Data Communications

Chapter 4 (Digital Transmission)

Chapter 4: Digital Transmission

1. Line coding is the process of converting binary data to a digital signal.

2. The signal level refers to the number of different values allowed in a signal,
while the data level indicates the number of symbols that represent data.
3. Bit rate is a function of the pulse rate and data level.
4. Line coding methods must eliminate the DC component and provide a means of
synchronization between the sender and the receiver.
5. Line coding methods can be classified as unipolar, polar, or bipolar.
6. NRZ, RZ, Manchester, and Differential Manchester encoding are popular polar
encoding methods.
7. Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) is a widely used bipolar encoding method.
8. Block coding improves line coding performance by adding redundancy and
enabling error correction.
9. Block coding involves grouping bits, substitution, and line coding.
10. 4B/5B, 8B/10B, and 8B/6T are common block coding methods.
11. Analog-to-Digital conversion relies on PCM (Pulse Code Modulation).
12. PCM involves sampling, quantizing, and line coding.
13. The Nyquist Theorem states that the sampling rate must be at least twice the
highest frequency component in the original signal.
14. Digital transmission can be either parallel or serial.
15. In parallel transmission, a group of bits is sent simultaneously, with each bit on
a separate line.
16. In serial transmission, there is only one line, and bits are sent sequentially.
17. Serial transmission can be either synchronous or asynchronous.
18. In asynchronous serial transmission, each byte (group of 8 bits) is framed with
a start bit and stop bit, and there may be a variable-length gap between bytes.
19. In synchronous serial transmission, bits are sent in a continuous stream
without start and stop bits and without gaps between bytes. Regrouping bits
into bytes is the receiver’s responsibility.
2. The effective bandwidth of a digital signal is proportional to which of the following?

A. Data rate
B. Signal rate
C. Number of signal
D. none of the above

B. signal rate

3. In decoding a digital signal, the receiver calculates a running average of the received

signal power, called the _______

E. baseline
F. base
G. line
H. none of the above

A. baseline

4. The ________ rate defines the number of data elements sent in 1s; the ______ rate

is the number of signal elements sent in 1s

A. data; signal
B. signal; data
C. baud; bit
D. none of the above

A. data; signal

5. The signal rate is sometimes called the ____ rate

A. baud
B. bit
C. signal
D. none of the above

A. baud

6. The data rate is sometimes called the ___ rate

A. baud
B. bit
C. signal
D. none of the above

B. bit

7. In a _____ scheme, all the signal levels are on one side of the time axis, either above

or below.

A. polar
B. bipolar
C. unipolar
D. all of the above

C. unipolar

8. In ______ schemes, the voltages are on the both sides of the time axis. For example,

the voltage level for 0 can be positive and the voltage level for 1 can be negative.

A. polar
B. bipolar
C. unipolar
D. all of the above

A. polar

9. In _____, the level of the voltage determines the value of the bit.

A. NRZ-I
B. NRZ-L
C. both (a) and (b)
D. neither (a) nor (b)

B. NRZ-L

10. In ______, the change or lack of change in the level of the voltage determines the

value of the bit.

A. NRZ-I
B. NRZ-L
C. both (a) and (b)
D. neither (a) nor (b)

A. NRZ-I

11. The idea of RZ and the idea of NRZ-L are combined into the ________ scheme.

A. Manchester
B. differential Manchester
C. both (a) and (b)
D. neither (a) nor (b)

A. Manchester

12. The idea of RZ and the idea of NRZ-I are combined into the ________ scheme

A. Manchester
B. differential Manchester
C. both (a) and (b)
D. neither (a) nor (b)

B. differential Manchester

13. In _______ encoding, the duration of the bit is divided into two halves. The voltage

remains at one level during the first half and moves to the other level in the second half.

The transition at the middle of the bit provides synchronization.

A. Manchester
B. differential Manchester
C. both (a) and (b)
D. neither (a) nor (b)

C. both (a) and (b)

14. In ___________ there is always a transition at the middle of the bit, but the bit

values are determined at the beginning of the bit. If the next bit is 0, there is a transition;

if the next bit is 1, there is none.

A. Manchester
B. differential Manchester
C. both (a) and (b)
D. neither (a) nor (b)

B. differential Manchester

15. In Manchester and differential Manchester encoding, the transition at the middle of

the bit is used for __________

A. bit transfer
B. baud transfer
C. synchronization
D. none of the above

C. synchronization

16. The minimum bandwidth of Manchester and differential Manchester is ____ that of

NRZ.

A. the same as
B. twice
C. thrice
D. none of the above

B. twice

17. In _______encoding, we use three levels: positive, zero, and negative

A. unipolar
B. bipolar
C. polar
D. none of the above

B. bipolar

18. The _____ scheme uses data patterns of size 2 and encodes the 2-bit patterns as

one signal element belonging to a four-level signal

A. 4B5B
B. 2B1Q
C. MLT-3
D. none of the above
B. 2B1Q

19. The ______ scheme uses three levels (+V, 0, and -V) and three transition rules to

move between the levels.

A. 4B5B
B. 2B1Q
C. MLT-3
D. none of the above

C. MLT-3

20. _____ substitutes eight consecutive zeros with 000VB0VB

A. B4B8
B. HDB3
C. B8ZS
D. none of the above

C. B8ZS

21. ______ substitutes four consecutive zeros with 000V or B00V

A. B4B8
B. HDB3
C. B8ZSf
D. none of the above

B. HDB3

22. Unipolar, bipolar, and polar encoding are types of _______ encoding.

A. line
B. block
C. NRZ
D. Manchester

A. line

23. _______ encoding has a transition at the middle of each bit.

A. RZ
B. Manchester
C. Differential Manchester
D. All the above

D. All the above

24. _______ encoding has a transition at the beginning of each 0 bit.

A. RZ
B. Manchester
C. Differential Manchester
D. All the above

C. Differential Manchester

25. PCM is an example of _______ conversion.

A. digital-to-digital
B. digital-to-analog
C. analog-to-analog
D. analog-to-digital

D. analog-to-digital

26. If the frequency spectrum of a signal has a bandwidth of 500 Hz with the highest

frequency at 600 Hz, what should be the sampling rate, according to the Nyquist

theorem?

A. 200 samples/s
B. 500 samples/s
C. 1000 samples/s
D. 1200 samples/s

D. 1200 samples/s

27. The Nyquist theorem specifies the minimum sampling rate to be_______.

A. equal to the lowest frequency of a signal

B. equal to the highest frequency of a signal
C. twice the bandwidth of a signal
D. twice the highest frequency of a signal

D. twice the highest frequency of a signal

28. Which of the following encoding methods does not provide for synchronization?

A. NRZ-L
B. RZ
C. differential Manchester
D. Manchester

A. NRZ-L

29. Which encoding method uses alternating positive and negative values for 1s?

A. NRZ-L
B. RZ
C. Manchester
D. AMI

D. AMI

30. Which quantization level results in a more faithful reproduction of the signal?

A. 2
B. 8
C. 16
D. 32

D. 32

31. Block coding can help in _______ at the receiver.

A. Synchronization
B. Error detection
C. Attenuation
D. (a) and (b)

D. (a) and (b)

32. In _______ transmission, bits are transmitted simultaneously, each across its own

wire.

A. Asynchronous serial
B. Synchronous serial
C. Parallel
D. (a) and (b)

C. Parallel

33. In _______ transmission, bits are transmitted over a single wire, one at a time.

A. asynchronous serial
B. synchronous serial
C. parallel
D. (a) and (b)

D. (a) and (b)

34. In _______ transmission, a start bit and a stop bit frame a character byte

A. asynchronous serial
B. synchronous serial
C. parallel
D. (a) and (b)

A. asynchronous serial

35. In asynchronous transmission, the gap time between bytes is _______

A. fixed
B. variable
C. a function of the data rate
D. zero

B. variable

36. ___________ conversion involves three techniques: line coding, block coding, and

scrambling.

A. Analog-to-digital
B. Digital-to-analog
C. Analog-to-analog
D. Digital-to-digital

D. Digital-to-digital

37. ________ is the process of converting digital data to a digital signal.

A. Block coding
B. Line coding
C. Scrambling
D. None of the above

B. Line coding

38. ______ provides redundancy to ensure synchronization and inherent error

detection.

A. Block coding
B. Line coding
C. Scrambling
D. None of the above

A. Block coding

39. ________ is normally referred to as mB/nB coding; it replaces each m-bit group with

an n-bit group.

A. Block coding
B. Line coding
C. Scrambling
D. None of the above

A. Block coding

40. ________ provides synchronization without increasing the number of bits.

A. Scrambling
B. Line coding
C. Block coding
D. None of the above
A. Scrambling

41. Two common scrambling techniques are ________

A. NRZ and RZ
B. AMI and NRZ
C. B8ZS and HDB3
D. Manchester and differential Manchester

C. B8ZS and HDB3

42. The most common technique to change an analog signal to digital data is called

__________.

A. PAL
B. PCM
C. sampling
D. none of the above

B. PCM

43. The first step in PCM is ________

A. quantization
B. modulation
C. sampling
D. none of the above

C. sampling

44. There are three sampling methods: __________

A. quantized, sampled, and ideal

B. ideal, sampled, and flat-top
C. ideal, natural, and flat-top
D. none of the above

C. ideal, natural, and flat-top

45. _____ finds the value of the signal amplitude for each sample; ____ finds the

change from the previous sample.

A. DM; PCM
B. PCM; DM
C. DM; CM
D. none of the above

B. PCM; DM

46. While there is (are) only _____ way(s) to send parallel data, there is (are) three

subclass(es) of serial transmission

A. one; two
B. two; three
C. one; three
D. none of the above

C. one; three

47. In ______ transmission, we send 1 start bit (0) at the beginning and 1 or more stop

bits (1s) at the end of each byte.

A. synchronous
B. asynchronous
C. isochronous
D. none of the above

B. asynchronous

48. In _________ transmission, we send bits one after another without start or stop bits

or gaps. It is the responsibility of the receiver to group the bits.

A. synchronous
B. asynchronous
C. isochronous
D. none of the above

A. synchronous