"Hello, World!" is the simplest way to test if a programming environment works.

Variables declared without initialization may contain garbage values in languages

like C.
Python uses dynamic typing, meaning variables can change type.
Java uses static typing, requiring variables to be declared with a type.
Git is a distributed version control system.
Functions in programming allow code reuse and modular design.
Unit testing helps ensure individual parts of code work correctly.
JSON is widely used for web data exchange.
RESTful APIs use HTTP methods like GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE.
CSS Flexbox simplifies responsive web layouts.
Unicode enables universal character representation across languages.
SQL SELECT queries are used to retrieve data from a database.
Docker allows applications to run in isolated containers.
Kubernetes automates containerized application deployment and scaling.
HTTPS encrypts web communication for security.
The SHA-256 algorithm generates a 256-bit hash value.
Python's indentation is mandatory for defining code blocks.
The main() function is the starting point of most programs.
Multi-threading allows concurrent execution in a program.
Linux is an open-source operating system kernel.
JavaScript runs in the browser, while Node.js runs on the server.
Event-driven programming responds to user or system-generated events.
Asynchronous programming improves performance in I/O operations.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) revolves around classes and objects.
Encapsulation hides internal details of objects in OOP.
Inheritance allows code reuse by extending existing classes.
Polymorphism in OOP lets one interface handle multiple data types.
Regular expressions (regex) are powerful for pattern matching in text.
Static variables retain their value between function calls.
Dynamic memory allocation in C is done using malloc() or calloc().
free() is used to release memory in C.
Python's garbage collector handles memory management.
Java uses a heap for dynamic memory allocation.
The MVC pattern separates logic, data, and presentation in apps.
The singleton design pattern restricts class instantiation to one object.
A deadlock occurs when processes block each other indefinitely.
Semaphore is a signaling mechanism used in concurrency.
DNS resolves domain names to IP addresses.
An API (Application Programming Interface) enables app-to-app communication.
Encodings like Base64 are used to encode binary data as text.
GitHub is a platform for hosting Git repositories.
A branch in Git is an independent line of development.
The merge command integrates changes from different branches in Git.
CI/CD automates software integration, testing, and deployment.
Dockerfiles define the environment for Docker containers.
Virtualization creates virtual instances of hardware or OS.
REST APIs follow architectural constraints like statelessness.
GraphQL allows clients to request exactly the data they need.
Responsive web design adapts to different screen sizes.
Media queries in CSS adjust styles for various devices.
Session cookies store user session data in the browser.
JWT (JSON Web Tokens) are used for secure data exchange.
OAuth 2.0 provides authorization delegation.
WebSockets enable real-time communication over HTTP.
AJAX allows asynchronous web page updates.
LocalStorage stores key-value pairs in the browser.
IndexedDB is a NoSQL database inside modern browsers.
TypeScript extends JavaScript with static typing.
Babel transpiles ES6+ code to backward-compatible JavaScript.
Node.js is built on Google Chrome's V8 engine.
Express.js simplifies building web applications with Node.js.
React uses a virtual DOM for efficient updates.
Angular is a TypeScript-based front-end framework.
Vue.js is a progressive JavaScript framework.
Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) combine web and native app features.
A CDN (Content Delivery Network) accelerates web content delivery.
The 200 HTTP status code means "OK."
A 404 error indicates a "Not Found" resource.
The HTTP 500 status code signals a server error.
Cloud computing enables on-demand resource access.
Serverless architecture eliminates the need to manage servers.
AWS Lambda is a serverless compute service.
SQL joins combine rows from multiple tables.
Indexes in databases speed up data retrieval.
ACID properties ensure reliable database transactions.
Non-relational databases include MongoDB, DynamoDB, and Redis.
CAP theorem states a database can have only two of Consistency, Availability, and
Partition tolerance.
WebAssembly enables near-native performance in the browser.
HTTP/2 improves web performance with multiplexing.
A cache stores frequently accessed data for quick retrieval.
Hash maps provide O(1) average-time complexity for lookups.
Priority queues order elements based on priority.
Graphs represent relationships using nodes and edges.
BFS (Breadth-First Search) explores graph nodes level by level.
DFS (Depth-First Search) explores as far along a branch as possible.
Dijkstra’s algorithm finds the shortest path in weighted graphs.
The A* algorithm optimizes pathfinding with heuristics.
Divide-and-conquer splits problems into subproblems.
The quicksort algorithm uses partitioning for efficient sorting.
Merge sort divides arrays recursively for sorting.
Bubble sort repeatedly swaps adjacent elements.
Dynamic programming solves problems using overlapping subproblems.
The Knapsack problem optimizes value within a weight limit.
NP-complete problems are computationally challenging to solve.
Hash functions map data to fixed-size values.
RSA encryption uses public and private keys.
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) secures data.
Salting adds randomness to hashes for password security.
Machine learning uses algorithms to find data patterns.
Supervised learning trains models on labeled data.
Unsupervised learning identifies patterns in unlabeled data.
Reinforcement learning optimizes decisions using rewards.
Neural networks mimic the human brain’s structure.
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) excel at image recognition.
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) handle sequential data.
The sigmoid function maps values between 0 and 1.
Overfitting occurs when models perform well on training data but poorly on new
data.
Data preprocessing cleans and prepares datasets.
Python libraries like NumPy and Pandas aid data analysis.
TensorFlow and PyTorch are popular machine learning frameworks.
Gradient descent minimizes errors in machine learning models.
Version control systems like Git track code changes.
Docker Compose manages multi-container applications.
Kubernetes pods encapsulate containers.
Load balancers distribute traffic across servers.
HTTPS certificates are issued by Certificate Authorities.
Public keys encrypt data; private keys decrypt it.
XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) exploits vulnerabilities in web apps.
CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) forces unwanted actions on authenticated users.
SQL injection manipulates database queries.
Penetration testing evaluates system security.
Firewalls filter network traffic for security.
Cryptographic hashes like SHA-256 are one-way functions.
Blockchain stores transactions in immutable ledgers.
Docker images contain application runtime environments.
REST APIs are stateless, enabling scalability.
GraphQL allows clients to query exactly the data they need.
The event loop in JavaScript manages asynchronous operations.
Promises in JavaScript simplify asynchronous code.
Async/await makes asynchronous code more readable.
HTML5 introduced semantic elements like <article> and <section>.
CSS animations create dynamic effects without JavaScript.
SCSS is a preprocessor for writing CSS more efficiently.
Tailwind CSS uses utility-first styling.
React’s JSX combines HTML and JavaScript.
Redux manages application state in React apps.
Graph databases like Neo4j model relationships as nodes and edges.
NoSQL databases are ideal for unstructured or semi-structured data.
WebSockets provide full-duplex communication over HTTP.
JSON Web Tokens (JWTs) handle authentication securely.
OAuth 2.0 supports third-party login systems.
AWS S3 stores objects in scalable cloud storage.
Lambda functions in AWS enable serverless computing.
RESTful APIs use HTTP verbs like GET, POST, and DELETE.
Express.js handles middleware in Node.js apps.
State management tools like Redux prevent "prop drilling."
Unit tests isolate individual components of code for testing.
Integration tests ensure multiple components work together.
Load testing measures system performance under stress.
Agile methodologies emphasize iterative development and collaboration
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