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Circuits 1-Mod2

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25 views19 pages

Circuits 1-Mod2

Uploaded by

Reese Zhantal Benito
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CIRCUITS 1

Module 2
Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws and
it’s applications.

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA Engr. Antonio C. Tee Jr., MEng-CoE


College of Engineering and Technology Department of Electronics Engineering
Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws and it’s applications.

➢ Ohm’s Law
➢ Nodes, Branches, and Loops
➢ Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
➢ Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law states that the voltage across conducting
materials is directly proportional to the current
flowing through the material, or

v = iR

Two extreme possible values of Resistance(R):


R = 0 Ω (zero) - short circuit
R =  Ω (infinite) - open circuit
Ohm’s Law

➢ Conductance (G) is the ability of an element to


conduct electric current; it is the reciprocal of
resistance R and is measured in mhos or siemens.

1 i
G= = (passive sign convention)
R v

➢ The power dissipated by a resistor:


2
v
p = vi = i R =
2
(passive sign convention)
R
Ohm’s Law

Example (1): Determine the voltage V1 and V2 for the circuit below.

Solution:

V1 = 2(7) = 14 v ; V2 = - 2(5) = -10 v


Ohm’s Law

Example (2): Determine the power absorbed by the resistors from


example(1).

Solution:

P7Ω = 14(2) = 28 w P5Ω = - (-10)(2) = 20 w

P7Ω = 22(7) = 28 w P5Ω = 22(5) = 20 w

142 (−10)2
P7Ω = = 28 w P5Ω = = 20 w
7 5

Note: resistors always absorbed positive power


Nodes, Branches, and Loops

➢ A branch represents a single element such as a voltage


source or a resistor.
➢ A node is a point at which two or more elements have a
common. Two nodes that are connected by a line (or wire)
are the same node.
➢ A loop is any closed path in a circuit. Loop is sometimes
called a path.

➢ A network with b branches, n nodes, and l independent


loops will satisfy the fundamental theorem of network
topology:
b = l + n −1
Nodes, Branches, and Loops

Example (3): How many branches, nodes and loops are there?

Solution:
b = 5; n = 3; l = 5; independent loops = 3

5=3+3-1 b = l + n −1
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)

➢ Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic


sum of currents entering any node is zero.
Illustration: applying KCL at the node gives:
i + i + (−i ) + (−i ) = 0
A B C D

(all currents entering the node has positive sign)

(−i ) + (−i ) + i + i = 0
A B C D

(all currents entering the node has negative sign)

i +i =i +i
A B C D

(all currents entering = all currents leaving the node)


Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Example(4): Determine i in the circuit below?

3A
b
a
2A

c
Solution: apply KCL at node b
3–2–i+5=0
i =6A
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

➢ The algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed


path (or loop) is zero.
Illustration: applying KVL at around the single loop starting at
node a on a clockwise direction gives:

–v +v +v –v +v =0
1 2 3 4 5

(applying KVL on a clockwise direction


a gives:
–v +v -v -v +v =0
5 4 3 2 1

(applying KVL in any direction essentially gives the same equation)


Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Example(5): In the circuit below, find 𝑣R2 and 𝑣X


d e
f

Solution:
➢ apply KVL at node e-g-c-d-e gives:
𝑣R2 + 4 – 36 = 0
𝑣R2 = 32 v
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
➢ view vX as a voltmeter placed between nodes a and b and
apply KVL at path a-b-g-c-d-e-f-a gives:

𝑣X + 4 - 36 + 12 + 14 = 0
𝑣X = 6 v
Example(6): Detemine 𝑣x and 𝑖 X in the circuit below:
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Solution:
➢ assign appropriate voltages and current variables as
shown below (assign nodes if needed)

b c
a

➢ Apply repeated Ohm’s law(OL), KCL and KVL to solve the


problem
➢ OL: 𝑣8 = 5(8) = 40 v
➢ KVL at path a-b-d-a : 5(8) + 𝑣10 - 60 = 0

𝑣10 = 20 v
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
𝑣10 20
➢ OL: 𝑖10 = = = 2A
10 10

➢ KCL at node b: 5 − 𝑖10 − 𝑖4 = 0


5 − 2 − 𝑖4 = 0
𝑖4 = 3 A
➢ OL: 𝑣4 = 3(4) = 12 v

➢ KVL at path b-c-d-b: 𝑣4 + 𝑣𝑥 − 𝑣10 = 0


12 + 𝑣𝑥 − 20 = 0
𝑣𝑥 = 8
v
𝑣𝑋 8
➢ OL: 𝑖2 = = = 4A
2 2

➢ KCL at node c: 𝑖4 − 𝑖2 + 𝑖𝑥 = 0
3 − 4 + 𝑖𝑋 = 0
𝑖𝑋 = 1 A
Exercise:
Exercise:
Exercise:
Thank you very much!

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