responses from all TV owners in Davao
City.

(c) Is the variable qualitative or quantitative? Qualitative

(d) Identify a quantitative variable that might Age or income might be of interest.
be of interest.

(e) Is the proportion of viewers in the sample Statistic- the proportion is computed from
who watch the new program at least once sample data
a week a statistic or a parameter?
SCALES or LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
 Levels of Measurement:
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
• Nominal – we can put the data into categories
• Ordinal – we can order the data from smallest to largest or
“worst” to “best”.
• Interval – ranks data, and precise differences between units of
measure do exist; however there is no meaningful zero.
• Ratio – we can order the data, take differences, and also find the
ratio between data values.
 Qualitative-Nominal

Characterizes
Describes
Categorizes
Labels
Names
Q
L NOMINAL (label, characterize, categorize)
Qualitative-Ordinal

Characterizes
Describes
Can be arranged
Categorizes
Labels
Names
 ORDINAL (can be arranged in order)
Q
L NOMINAL (label, characterize, categorize)
Quantitative-Interval
Q
INTERVAL (with distance, no absolute zero (meanigful), no
N origin)

ORDINAL (can be arranged in order)

Q
L NOMINAL (label, characterize, categorize)
Quantitative-Ratio
Q RATIO(with distance, ratio, absolute zero, have origin))
N

INTERVAL (with distance, no absolute zero, no origin))

ORDINAL (can be arranged in order)

Q
L NOMINAL (label, characterize, categorize)
 Examples of Measurement Scales
Safe Travel
Direction: Read the following information about the transportation industry and
answer the questions.
Transportation Safety
The table shows the number of job-related injuries for each of the transportation
industries for 1998.
Industry Number of Injuries

Railroad 4520

Intercity Bus 5100

Subway 6850

Trucking 7144

Airline 9950
 Questions
1. What are the variables of the study?
2. Categorize each variable as quantitative or qualitative.
3. Categorize each quantitative variable as discrete or continuous.
4. Identify the level of measurement for each variable.
5. The railroad is shown as the safest transportation industry. Does
that mean railroads have fewer accidents than the other industries?
Explain.
6. What factors other than safety influence a person’s choice of
transportation?
7. From the information given, comment on the relationship
between variables.
 Question Answer
1. What are the variables of the study? The variables are industry and number of job-related injuries.

2. Categorize each variable as quantitative or The type of industry is a qualitative variable, while the
qualitative. number of job-related injuries is quantitative.

3. Categorize each quantitative variable as The number of job-related injuries is discrete.

discrete or continuous.
4. Identify the level of measurement for each The type of industry is nominal, and the number of job-related
variable. injuries is ratio.

5. The railroad is shown as the safest transportation The railroads do show fewer job-related injuries; however,
industry. Does that mean railroads have fewer there may be other things to consider. For example, railroads
accidents than the other industries? Explain. employ fewer people than the other transportation industries
in the study.
6. What factors other than safety influence a A person’s choice of transportation might also be affected by
person’s choice of transportation? convenience issues, cost, service, etc.

7. From the information given, comment on Answers will vary. One possible answer is that the railroads
have the fewest job-related injuries, while the airline industry
the relationship between variables.
has the most job-related injuries (more than twice those of
the railroad industry). The numbers of job-related injuries in
the subway and tracking industries are fairly comparable.
Thank you!
Task/Quiz