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Fluid Mechanics II: Lecture #7

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15 views19 pages

Fluid Mechanics II: Lecture #7

Uploaded by

s.eleslam122
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fluid Mechanics II

Lecture #7
Dr. Mahmoud Nady Abdelmoez
Mechanical Engineering Department
Course outline
• Ch #1 (Steady Incompressible Flows in Piping Systems )

• Ch #2 (Boundary Layer Theory)

• Ch #3 (Unsteady Flow in Conduits)

• Ch #4 (An Introduction to Hydrodynamics)

• Ch #5 (Flow About Submerged Bodies)


• The Boundary Layer Concept
• The Differential Equations of the Boundary Layer
• The Navier-Stokes Equations
• The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
• Approximate Solution to the Laminar Boundary Layer With Zero Pressure
Gradient

Ch #2 •
•
The Displacement and Momentum Thickness
Similarity solutions for the laminar incompressible boundary layer

(Boundary • The turbulent boundary layer

Layer
Theory)
The Boundary Layer Concept
• Prandtl suggested that the flow may be divided into two parts.

• In the region close to the solid surface the effects of viscosity are too large to be
ignored.

• Thus, outside this region the laws of perfect fluid flow should be satisfactory.
The Boundary Layer Concept
• Prandtl called the region where the viscous forces cannot be ignored the boundary
layer.
• He suggested that it be considered that region in which the x- component of the
velocity is less than 0.99 times the free stream velocity.
• To obtain a complete solution to a flow problem, one should use the viscous flow
equations inside the boundary layer and the equations of perfect fluid flow outside the
boundary layer.
The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
The Continuity Equation in Integral Form
• Consider a two-dimensional flow along a flat
surface, such that a boundary layer grows
starting at x = 0.
The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
The Continuity Equation in Integral Form
• Consider a two-dimensional flow along a flat
surface, such that a boundary layer grows
starting at x = 0.

For constant density;


The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
The Momentum Equation in Integral Form
• Apply Newton’s second low in x-direction,
we get,
The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
The Momentum Equation in Integral Form

Add figure 2-5

This is the momentum equation in integral


form, for constant density;
The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
Approximate Solution to the Laminar Boundary Layer With Zero
Pressure Gradient
• It is possible to use the momentum integral equation
and obtain an accurate approximation to the laminar
boundary layer on a flat plate with zero pressure
gradient.

• The assumed velocity profile should satisfy the


following conditions:
The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
Approximate Solution to the Laminar Boundary Layer With Zero
Pressure Gradient
• A cubic polynomial will satisfy the four conditions
above; let us assume that

• Using the four conditions, this leads to:


The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
Approximate Solution to the Laminar Boundary Layer With Zero
Pressure Gradient
• Hence a good approximation for the velocity profile
in a laminar flow can be given by

• The shear stress equals:

• Now substitute in the momentum integral equation


The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
Approximate Solution to the Laminar Boundary Layer With Zero
Pressure Gradient
• The previous integration can be now calculated using the velocity
profile given by equation

• Simplifying and separating the variables, we have

• Using δ = 0 at x = 0 (the leading edge), integrating we obtain


The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
Approximate Solution to the Laminar Boundary Layer With Zero
Pressure Gradient
Now, we can evaluate a friction coefficient based on free-stream
velocity , using the defining equation
The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
Approximate Solution to the Laminar Boundary Layer With Zero
Pressure Gradient
Now, we can evaluate the drag force per unit width of the plate by

The mean friction coefficient along the plate:


The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
Approximate Solution to the Laminar Boundary Layer With Zero
Pressure Gradient
Displacement thickness:
The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
Approximate Solution to the Laminar Boundary Layer With Zero
Pressure Gradient
Momentum thickness:
The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate

Momentum thickness:

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