Mechanical Vibrations

(MED 343)
Lecture 7: Forced vibration of SDOF systems
(Harmonically Excited Vibration(continue(2))
Dr. Mahmoud Atef
Department of Mechanical Design and Production
Engineering
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Physical model of SDoF system

The basic components of a mechanical system are:

1- Inertia components store kinetic energy

2- Stiffness components store potential energy
3- Damping components dissipate energy
4- Energy sources provide energy to the system

12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.

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Force excited Mass-spring- damper system
Equation of motion Vibration response
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 + 𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟

c k

k.x

m
m.x

𝐹(𝑡) = 𝐹𝑜 sin 𝜔 𝑡
12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.
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Force excited Mass-spring- damper system
P𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 Solution (steady-state response)

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Vibration isolation and transmissibility
𝜔 2
1 + (2. 𝜉 )
𝜔𝑛
𝑇𝑅 =
𝜔
(1 − ( )2 )2 + (2𝜁𝜔/𝜔𝑛 )2
𝜔𝑛

12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.

Base excitation Vibration System
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Displacement excitation
• In mechanical systems, displacement excitation
refers to a scenario where the displacement of a
system's support acts as excitation of the system.
• Displacement excitation occurs when the
foundation is moved according to a certain profile
(like sinusoidal, ramp, or random displacement).
• Example:
1-Seismic Excitation
2- Automobile Suspension Systems
3- Machinery on Vibrating Foundations
12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.
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Displacement excitation

𝑚𝑥ሷ + 𝑐(𝑥ሶ − 𝑦)
ሶ + 𝑘(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0

𝑚𝑥ሷ + 𝑐 𝑥ሶ + 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑘𝑦+𝑐 𝑦ሶ
𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑌 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑦ሶ = 𝑌𝜔sin(𝜔𝑡 + )
2
𝜋
𝑚𝑥ሷ + 𝑐𝑥ሶ + 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑘𝑌 sin 𝜔𝑡 +𝑐𝑌𝜔sin (𝜔𝑡 + )
2
𝑚𝑥ሷ + 𝑐𝑥ሶ + 𝑘𝑥 = 𝐹𝑜 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜓)

𝐹𝑜 = 𝑘𝑌 2 + (𝑐𝑌𝜔)2
𝐹𝑜 /𝑘
𝑋=
𝜔 2 2
(1 − ( ) ) + (2𝜁𝜔/𝜔𝑛 )2
𝜔𝑛
12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.
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Example

For the system shown in Fig. 1, Set up the equation of motion. Write down
an expression for the steady-state amplitude and phase angle of the
displacement x1. If m=160 kg, k=80 N/m, c = 40 N.s/m, X2= 5mm, find the
steady state amplitude of x1 at resonance and its phase angle with respect to
displacement x2.
phase angle of the displacement x1.
If m=160kg, k=80N/m, c = 40N.s/m, X2=5mm, find the steady state amplitude of x1 at resonance and its
phase angle with respect to displacement x2.

12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.

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Assignments
The point of suspension of a simple pendulum is
given a harmonic motion xo=Xo sin ωt along a
horizontal line, as shown in Figure. Write the
differential equation of motion for a small amplitude
of oscillation using the coordinate shown.
Determine the solution for X/Xo and show that
when ω= ωn the node is found at the mid-point of L.
phase angle of the displacement x1.
If m=160kg, k=80N/m, c = 40N.s/m, X2=5mm, find the steady state
amplitude of x1 at resonance and its phase angle with respect to
displacement x2.

12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.

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Vibration Measuring
In practice the measurement of vibration becomes necessary for the following reasons:
1- Preventing Equipment Failure:
•Early Detection: Vibration measurements reveal signs of wear, misalignment, or imbalance for
proactive maintenance.
•Failure Prevention: Monitoring sudden vibration increases helps avoid catastrophic failures
2- Improving System Performance:
•Efficiency: Analyze vibration patterns to optimize operation and reduce energy loss.
•Productivity: Use predictive maintenance to minimize downtime and avoid unexpected outages.
3- Ensuring Safety:
Structural Monitoring: Detects fatigue, cracks, or instability in structures to prevent failures.Worker
Protection: Monitors vibrations to safeguard workers from health risks and ensure compliance with
safety standards.
12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.
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Vibration Measuring Instruments
In practice the measurement of vibration becomes necessary for the following reasons:
4- Quality Control and Testing:
Durability Testing: Ensures product performance under dynamic conditions.
Resonance Prevention: Identifies natural frequencies to design systems that avoid harmful resonance. 3-
5- Environmental Monitoring:
Seismic Safety: Measures ground motion for designing earthquake-resistant structures.
Pollution Control: Monitors industrial vibrations to minimize environmental impact and ensure
regulatory compliance.

12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.

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Vibration Measurement Scheme

• Instruments are categorized by the measured quantity:

1- Vibrometer: Measures displacement.
2- Velocity Meter: Measures velocity.
3- Accelerometer: Measures acceleration.
4- Phase Meter: Measures phase.
4- Frequency Meter: Measures frequency.
• Instruments that record these quantities use the suffix "graph" instead of "meter".
• For resonance testing, devices like electrodynamic vibrators, electrohydraulic
vibrators, and signal generators (oscillators) are used.
12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.
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Vibration Measurement Scheme

• Instruments are categorized by the measured quantity:

1- Vibrometer: Measures displacement.
2- Velocity Meter: Measures velocity.
3- Accelerometer: Measures acceleration.
4- Phase Meter: Measures phase.
4- Frequency Meter: Measures frequency.
• Instruments that record these quantities use the suffix "graph" instead of "meter".
• For resonance testing, devices like electrodynamic vibrators, electrohydraulic
vibrators, and signal generators (oscillators) are used.
12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.
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Vibration pickups
• The commonly used vibration pickups are
known as seismic instruments.
• A seismic instrument consists of a mass-
spring-damper system mounted on the
vibrating body
• Then the vibratory motion is measured by
finding the displacement of the mass
relative to the base on which it is mounted.
• This displacement is measured by
displacement transducer such as
piezoelectric transducer or electrodynamic
transducer

12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.

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Seismic instrument
• Seismic instrument consists of a mass m, a spring k, and a damper c inside a cage,
which is fastened to the vibrating body
• The vibrating body is assumed to have a harmonic motion:
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑌 sin 𝜔𝑡
• The equation of motion of the mass m can be written as
𝑚𝑥ሷ + 𝑐(𝑥ሶ − 𝑦)
ሶ + 𝑘(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0
• The displacement of the mass relative to the base can be described as
𝑧 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑦(𝑡)
𝑚 𝑧ሷ + 𝑦ሷ + 𝑐𝑧ሶ + 𝑘𝑧 = 0

𝑚𝑧ሷ + 𝑐 𝑧ሶ + 𝑘𝑧 = −𝑚𝑦ሷ = 𝑚𝑌𝜔2 sin(𝜔𝑡)

12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.

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Seismic instrument
• The steady-state solution is given by

𝑧(𝑡) = 𝑍 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜑
𝜔
𝑍 ( )2
𝜔𝑛
=
𝑌 𝜔
(1 − ( )2 )2 + (2𝜁𝜔/𝜔𝑛 )2
𝜔𝑛

𝑌
𝑍
2𝜁 𝜔ൗ𝜔𝑛
tan 𝜑 =
(1 − (𝜔/𝜔𝑛 )2

12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.

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Vibrometer

• Vibrometer or a seismometer is an instrument

that measures the displacement of a vibrating
body
• When the natural frequency of the instrument
is low in comparison to the vibration
frequency to be measured, the r value
approaches a large number, and the relative
displacement Z approaches Y

12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.

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Example

A vibrometer having a natural frequency of 4 rad/s and is attached to a structure that

performs a harmonic motion. If the difference between the maximum and the minimum
recorded values is 8 mm, find the amplitude of motion of the vibrating structure when its
frequency is 40 rad/s.

12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.

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Acclerometer

• An accelerometer is an instrument that

measures the acceleration of a vibrating body
• When the natural frequency of the instrument
is high compared to that of the vibration to be
measured, the instrument indicates
acceleration.

𝑍 𝜔2 𝑌 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= =
𝑌 𝜔𝑛 2 𝜔𝑛 2

𝜔
(1 − ( )2 )2 + (2𝜁𝜔/𝜔𝑛 )2 ≅ 1
𝜔𝑛

12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.

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Acclerometer

𝑍 𝜔2 𝑌 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 2
=
𝑌 𝜔𝑛 𝜔𝑛 2

𝜔
(1 − ( )2 )2 + (2𝜁𝜔/𝜔𝑛 )2 ≅ 1
𝜔𝑛

12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.

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Example

An accelerometer has a suspended mass of 0.01 kg with a damped natural

frequency of vibration of 150 Hz. When mounted on an engine undergoing an
acceleration of 1g at an operating speed of 6000 rpm, the acceleration is recorded
as by the instrument. Find the damping constant and the spring stiffness
of the accelerometer

12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.

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Example

A certain body is vibrating according to the equation:

𝑥(𝑡) = 0.01 sin 4𝜋𝑡 + 0.05 sin 8𝜋𝑡

the units being the inch and the second. Show that the record of vibration z taken
by a seismic instrument whose natural frequency is 3 vibrations per second, and
damping factor is given by the equation
𝑧(𝑡) = 0.0513 sin 4𝜋𝑡 − 50° + 0.0575 sin 8𝜋𝑡 − 120°

12/1/2024 Mahmoud Abdalhamed.

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