PSY 310 REV MWALIMU ANDREW WANJALA

PP1
Q1a) With illustrations, distinguish between human growth and development. (4
marks)
Answer:
Human Growth refers to the quantitative increase in size and physical changes,
such as height, weight, and organ development. For example, a child growing taller
each year.
Human Development encompasses both qualitative and quantitative changes,
including emotional, cognitive, and social abilities. For example, a child learning to
communicate or develop friendships.

Q1b) Discuss the importance of the study of human growth and development to
teachers. (12 marks)
Answer:

Understanding Stages of Development: Helps teachers plan age-appropriate

lessons.
Identifying Learning Needs: Assists in recognizing students’ unique needs and
learning abilities.
Guidance and Counseling: Enables teachers to provide better support for emotional
and social issues.
Tailoring Teaching Methods: Teachers can adapt teaching strategies to fit
developmental stages.
Assessment of Progress: Helps in tracking students’ growth and development
accurately.
Encouraging Positive Behavior: Assists teachers in promoting social skills and
positive behavior.
Preventing Learning Disabilities: Teachers can detect signs of developmental delays
early.
Q1c) Explain seven factors that affect personality in individuals. (14 marks)
Answer:

Genetics: Inherited traits influence personality.

Environment: Home, school, and societal surroundings shape personality.
Culture: Cultural values and norms impact behavior and personality traits.
Education: Access to education affects individual interests and goals.
Family Influence: Parenting style and family interactions shape personality.
Peer Influence: Friends and peers impact interests, behaviors, and attitudes.
Life Experiences: Challenges, traumas, and successes shape personality.
Q2a) Giving relevant examples, explain the term personality development. (5
marks)
Answer: Personality development is the process of developing a set of
characteristics and behaviors that define an individual’s unique personality. For
example, a shy child who learns social skills and gains confidence may develop a
more outgoing personality over time.

Q2b) Discuss the causes of juvenile delinquency and how they can be assisted in
our Kenyan situation. (15 marks)
Answer: Causes of Juvenile Delinquency:

Poverty: Limited resources may lead youth to crime.

Family Breakdown: Lack of parental guidance can contribute to delinquency.
Peer Pressure: Association with delinquent peers influences behavior.
Drug Abuse: Substance abuse leads to criminal activities.
Lack of Education: Lack of basic education restricts job opportunities, leading to
crime.
Assistance Measures in Kenya:

Counseling Programs: Schools and community centers offering counseling.

Educational Opportunities: Providing scholarships and vocational training.
Parental Awareness: Programs to help parents in effective parenting.
Rehabilitation Programs: Rehabilitating juvenile offenders.
Law Enforcement: Strengthening juvenile justice laws.
Q3a) Explain any five internal factors that affect human growth and development.
(10 marks)
Answer:

Genetics: Inherited traits affect physical and psychological development.

Hormones: Hormonal changes during puberty influence growth.
Nutrition: Adequate nutrition supports healthy growth.
Health Status: Chronic illnesses can impair development.
Mental Health: Emotional stability impacts cognitive development.
Qarks)
Answer:
3b) Discuss the six characteristics of emotionally immature students. (10 m

Impulsiveness: Reacting without considering consequences.

Dependency: Relying on others for decision-making.
Lack of Responsibility: Avoiding accountability.
Low Frustration Tolerance: Difficulty coping with challenges.
Difficulty in Relationships: Struggling with social skills.
Self-Centeredness: Prioritizing personal needs over others.

4a)Describe five stages of development in children according to Sigmund Freud. (10

marks)
Answer:

Oral Stage (0-1 year): Pleasure from oral activities like sucking.
Anal Stage (1-3 years): Focus on bowel and bladder control.
Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Awareness of body and gender differences.
Latency Stage (6-puberty): Developing social and intellectual skills.
Genital Stage (puberty-adulthood): Sexual maturity and relationships.
Q4b) Discuss how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs explains human growth and
development. (10 marks)
Answer:

Physiological Needs: Basic survival needs like food and shelter.

Safety Needs: Security in environment and relationships.
Love/Belonging Needs: Developing social bonds.
Esteem Needs: Building self-confidence and respect.
Self-Actualization: Realizing personal potential and growth.

Q5a) Explain how parental attitudes affect upbringing of children. (10 marks)
Answer:

Authoritative Parenting: Creates confident and responsible children.

Authoritarian Parenting: May lead to obedience but reduce self-esteem.
Permissive Parenting: May result in lack of discipline.
Neglectful Parenting: Can cause insecurity and behavioral issues.
Supportive Parenting: Promotes self-confidence and social skills.

Q5b) Discuss the causes of blindness and how they can be prevented in Kenya. (10
marks)
Answer: Causes of Blindness:

Infections (e.g., trachoma): Poor sanitation can lead to infections.

Vitamin A Deficiency: Lack of nutrients impacts eye health.
Injuries: Accidents can lead to eye damage.
Genetic Disorders: Conditions like glaucoma.
Diabetes: Diabetes-related eye problems.
Prevention Measures:

Improved Sanitation: Reducing infection risks.

Vitamin Supplements: Providing Vitamin A in diets.
Eye Care Education: Promoting safety and eye health.
Early Diagnosis: Screening for eye conditions.
Access to Healthcare: Affordable treatments for eye problems.

PP2
Define the following terminologies:
Development: The process of growth and change that a person undergoes
throughout their life, encompassing physical, cognitive, social, and emotional
dimensions.
Growth: The increase in physical size and other physiological changes in an
organism over time.
Maturation: The process through which an individual’s physical, emotional, and
cognitive systems naturally develop and become fully functional.
Personality: The unique set of traits, behaviors, and emotional patterns that define
an individual.

Explain any two features of development

Continuity: Development is a continuous process that occurs in stages over time.

Individual Differences: Each individual develops at their own pace and has unique
characteristics.
Explain any three ways learners acquire morality values in school

Modeling: Students learn moral values by observing the behavior of teachers,

peers, and other role models.
Discussion of Moral Dilemmas: Engaging students in discussions about moral issues
encourages critical thinking and value development.
Classroom Rules and Expectations: Enforcing a code of conduct helps learners
understand the importance of following ethical guidelines.
Discuss any three internal factors that affect human growth and development

Genetics: Inherited traits and genes play a crucial role in physical and psychological
growth.
Health Status: A person’s health, including nutrition and illness, significantly
impacts their growth and development.
Emotional Stability: Emotional well-being affects cognitive and social development,
impacting overall growth.
Explain any five causes of mental retardation among children and how each can be
prevented

Genetic Disorders: Conditions like Down syndrome can lead to mental retardation.
Genetic counseling can help with prevention.
Drug Abuse: Alcohol and drug use during pregnancy can cause intellectual
disabilities. Prevention includes prenatal care and avoiding harmful substances.
Malnutrition: Poor nutrition, especially in early childhood, can impair cognitive
development. Ensuring proper diet and nutrition can prevent this.
Infections: Diseases like meningitis can cause brain damage. Vaccination and early
medical intervention can prevent infection-related disabilities.
Environmental Toxins: Exposure to lead or other toxins can damage brain function.
Prevention includes reducing exposure to such toxins.
Discuss any five strategies of enhancing creativity among learners in class

Encourage Problem-Solving Activities: Engaging students in activities that require

creative solutions.
Provide Opportunities for Expression: Allowing students to express themselves
through art, drama, and other creative outlets.
Use of Open-Ended Questions: Encouraging students to think critically by asking
questions with multiple possible answers.
Promote Collaboration: Working in groups can inspire new ideas and foster
creativity.
Allow Autonomy: Giving students some control over their learning can motivate
them to explore and innovate.
Discuss the importance of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory to a classroom
teacher
Understanding Student Motivation

Helps teachers identify what drives students' behavior and tailor teaching
strategies to meet their needs.

Prioritizing Basic Needs

Ensures students' physiological needs (e.g., food, rest) are met for effective
learning.

Creating a Safe Environment

Emphasizes the importance of emotional and physical safety for students to focus
on academics.

Fostering Belonging:
Encourages teachers to build relationships and promote peer connections to
enhance students' sense of belonging.

Boosting Self-Esteem:
Guides teachers in providing positive feedback and recognizing achievements to
build students' confidence.

Supporting Personal Growth:

Encourages activities that promote creativity and self-actualization, helping
students reach their full potential.

Identifying Barriers to Learning:

Helps teachers pinpoint unmet needs that may hinder academic performance and
address them effectively.

State and explain any four stages of Sigmund Freud’s theory of sexual development

Oral Stage (0-1 year): Pleasure centers around the mouth; activities like sucking and
eating are crucial.
Anal Stage (1-3 years): Focus shifts to bowel and bladder control; toilet training
becomes central.
Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Focus on genital area, with the development of the
Oedipus/Electra complex.
Latency Stage (6-puberty): Sexual impulses are suppressed, and focus shifts to
social and intellectual skills.
Discuss any six ways a teacher can use to enhance language development among
learners

Storytelling: Reading stories helps expand vocabulary and understanding of

language structure.
Engaging Conversations: Regular discussions help improve verbal skills.
Visual Aids: Using pictures or videos enhances comprehension and vocabulary.
Language Games: Games like word puzzles make language learning fun and
engaging.
Role-Playing: Activities like skits encourage students to use language in practical
situations.
Modeling Proper Language: Teachers can model correct language use for learners
to emulate.
Describe any five social agents in the community that influence language
development

Family: The primary environment where children first learn and practice language.
Peers: Interaction with peers can influence language acquisition, especially slang
and informal language.
Media: Television, radio, and social media expose children to diverse language
forms.
Schools: Formal education structures, including teachers, play a vital role in
developing language skills.
Religious Institutions: Churches, mosques, and other places of worship often
introduce children to new vocabulary and ways of speaking.
Discuss any five educational implications of Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive
development for learners
Adapt Teaching to Developmental Stage: Piaget’s stages emphasize that teaching
methods should match students' cognitive abilities.
Encourage Exploration and Discovery: Hands-on learning helps students construct
knowledge through active exploration.
Use of Concrete Props and Visual Aids: Especially helpful for younger learners in
the concrete operational stage.
Promote Logical Thinking: Encourage problem-solving and reasoning activities to
develop cognitive abilities.
Individualized Instruction: Recognizing that students reach cognitive milestones at
different rates helps personalize teaching.

Discuss any five justifications of the study of human growth and development to
teacher trainees in universities
Understanding Developmental Stages: Helps teachers tailor instruction to different
age groups.
Identifying Learning Needs: Knowledge of growth patterns allows teachers to
identify and address learning disabilities.
Enhancing Student Engagement: Understanding students' needs helps teachers
create engaging, developmentally appropriate lessons.
Supporting Emotional Development: Understanding development aids in
supporting students' social and emotional needs.
Promoting Lifelong Learning: Encourages teachers to adopt a holistic approach to
student development.

PP3
Q1a. Explain the difference between human growth and development.

Growth refers to the increase in physical size and body structure over time, such as
height, weight, and body mass. It is quantitative and measurable. Development, on
the other hand, involves changes in psychological, emotional, and intellectual
abilities. It encompasses growth as well as cognitive, emotional, and social
progress, and it is qualitative.
Q1b)Discuss any five reasons why teachers should learn about human growth and
development
Understanding Student Needs: Knowledge of growth and development helps
teachers understand students' physical, cognitive, and emotional needs.
Supporting Individual Differences: Teachers can recognize and address the unique
developmental needs of each student.
Promoting Effective Learning: Knowing developmental stages allows teachers to
create age-appropriate lessons and teaching methods.
Identifying Learning Challenges: Teachers can detect developmental delays or
learning disabilities early.
Enhancing Student Motivation: Understanding developmental stages aids teachers
in encouraging students and promoting engagement.
Q1c. Explain any five principles of human growth and development and the
relevance of each to a teacher.

Sequential Development: Growth occurs in a predictable order, such as crawling

before walking. Teachers can use this to assess developmental milestones.
Individual Differences: Each child develops uniquely, highlighting the need for
personalized teaching methods.
Interrelated Development: Physical, cognitive, and emotional developments are
interconnected. Teachers should support holistic development.
Continuity: Development is ongoing and continuous, reminding teachers to adapt
their expectations over time.
Environment and Heredity: Both genetic and environmental factors influence
development, guiding teachers to create supportive learning environments.
Q1d. Explain the importance of theories in human growth and development.

Theories provide a framework for understanding the patterns and processes of

human development, helping teachers predict and support student behavior,
learning, and emotional needs effectively.
Q1e. Differentiate between nature and nurture in relation to growth and
development.

Nature refers to genetic inheritance and biological factors that shape who we are,
such as physical appearance and predisposed abilities. Nurture encompasses
environmental influences like family, culture, and education, which impact
behavior and personality.
Q2a. Explain any five effects of parents’ attitudes on a child’s growth and
development.

Self-Esteem: Positive reinforcement from parents builds a child’s self-confidence.

Social Skills: Parents who encourage social interaction help children develop social
skills.
Academic Performance: High parental expectations can motivate children to excel
academically.
Emotional Stability: Supportive parents foster emotional security in their children.
Risk of Behavioral Issues: Negative attitudes like criticism may lead to low self-
esteem and behavioral issues.
Q2b. Describe five features that make psychology a science.

Empirical Evidence: Psychology relies on observable and measurable data.

Objectivity: Psychologists aim for unbiased observations and conclusions.
Controlled Experiments: Experiments are designed with controlled variables to
ensure accuracy.
Replication: Psychological studies can be repeated to confirm findings.
Theoretical Framework: Psychology develops theories to explain behaviors, similar
to other sciences.
Q3a. Explain the five stages of psychoanalytic development in children and their
relevance to a teacher.

Oral Stage (0-1 year): Focuses on oral pleasures. Teachers can ensure that children’s
needs for oral exploration are met.
Anal Stage (1-3 years): Focus on control and toilet training, which teachers should
understand in terms of children’s developing autonomy.
Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Children become aware of gender differences. Teachers
should foster healthy gender identity development.
Latency Stage (6-puberty): Sexual impulses are dormant, allowing a focus on
academic and social skills, important for school performance.
Genital Stage (puberty onward): Development of sexual interests, emphasizing the
need for guidance and support in social interactions.
Q3b. Describe five external factors that affect the growth and development of a
child in the womb of an expectant mother.

Nutrition: Proper maternal nutrition supports fetal development.

Drugs and Alcohol: Substance exposure can lead to developmental abnormalities.
Stress: High maternal stress can affect the fetus’s emotional and cognitive
development.
Exposure to Toxins: Pollution and chemicals can lead to birth defects.
Health of the Mother: Maternal illnesses can impact fetal growth and
development.
Q4a. Explain any five factors that affect the growth and development of a child
according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and explain how each factor can be
addressed in a school environment.

Physiological Needs: Basic needs like food and water must be met for effective
learning. Schools can offer meal programs.
Safety Needs: Children need a safe environment. Schools should ensure a secure
setting.
Social Belonging: Friendships are crucial for social development. Schools can
promote teamwork.
Self-Esteem: Recognition enhances confidence. Teachers should encourage and
celebrate student achievements.
Self-Actualization: Fulfillment of potential is the highest need. Schools can support
this by encouraging creativity and individual expression.
Q4b. Justify the importance of play in promoting a child’s growth and development
and make five recommendations on how a school can enhance this factor.

Play is essential for cognitive, physical, social, and emotional development.

Through play, children learn problem-solving skills, social roles, and physical
coordination.
Recommendations:
Provide dedicated play areas and time for free play.
Incorporate play-based learning in the curriculum.
Use educational toys and games for skill-building.
Organize group activities to foster social skills.
Encourato achieve their goals in education.
ge outdoor activities to promote physical health.
Q5a. Explain any five ways you can assist a child with hearing impairments in class
Use Visual Aids: Diagrams and visual representations aid understanding.
Sign Language: Employing sign language for communication.
Speech Therapy: Supporting speech development if possible.
Seating Arrangements: Place the child where they can see the teacher’s face
clearly.
Provide Written Instructions: Ensuring instructions are accessible in written form.
Q5b. Explain five causes of visual impairments in children and how each can be
prevented.
Genetic Disorders: Some visual impairments are inherited, such as congenital
cataracts or retinitis pigmentosa.

Prevention: While genetic disorders cannot be prevented, genetic counseling can

help families understand risks. Early screening and intervention can also help
manage these conditions.
Vitamin A Deficiency: A lack of vitamin A can lead to conditions like xerophthalmia,
which causes night blindness and can progress to full blindness.

Prevention: Ensuring a diet rich in vitamin A (found in foods like carrots, sweet
potatoes, and leafy greens) can prevent this deficiency. In areas with high
deficiency rates, vitamin A supplementation programs can be beneficial.
Infections During Pregnancy: Certain infections, like rubella, can affect a child’s
vision if the mother contracts them during pregnancy.

Prevention: Pregnant women should receive vaccinations and regular prenatal care
to prevent infections. Vaccination against rubella before pregnancy is especially
important.
Premature Birth: Premature infants are at higher risk for retinopathy of
prematurity (ROP), a condition where abnormal blood vessels grow in the retina.

Prevention: Preventing preterm births through adequate prenatal care reduces the
risk of ROP. For premature babies, regular eye examinations and early
interventions can help manage or treat ROP.
Exposure to Harmful Environmental Factors: Children exposed to UV rays or
excessive screen time without breaks may develop visual problems over time.

Prevention: Protect children’s eyes by encouraging the use of UV-protective

sunglasses, limiting screen time, and promoting regular eye rest to prevent strain.
This covers the causes of visual impairments in children and effective prevention
measures.

PP4

Q1a. Explain the concept of Human Growth and Development (4 marks)

Answer: Human Growth and Development refer to the progressive physical,
emotional, mental, and social changes that occur from birth to adulthood. Growth
typically involves physical changes such as height and weight increase, while
development encompasses cognitive and psychological aspects, involving learning,
emotional regulation, and social adaptation.

Q1b. Differentiate between chronological and mental age (2 marks)

Answer:

Chronological age is the actual age of a person, measured from their birth date.
Mental age refers to the level of intellectual functioning relative to the typical
intellectual performance at a certain chronological age. It is often assessed through
standardized tests.
Q1c. Difference between Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic Development (4 marks)
Answer:

Phylogenetic Development refers to the evolutionary development of a species or

group over generations, influenced by genetic factors.
Ontogenetic Development is the development of an individual from conception to
maturity, involving personal growth and learning influenced by both genetics and
the environment.
Q1d. Three Broad Domains/Aspects of Development (6 marks)
Answer:

Physical Development – Growth and changes in the body, motor skills, and health.
Cognitive Development – Changes in thinking, problem-solving, and information
processing.
Socio-emotional Development – Development of emotions, personality, and
relationships with others.
Q1e. Formation of Fraternal and Identical Twins (6 marks)
Answer:

Fraternal Twins (Dizygotic) – Occur when two separate eggs are fertilized by two
different sperm, resulting in genetically unique siblings.
Identical Twins (Monozygotic) – Formed when a single fertilized egg splits into two,
creating two genetically identical individuals.
Q1f. Five Characteristics of Development (10 marks)
Answer:

Development is continuous.
It follows a sequential order.
Development is multidimensional (physical, cognitive, social).
It is influenced by both genetics and environment.
Development involves both stability and change over time.
Q2a. Five Factors Affecting Motor Development in Children (10 marks)
Answer:

Genetics – Inherited traits impact muscle development.

Nutrition – Adequate diet is essential for physical growth.
Physical Activity – Exercise strengthens motor skills.
Environment – Access to safe play areas.
Health Conditions – Chronic illnesses may delay motor milestones.
Q2b. Five Causes of Physical Impairments in Children (10 marks)
Answer:

Genetic Disorders – Such as muscular dystrophy.

Birth Complications – Oxygen deprivation can cause impairments.
Infections – E.g., rubella during pregnancy.
Accidents – Injuries can lead to disabilities.
Malnutrition – Lack of nutrients affects growth.
Q3a. Five Factors Contributing to Poor Performance Among Gifted and Talented
Students (10 marks)
Answer:

Lack of Challenge – Boredom due to unchallenging curriculum.

Peer Pressure – Hiding abilities to fit in socially.
Emotional Sensitivity – Anxiety or stress impacting performance.
Lack of Support – Insufficient resources or guidance.
Perfectionism – Fear of failure limiting risk-taking.
Q3b. Five Behavioral Characteristics of Children with Mental Retardation and Ways
to Help (10 marks)
Answer:

Delayed Speech – Provide speech therapy.

Limited Social Skills – Encourage social interaction in safe settings.
Difficulty in Learning – Use specialized education programs.
Poor Memory – Use memory aids and repetition.
Lack of Independence – Gradually teach self-help skills.
Q4a. Five Ways to Identify a Visually Impaired Individual (5 marks)
Answer:
Difficulty reading small text.
Frequent squinting or eye rubbing.
Poor depth perception.
Hesitation in moving around.
Holding objects close to the eyes.
Q4b. Five Effects of Visual Impairments on Academic Performance (5 marks)
Answer:

Difficulty in reading and writing.

Slow pace in completing assignments.
Reduced participation in visual-based activities.
Poor performance in exams that require visual processing.
Increased fatigue from visual tasks.
Q4c. Five Intervention Measures Parents Can Take to Support Children with Visual
Impairment (10 marks)
Answer:

Providing visual aids like glasses or magnifiers.

Using tactile learning tools (e.g., Braille).
Seeking support services from schools or therapists.
Creating a safe home environment to enhance mobility.
Encouraging social interactions to build confidence.
Q5a. Educational Implications of Human Growth and Development Principles (10
marks)
Answer:

Age-appropriate instruction – Teaching strategies should match developmental

stages.
Focus on holistic development – Include social, emotional, and cognitive growth.
Individual differences – Tailor instruction to meet diverse needs.
Encouraging exploration and play – Important for cognitive and physical
development.
Support for critical periods – Emphasize foundational skills at appropriate ages.
Q5b. Five Physiological and Body Changes Accompanying Emotions (10 marks)
Answer:

Increased heart rate during excitement or fear.

Sweating in response to anxiety.
Muscle tension during anger or stress.
Hormonal changes (e.g., cortisol release in stress).
Changes in facial expression reflecting emotional states.