Syllogisms

1 Syllogisms
A syllogism is a two-premised, conclusive de- contradicting oneself, the reasoning in such

ductive argument in reasoning. The most com- syllogisms is sound.
mon type is a categorical syllogism, in which the
premises and conclusion are both straightfor- Components of Syllogism
ward declarative statements that are connect-
Consider the three statements given here.
ed by just three simple terms, each of which
appears twice (as a subject and a predicate): 1. All horses are mammals.
y “All athletes are cricketers; Major Premise [Component―1]
y no graduate are cricketer; 2. Rustam is a horse.
y therefore no athletes are graduates.” Minor Premise [Component―2]
Because it would be impossible to affirm the 3. Ranjeev is Rustam’s jockey.

premises and reject the conclusion without Conclusion [Component―3]
Types of Syllogism
Major Premise All cycles have pedals.

Categorical
Minor Premise I own a cycle.
Syllogism
Conclusion My cycle has pedals.
Major Premise Vandana loves watches.

Conditional Minor Premise Vandana loves to watch with leather straps.
Syllogism If Vandana loves watches, she must wear a watch with
Conclusion
a leather strap.
Major Premise Candy is either orange or blackberry.

Disjunctive
Minor Premise It is not blackberry.
Syllogism
Conclusion Therefore, it must be orange.
Major Premise Alcohol ups the cholesterol levels in human body.

People with hypertension should control cholesterol
Minor Premise
Enthymemes levels in their body.
Therefore, people with hypertension should not
Conclusion
consume alcohol.
Major Premise All Toyota cars are purple.

Fallacy Minor Premise The car in my garage is purple.
Conclusion My car is Toyota.
Syllogisms 5
The Venn diagram method is a useful tool Categorical propositions are statements
for quickly testing syllogisms. We presume that demonstrate the relationship between
that you have prior knowledge of diagram- two sets, e.g., ‘All stars are five-pointed’ is a
ming categorical propositions. However, let’s categorical proposition since it tells us that
review your understanding of categorical the items in the first set, ‘stars’, belong in
statements. the second set, ‘five-pointed’.
Four Basic Forms of Categorical

Designated As Its Venn Diagram
Propositions
All S is P
A S P
No S is P
E S P
Some S is P
I S × P
Some S is not P
O S × P
Important Points alone is inadequate to demonstrate that the

A syllogism is a two-premise argument with conclusion must follow.
three words, each of which is employed
S P
twice. A circle can symbolise each phrase
(major, minor, and intermediate terms).
Since a syllogism is only true if the prem-
isses imply the conclusion, diagramming the
premisses reveals the logical geography of
the conclusion in a valid syllogism. If the syl- M
logism is invalid, a diagram of the premises
6 Syllogisms
Given that there are three classes, we antic- 2. The shading indicates that there are no
ipate three overlapping circles. individuals in that location. Empty space
1. The region within the circle denotes indicates that no information is available
the location of class participants, while about that region.
the area beyond the circle symbolises 3. The letter X relates to the word
all other persons (the complementary ‘some’ since it symbolises ‘at least one
class). The numerous schematic areas (person)’.
are noted above.
Some Typical Examples of Syllogisms Are Shown Here by Their Mood and Figure
EAE―1 AAA―1
The syllogism consists of an E statement This syllogism consists solely of A

for the main premiss, an A statement for assertions, with the M-terms also
the minor premiss, and an E statement for organised in the ‘left-hand wing’.
the conclusion. Its form is written out as
By convention, S (the minor term) is the
All M are P
subject and P (the major term) is the
All S are M
predicate for the conclusion. Left wing
describes the location of the middle word. All S are P
The form written out is Note in the picture below how the sole
No M is P portion of S that is not coloured is present
All S are M in all three classes. Important to note is
that this region of S is totally contained
No S is P
within the P class. The AAA―1 syllogism is
Note how the region shared by S and P has therefore always valid.
been fully blocked out in the picture below, The AAA―1 and EAE―1 syllogisms are
suggesting that ‘No S is P’. by far the most frequent in the question
Upon diagramming simply, the two premises, papers.
the conclusion has been achieved. Each and
every syllogism of the type EAE―1 is valid. S P
S P
Syllogisms 7
AII―3 AII―2
The M-terms are put in the subject position

The AII―2 has the M words in both
on the right side of the AII―3 block.
premises’ predicates.
This syllogism sets up as The syllogism is written out as
All M is P
All P is M
Some M is S
Some S is M
Some S is P
Some S is P
Observe how you are ‘forced’ to place the
‘X’ from the minor premise in the region The graphic demonstrates that ‘X’ might
of the diagram shared by all three classes be in either the SMP or SPM region.
while drawing the syllogism. Since we do not sure precisely which
The ‘X’ cannot be placed on the P-line, as section it is in, we have marked the line
the shade indicates that this portion of with a ‘X’ as depicted.
the SM area is vacant. This ‘logical’ forcing When a ‘X’ appears on a line, its precise
permits you to deduce ‘Some S is P’. location cannot be determined with
This syllogism is an excellent illustration certainty.
of why the universal premiss should be Therefore, we cannot locate the conclusion
diagrammed before the specific premiss. when we attempt to read it. The AII―2
If we were to initially diagram the specific logical fallacy is faulty because the
premise, the ‘X’ would be placed on the line. conclusion cannot be interpreted with
confidence.
Then, we would have to shift it when
diagramming the universal premise, as the S P
universal premise leaves an empty space
where the ‘X’ might have been.
S P ×
M
×
8 Syllogisms
EAO―4
The EAO―4, the final syllogism given here, poses several intriguing challenges. Observe
that this syllogism contains universal premises and a specific conclusion.
Its form is written out as
No P is M
All M is S
Some S is not P
And its diagram is rather easily drawn as
S P
When we attempt to read the conclusion, we see that the SMP class contains no ‘X’. We
must infer that the syllogism is incorrect since ‘Some S is not P’ cannot be written down.
Nevertheless, if we know that M exists, all members of M must belong to the SMP class.
These M’s are also S’s. Consequently, we know that some S’s are not P’s. In other words,
the EOA―4 syllogism is correct if the additional premise ‘M exists’ is known beforehand.
The majority of current logicians have reached the conclusion that we should not infer
the existence of any class without proof.
y We wish to discuss hypothetical entities without presuming their reality.
y For instance, in science and mathematics, our logic applies when discussing circles,
points, frictionless planes, and freely falling things, despite the fact that these phenomena
do not exist physically.
y This graphic depicts the modern subject known as the dilemma of existential significance.
When can we conclude that something exists? How does this result impact our logical
validity theory?
Note:
1. It is necessary to draw all conceivable 3. If the conclusion can be derived from
Venn diagrams. one of the two potential Venn diagrams
2. If a conclusion can be inferred from all but not from the other, the conclusion is
feasible solutions, then it is valid. considered incorrect.
Syllogisms 9
Practice Exercise 1
1. Directions: In the following questions a Solutions

set of statements are followed by con- (A) If only conclusion I follows.
clusions numbered I and II. You have to (B) If only conclusion II follows.
take the given statements to be true even (C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
if they seem to be at variance with com- (D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
monly known facts. Read all the conclu- (E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
sions and then decide which of the giv-
3. Directions: In the following questions a
en conclusions logically follows the given
set of statements are followed by con-
statements disregarding common facts.
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
Statements
take the given statements to be true even
No Wi-Fi is tablet.
if they seem to be at variance with com-
Some tablets are pen drives.
monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
All pen drives are watches.
sions and then decide which of the given
Conclusions
conclusions logically follows the given
I. No watch is Wi-Fi.
II. Some watches are tablets.
Statements
Solutions
Some greens are pinks.
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
Some pinks are reds.
(B) If only conclusion II follows.
All reds are yellows.
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
No yellow is white.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
Conclusions
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
I. Some yellows are greens.
2. Directions: In the following questions a II. Some reds are white.
set of statements are followed by con- III. Some greens are reds.
clusions numbered I and II. You have to IV. No white is red.
take the given statements to be true Solutions
even if they seem to be at variance with (A) If only conclusion I follows.
commonly known facts. Read all the con- (B) If only conclusion I and II follow.
clusions and then decide which of the (C) If both conclusions II, and III follows.
given conclusions logically follows the (D) If only conclusions III, and IV follow.
given statements disregarding common (E) If only conclusion IV follows.
facts.
Statements
set of statements are followed by conclu-
All controls are passes.
sions numbered I to IV. You have to take
All passes are clicks.
the given statements to be true even if
Conclusions
they seem to be at variance with common-
I. All clicks are controls.
ly known facts. Read all the conclusions
II. All passes are controls.
10 Syllogisms
and then decide which of the given con- (B) If only conclusion II, and III follow.
clusions logically follows the given state- (C) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follows.
ments disregarding common facts. (D) If only conclusions II, III, and IV follow.
Statements (E) All the conclusions follow.
All planes are computers.
All computers are books.
set of statements are followed by conclu-
All books are shoes.
sions numbered I to IV. You have to take
All shoes are boats.
the given statements to be true even if
Conclusions
they seem to be at variance with com-
I. Some boats are books.
monly known facts. Read all the con-
II. All computers are shoes.
clusions and then decide which of the
III. Some shoes are planes.
given conclusions logically follows the
IV. All planes are shoes.
given statements disregarding common
Solutions
facts.
(A) If only conclusion I, II, and III follow.
Statements
(B) If only conclusion I, II, and IV follow.
Some heaters are sweaters.
(C) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follows.
Some tumblers are heaters.
(D) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follow.
All sweaters are generators.
(E) If all conclusions follow.
Conclusions
5. Directions: In the following questions a I. Some sweaters are heaters.
set of statements are followed by con- II. Some sweaters are not heaters.
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to III. Some generators are heaters.
take the given statements to be true IV. Some tumblers is sweaters.
even if they seem to be at variance with Solutions
commonly known facts. Read all the con- (A) If only conclusion I and II follows.
clusions and then decide which of the (B) If only conclusion I and III follow.
given conclusions logically follows the (C) If only conclusion III, and IV follows.
given statements disregarding common (D) If only conclusions I to IV follow.
facts. (E) None of these.
Statements
Some fish are insects.
Some insects are animals.
clusions numbered I and II. You have to
No animal is mammal.
take the given statements to be true
Conclusions
even if they seem to be at variance with
I. Some fish are mammals.
commonly known facts. Read all the con-
II. Some fish are animals.
III. Some animals are insects.
IV. No insect is mammal.
Solutions
facts.
(A) If only conclusion III follows.
Syllogisms 11
Statements take the given statements to be true even
No ball is base. if they seem to be at variance with com-
Some bases are baseballs. monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
All baseballs are baselines. sions and then decide which of the given
Conclusions conclusions logically follows the given
I. No baseline is ball. statements disregarding common facts.
II. Some baselines are bases. Statements
Solutions All creams are chutneys.
(A) If only conclusion I follows. All chutneys are jams.
(B) If only conclusion II follows. Conclusions
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow. I. All jams are creams.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows. II. All chutneys are creams.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows. Solutions
monly known facts. Read all the conclu- 10. Directions: In the following questions a
sions and then decide which of the given set of statements are followed by con-
conclusions logically follows the given clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
statements disregarding common facts. take the given statements to be true even
Statements if they seem to be at variance with com-
No stabiliser is cockpit. monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
Some cockpits are rudders. sions and then decide which of the given
All rudders are spoilers. conclusions logically follows the given
Conclusions statements disregarding common facts.
I. No spoiler is cockpit. Statements
II. Some spoilers are cockpits. Some lotteries are donations.
Solutions Some donations are taxes.
(A) If only conclusion I follows. All taxes are penalties.
(B) If only conclusion II follows. No penalty is refund.
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow. Conclusions
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows. I. Some penalties are lotteries.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows. II. Some taxes are refund.
III. Some lotteries are taxes.
9. Directions: In the following questions a IV. No refund is tax.
set of statements are followed by con- Solutions
12 Syllogisms
(B) If only conclusion I and II follow. Statements
(C) If both II, and III follows. Some shafts are blocks.
(D) If only III, and IV follow. Some blocks are pistons.
(E) If only IV follows. No pistons are bearings.
Conclusions
I. Some shafts are bearings.
II. Some shafts are pistons.
take the given statements to be true even III. Some pistons are blocks.
if they seem to be at variance with com- IV. No block is bearing.

monly known facts. Read all the conclu- Solutions
sions and then decide which of the given (A) If only conclusion III follows.
conclusions logically follows the given (B) If only conclusion II, and III follow.
statements disregarding common facts. (C) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follows.
Statements (D) If only conclusions II, III, and IV follow.
All fish are tunas. (E) All the conclusions follow.
All tunas are toads.
All toads are sharks.
Some sharks are whales but no whale is
clusions numbered I to III. You have to
either toad, tuna, or fish.
Conclusions
I. Some whales are tunas.
II. Some sharks are fish.
III. Some sharks are tunas.
IV. All fish are toads.
Solutions statements disregarding common facts.
(A) If only conclusion I, II and III follow. Statements

(B) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follow. Some boys are grooms.
(C) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follows. Some grooms are fathers.
(D) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follow. Some fathers are teachers.
(E) If only conclusions III, and IV follow. Conclusions
I. Some boys are fathers.
12. Directions: In the following questions a II. Some grooms are teachers.
set of statements are followed by con- III. Some boys are teachers.
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I and II follows.
(B) If only conclusion I and III follow.
(C) If only conclusion III, and IV follows.
(D) If only conclusions I to IV follow.
(E) None of these.
Syllogisms 13
clusions numbered I and II. You have to (B) If only conclusion II follows.
Statements
All human are batman.
No batman is Tarzan.
Some Tarzans are superman.
Conclusions
I. No batman is human.
II. Some human are superman.
Statements
Solutions
All vehicles are trucks.
Some trucks are cars.
Conclusions
I. Some cars are vehicles.
II. No car is vehicle.
Solutions
15. Directions: In the following questions a (A) If only conclusion I follows.
set of statements are followed by con- (B) If only conclusion II follows.
clusions numbered I and II. You have to (C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
take the given statements to be true (D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
even if they seem to be at variance with (E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
facts.
Statements
Some cups are laptops.
Some laptops are grippers.
All grippers are laptops.
Conclusions
Statements
I. Some laptops are laptops.
No TV is a USB.
II. Some laptops are cups.
Some USB are signals.
14 Syllogisms
All signals are set boxes. 19. Directions: In the following questions a
Conclusions set of statements are followed by conclu-
I. Some TV are signals. sions numbered I to IV. You have to take
II. All set boxes are signals. the given statements to be true even if
III. Some set boxes are USB. they seem to be at variance with com-
IV. No set box is TV. monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
Solutions sions and then decide which of the giv-
(A) If only conclusion I and II follow. en conclusions logically follows the given
(B) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follow. statements disregarding common facts.
(C) If only III follows. Statements
(D) If only III to IV follow. All libraries are laboratories.
(E) If either II or IV and III follows. All laboratories are research-centres.
18. Directions: In the following questions a All research-centres are universities.
set of statements are followed by con- Conclusions
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to I. Some universities are libraries.
take the given statements to be true even II. All laboratories are universities.
if they seem to be at variance with com- III. Some research-centres are libraries.
monly known facts. Read all the conclu- IV. All laboratories is libraries.
sions and then decide which of the given Solutions
conclusions logically follows the given (A) If only conclusion I and II follows.
statements disregarding common facts. (B) If only conclusion II and III follow.
Statements (C) If only conclusion III and IV follows.
All capsules are drops. (D) If only conclusions I and IV follow.
All drops are stones. (E) None of these.
All stones are cards.
Some cards are systems but no system
is either stone, drop or a capsule.
Conclusions
I. Some systems are drops.
II. Some cards are capsules.
III. Some cards are drops.
IV. All capsules are stones.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I, II and III follow.
Statements
(B) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follow.
Some laptops are machines.
(C) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follows.
All machines are gadgets.
(D) If only conclusion II to IV follow.
Some gadgets are tools.
(E) If only conclusions III to IV follow.
Syllogisms 15
Conclusions commonly known facts. Read all the
I. Some machines are tools. conclusions and then decide which of
II. All laptops are gadgets. the given conclusions logically follows
III. Some laptops are gadgets. the given statements disregarding com-
IV. No machine is tool. mon facts.
Solutions Statements
(A) If only conclusion I follows. No penguin is oyster.
(B) If only conclusion II follow. Some oysters are quails.
(C) If only conclusion III follows. All quails are sharks.
(D) If only conclusions I and II follow. Conclusions
(E) If either conclusion I or IV and III I. No shark is oyster.
follow. II. Some sharks are oysters.
Solutions
sions and then decide which of the given 23. Directions: In the following questions a
conclusions logically follows the given set of statements are followed by con-
statements disregarding common facts. clusions numbered I and II. You have to
Statements take the given statements to be true even
No Trojan is virus. if they seem to be at variance with com-
Some viruses are goodies. monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
All goodies are bugs. sions and then decide which of the given
Conclusions conclusions logically follows the given
I. No bug is Trojan. statements disregarding common facts.
II. Some bugs are viruses. Statements
Solutions All eggplants are fruits.
(A) If only conclusion I follows. All fruits are spheres.
(B) If only conclusion II follows Conclusions
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow. I. All spheres are eggplants.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows. II. All fruits are eggplants.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows. Solutions
16 Syllogisms
24. Directions: In the following questions a Some frogs are players but no player is
set of statements are followed by con- either metal, soup or a shoe.
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to Conclusions
take the given statements to be true even I. Some players are soups.
if they seem to be at variance with com- II. Some frogs are shoes.
monly known facts. Read all the conclu- III. Some frogs are soups.
sions and then decide which of the given IV. All shoes are metals.
conclusions logically follows the given Solutions
statements disregarding common facts. (A) If only conclusion I, II and III follow.
Statements (B) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follow.
Some cakes are biscuits. (C) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follows.
Some biscuits are breads. (D) If only conclusion II, and IV follow.
All breads are wafers. (E) If only conclusions III to IV follow.
No wafer is muffin.
Conclusions
I. Some wafers are cakes.
II. Some breads are muffin.
III. Some cakes are breads.
IV. No muffin is bread.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I follows. conclusions logically follows the given
(B) If only conclusion I and II follow. statements disregarding common facts.
(C) If both II and III follows.
Statements
(D) If only III and IV follow.
Some cabins are rooms.
(E) If only IV follows.
Some rooms are flats.
No flat is apartment.
Conclusions
I. Some cabins are apartment.
II. Some cabins are flats.
III. Some flats are rooms.
IV. No room is apartment.
Solutions
given conclusions logically follows the (A) If only conclusion III follows.
given statements disregarding common (B) If only conclusion II and III follow.
facts. (C) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follows.
(D) If only conclusions II, III, and IV follow.
Statements
(E) All the conclusions follow.
All shoes are soups.
All soups are metals. 27. Directions: In the following questions
All metals are frogs. a set of statements are followed by
Syllogisms 17
conclusions numbered I to III. You have Solutions
to take the given statements to be true (A) If only conclusion I follows.
even if they seem to be at variance with (B) If only conclusion II follows.
commonly known facts. Read all the con- (C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
clusions and then decide which of the (D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
given conclusions logically follows the (E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
facts.
Statements
Some glasses are plastics.
Some plastics are carbons.
Some carbons are graphites.
Conclusions
I. Some glasses are carbons.
II. Some plastics are graphites.
III. Some glasses are graphites.
facts.
Solutions
Statements
Some farmers are workers.
(B) If only conclusion I and III follow.
Some workers are managers.
(C) If only conclusion II and III follows.
All managers are doctors.
(D) If conclusions I, II and III follow.
Conclusions
(E) If none of the conclusions follow.
I. Some doctors are workers.
28. Directions: In the following questions a II. Some doctors are farmers.
clusions numbered I and II. You have to (A) If only conclusion I follows.
take the given statements to be true (B) If only conclusion II follows
even if they seem to be at variance with (C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
commonly known facts. Read all the con- (D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
clusions and then decide which of the (E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
facts.
Statements
No typist is editor.
Some editors are managers.
All managers are ladies.
Conclusions
I. No lady is typist.
II. Some ladies are editors.
18 Syllogisms
Statements conclusions numbered I to IV. You have
All potholes are circles. to take the given statements to be true
Some circles are rims. even if they seem to be at variance with
Conclusions commonly known facts. Read all the
I. Some rims are potholes. conclusions and then decide which of
II. No rim is pothole. the given conclusions logically follows
Solutions the given statements disregarding com-
(A) If only conclusion I follows. mon facts.
(B) If only conclusion II follows. Statements
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow. All roofs are skates.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows. All skates are windows.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows. All windows are doors.
Some doors are driveways but no drive-
way is either window, skate, or a roof.
Conclusions
I. Some driveways are skates.
II. Some doors are roofs.
III. Some doors are skates.
IV. All roofs are windows.
Solutions
Statements
No stapler is a pin.
(D) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follow.
Some pin are punches.
(E) If only conclusions III and IV follow.
All punches are clips.
Conclusions 33. Directions: In the following questions a
I. Some stapler are punches. set of statements are followed by con-
II. All clips are punches. clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
III. Some clips are pin. take the given statements to be true
IV. No clip are stapler. even if they seem to be at variance with
Solutions commonly known facts. Read all the con-
(A) If only conclusion I and II follow. clusions and then decide which of the
(B) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follow. given conclusions logically follows the
(C) If only III follows. given statements disregarding common
(D) If only III to IV follow. facts.
(E) If either II or IV and III follows. Statements
All seeds are soaps.
32. Directions: In the following questions
All soaps are salts.
a set of statements are followed by
All salts are sugars.
Syllogisms 19
Conclusions conclusions numbered I and II. You have
I. Some sugars are seeds. to take the given statements to be true
II. All soaps are sugars. even if they seem to be at variance with
III. Some salts are seeds. commonly known facts. Read all the
IV. All soaps is seeds. conclusions and then decide which of
Solutions the given conclusions logically follows
(A) If only conclusion I and II follows. the given statements disregarding com-
(B) If only conclusion II and III follow. mon facts.
(C) If only conclusion III to IV follows. Statements
(D) If only conclusions I to IV follow. No autoplay is auto-mode.
(E) None of these. All auto-links are autoplays.
34. Directions: In the following questions a Some auto-modes are autorickshaws.
set of statements are followed by con- Conclusions
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to I. No autoplay is auto-link.
take the given statements to be true even II. Some auto-links are autorickshaws.
if they seem to be at variance with com- Solutions
monly known facts. Read all the conclu- (A) If only conclusion I follows.
sions and then decide which of the given (B) If only conclusion II follows.
conclusions logically follows the given (C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
statements disregarding common facts. (D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
Statements (E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
Some rubbers are glasses.
All glasses are asbestosis.
Some asbestosis are plastics.
Conclusions
I. Some glasses are plastics.
II. All rubbers are asbestosis.
III. Some rubbers are asbestosis.
IV. No glass is plastic.
Solutions given conclusions logically follows the
(B) If only conclusion II follow. facts.
(C) If only conclusion III follows. Statements

(D) If only conclusions I and II follow. Some hips are lips.
(E) If either conclusion I or IV and III Some lips are knees.
follow. All knees are elbows.
Conclusions
35. Directions: In the following questions I. Some elbows are lips.
a set of statements are followed by II. Some elbows are hips.
20 Syllogisms
Solutions Some gold are ivories.
(A) If only conclusion I follows. All ivories are oranges.
(B) If only conclusion II follows. Conclusions
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow. I. Some snow are ivories.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows. II. All oranges are ivories.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows. III. Some oranges are gold.
IV. No orange is snow.
Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I and II follow.
(C) If only III follows.
(D) If only III to IV follow.
(E) If either II or IV and III follows.
conclusions logically follows the given 39. Directions: In the following questions a
statements disregarding common facts. set of statements are followed by conclu-
Statements sions numbered I to IV. You have to take
All talons are raptors. the given statements to be true even if
Some raptors are molars. they seem to be at variance with com-
Conclusions monly known facts. Read all the con-
I. Some molars are talons. clusions and then decide which of the
II. No molar is talon. given conclusions logically follows the
Solutions given statements disregarding common
facts.
(B) If only conclusion II follows Statements
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow. Some clouds are smokes.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows. Some smokes are planes.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows. All planes are birds.
Conclusions
38. Directions: In the following questions a I. All smokes are birds.
set of statements are followed by con- II. Some birds are clouds.
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to III. Some clouds are planes.
IV. All smokes are either clouds or
planes.
Solutions
facts.
(D) None of the conclusions follow.
Statements
(E) All the conclusions follow.
No snow is gold.
Syllogisms 21
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to (B) If only conclusion II follows.
Statements
All sugars are crystals.
All crystals are powders.
All powders are seeds.
Conclusions
I. Some seeds are sugars.
II. All crystals are seeds.
Statements
III. Some powders are sugars.
All journals are periodicals.
IV. All crystals is sugars.
Some periodicals are books.
Solutions
Conclusions
I. Some books are journals.
(B) If only conclusion II and III follow.
II. No book is journal.
(C) If only conclusion III to IV follows.
Solutions
(E) None of these.
41. Directions: In the following questions a (C) If both conclusions I and II follow.
set of statements are followed by con- (D) If either conclusion I or II follows.
clusions numbered I and II. You have to (E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
Statements
No expression is script.
Some scripts are phonologies.
All phonologies are rhythms.
Statements
Conclusions
No samosa is a dosa.
I. No rhythm is script.
Some dosa are jalebis.
II. Some rhythms are scripts.
22 Syllogisms
All jalebis are laddos. 45. Directions: In the following questions a
Conclusions set of statements are followed by con-
I. Some samosas are jalebis. clusions numbered I to IV. You have to
II. All laddos are jalebis. take the given statements to be true even
III. Some laddos are dosas. if they seem to be at variance with com-
IV. No laddo is samosa. monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
Solutions sions and then decide which of the given
(A) If only conclusion I and II follow. conclusions logically follows the given
(B) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follow. statements disregarding common facts.
(C) If only III follows. Statements
(D) If only III to IV follow. All speakers are devices.
(E) If either II or IV and III follows. All devices are modules.
All modules are cooling-fans.
Conclusions
I. Some cooling-fans are speakers.
II. All devices are cooling-fans.
III. Some modules are speakers.
IV. All devices is speakers.
Solutions
(B) If only conclusion II and III follow.
(C) If only conclusion III to IV follows.
Statements
All accounts are passwords.
(E) None of these.
All passwords are handles.
All handles are Sims. 46. Directions: In the following questions a
Some Sims are profiles but no profile is set of statements are followed by con-
either handle, password or an account. clusions numbered I and II. You have to
Conclusions take the given statements to be true even
I. Some profiles are passwords. if they seem to be at variance with com-
II. Some Sims are accounts. monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
III. Some Sims are passwords. sions and then decide which of the given
IV. All accounts are handles. conclusions logically follows the given
Solutions statements disregarding common facts.
(A) If only conclusion I, II and III follow. Statements
(B) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follow. All organisms are sponges.
(C) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follows. Some sponges are fungi.
(D) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follow. Conclusions
(E) If only conclusions III to IV follow. I. Some fungi are organisms.
II. No fungi is organism.
Syllogisms 23
Solutions conclusions logically follows the given
(A) If only conclusion I follows. statements disregarding common facts.
(B) If only conclusion II follows. Statements
(C) If both conclusions I and II follow. All rocks are stones.
(D) If either conclusion I or II follows. All stones are walls.
(E) If neither conclusion I nor II follows. All walls are castles.
47. Directions: In the following questions a Conclusions

set of statements are followed by con- I. Some castles are rocks.
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to II. All stones are castles.
take the given statements to be true III. Some walls are rocks.
even if they seem to be at variance with IV. All stones is rocks.
commonly known facts. Read all the con- Solutions
clusions and then decide which of the (A) If only conclusion I and II follows.
given conclusions logically follows the (B) If only conclusion II and III follow.
given statements disregarding common (C) If only conclusion III and IV follows.
facts. (D) If only conclusions I and IV follow.
Statements (E) None of these.
No motherboard is a processor.
Some processors are cards. 49. Directions: In the following questions a
All cards are cases. set of statements are followed by con-
Conclusions clusions numbered I and II. You have to
I. Some motherboard are cards. take the given statements to be true even
II. All cases are cards. if they seem to be at variance with com-
III. Some cases are processors. monly known facts. Read all the conclu-
IV. No case is motherboard. sions and then decide which of the given
Solutions conclusions logically follows the given
(A) If only conclusion I and II follow. statements disregarding common facts.
(B) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follow. Statements
(C) If only III follows. All disasters are incidents.
(D) If only III to IV follow. Some incidents are events.
(E) If either II or IV and III follows. Conclusions
I. Some events are disasters.
48. Directions: In the following questions a II. No event is disaster.
24 Syllogisms
50. Directions: In the following questions a All writers are readers.
set of statements are followed by con- All readers are customers.
clusions numbered I to IV. You have to Conclusions
take the given statements to be true I. Some customers are writers.
even if they seem to be at variance with II. All authors are readers.
commonly known facts. Read all the con- III. Some readers are editors.
clusions and then decide which of the IV. All editors are readers.
given conclusions logically follows the Solutions
given statements disregarding common (A) If only conclusion I, II, and III follow.
facts. (B) If only conclusion I, II, and IV follow.
Statements (C) If only conclusion II, III, and IV follows.
All editors are authors. (D) If only conclusion I, III, and IV follow.
All authors are writers. (E) If all conclusions follow.
Solutions
1. (B) Analysis of Conclusions:

Reference diagram: Conclusion I: Invalid
Conclusion II: Invalid
Pendrives
Wi-Fi 3. (E)
Reference diagram:
Greens Pinks Yellows Whites

Tablets Watches
Analysis:
Conclusion I: Invalid
Reds
Conclusion II: Valid
So, conclusion II follows. OR
2. (D) Greens
Reference diagram:
Controls
Whites Yellows
Passes Reds
Pinks
Clicks
Analysis of Conclusions:
Syllogisms 25
We can see that in both cases only con- Fish Insects Animals Mammals
clusion IV is valid.
4. (E)
Reference diagram:
Books
Shoes Computers Conclusion I: Not valid
Boats Planes Conclusion II: Not valid
Conclusion III: Valid
Conclusion IV: Valid
OR
Mammals
Analysis: Fish Insects
Conclusion I: Valid
Therefore, all the four given conclusions Animals
follow.
Conclusion I: Valid
5. (A) Conclusion II: Valid
Reference diagram: Conclusion III: Valid
Mammals Fish Insects Animals
Analysis of Conclusions: There are three
major cases as shown above, and we can
see only conclusion III is consistently
valid. So, option (A) is correct answer.
6. (B)
Conclusion I: Valid Ist, IInd, diagram is incorrect.
Conclusion II: Not valid Reference diagram:
Conclusion III: Valid Sweaters

Heaters Generators
OR
Tumblers
26 Syllogisms
Conclusion I: Valid Analysis:
Conclusion II: Not valid Conclusion I: Invalid
Conclusion III: Valid Conclusion II: Valid
Conclusion IV: Valid So, conclusion II follows
OR
8. (D)
Tumblers Heaters Sweaters
Generators Incorrect answer and diagram
Reference diagram:
Conclusion I is valid, but II is not valid.
Conclusion I: Not valid Stablizers

Cockpits
Conclusion II: Not valid
Conclusion IV: Not valid
OR
Spoiler
Heaters Rudders
Conclusion II is valid, but I is invalid.

Tumblers
Stablizers Rudders
Sweaters
Generators
Conclusion I: Valid Cockpits Spoiler
Conclusion III: Valid 9. (D)
Conclusion IV: Valid Reference diagram:
Analysis of Conclusions: As can be seen
Creams
here, in all the cases conclusion I and III
II are always valid. Therefore, option (B)
is the correct answer.
Chutneys
7. (B)
Reference diagram:
Jams
Baseballs
Ball
Bases Baseline
Syllogisms 27
10. (E) Conclusion III Valid
Write analysis of both diagrams- Conclusion IV Valid
Reference diagram: Therefore, only conclusions II, III, and IV
follow.
Lotteries Donations Panelties Refunds
12. (A)
Reference diagram:
Bearings Shafts Blocks Pistons
Taxes
OR
Lotteries Conclusion I: Valid

Refunds Panelties
OR
Taxes
Shafts Blocks Pistons Bearings
Donations
We can see that in both cases only con-
clusion IV is valid.
Conclusion I: Not valid
11. (B) Conclusion II: Not valid
Reference diagram: Conclusion III: Valid
Tunas Conclusion IV: Valid
Toads Fish
Sharks OR
Mammals
Whales Fish Insects
Analysis:
Conclusion I Invalid
Conclusion II Valid
Animals
28 Syllogisms
Conclusion I: Valid Superman
Conclusion III: Valid Trazens

Analysis of Conclusions: There are three Batman
major cases as shown above, and we can
see only conclusion III is consistently Humans
valid. So, option (A) is correct answer.
13. (B) Analysis:

Incorrect analysis and answer. Conclusion I: Invalid
Reference diagram: Conclusion II: Valid
Boys Grooms Fathers Teachers So, conclusion II follows.
15. (A)
Incorrect answer, diagram and analysis.
Reference diagram:
Laptops
OR Cups
Boys Fathers
Grippers
Holders
Analysis:
Grooms Teachers Conclusion I: Invalid
Analysis of Conclusions: As can be seen So, only conclusion I follows.
here, in all the cases conclusion I and II
are always valid. Therefore, option (B) is 16. (D)
the correct answer. Reference diagram:
Vehicles Vehicles
14. (B)
Incorrect answer, diagram and analysis.
Reference diagram:
Trucks Trucks
Cars
Cars
Syllogisms 29
Analysis of Conclusions: Analysis:
Conclusion I is particular affirmative. Conclusion I: Invalid
Conclusion II is universal negative Conclusion II: Valid
proposition. Conclusion III: Valid
Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion Conclusion IV: Valid
II follows. Therefore, the given conclusions II, III,
and IV follow.
17. (C)
Reference diagram: 19. (E)
Reference diagram:
Tvs
Signals Laboratories
USBs
Research-centres Libraries
Universities
Setboxes
OR
Setboxes
Tvs USBs
Analysis of Conclusions: Conclusions I,

II, and III follow but conclusion IV does
not. Now, option (A) suggest only I and
Signals
II follow, so it is incorrect as III also fol-
lows. Option (B) suggest only II and III
follow, whereas I also follow. Option
In first case, only conclusions III to IV
(C) and (D) mentions IV as valid con-
are valid; whereas in second case con-
clusion, thus making these options as
clusions I and III are valid. Therefore, we
incorrect. Since, none of the options
now conclusion III is always valid.
tells that all the three (I, II, and III) fol-
18. (B) lows, therefore, we will mark (E) as the
Reference diagram: correct option.
Drops 20. (C)

Stones Capsules
Cards Both diagrams are same. Make different
cases as required by the question.
Reference diagram:
Systems
30 Syllogisms
Laptops So, conclusion II follows
Gadgets
Machines 22. (B)
Diagram is incorrect.
Reference diagram:
Incorrect: Conclusion I is valid, but II is
not valid.
Tools
Penguins
Oysters
OR
Laptops Tools
Sharks
Quails
Conclusion II is valid, but conclusion I is

invalid.
Machines Gadgets
Penguins Quails
Conclusion I: Valid, only if conclusion IV
is invalid.
Conclusion II: Not valid. Oysters Sharks
Conclusion III: Valid.
Conclusion IV: Valid, only if conclusion I 23. (E)
is invalid. Reference diagram:
Eggplants
21. (B)
Incorrect answer and conclusion.
Reference diagram: Fruits
Goodies
Trojans
Spheres
Analysis of Conclusions
Viruses Bugs
Analysis: 24. (E)

Conclusion I: Invalid Error in the second diagram.
Conclusion II: Valid Reference diagram:
Syllogisms 31
Cakes Biscuits Wafers Muffin Apartments Cabins Rooms Flats
Breads
Conclusion I: Valid
OR
Cakes Conclusion III: Valid
OR
Salt Wafers
Cabins Rooms Flats Apartments
Breads
Biscuits
We can see that in both cases only con- Conclusion I: Not valid
clusion IV is valid. Conclusion II: Not valid
25. (B)
Reference diagram:
OR
Soups
Metals Shoes
Frogs Apartments
Cabins Rooms
Players
Analysis:
Conclusion I Invalid Flats
Conclusion II Valid
Conclusion III Valid Conclusion I: Valid
Conclusion IV Valid Conclusion II: Valid
Therefore, conclusions II, III, and IV follow. Conclusion III: Valid
26. (A)
Analysis of Conclusions: There are three
Reference diagram: major cases as shown above, and we can
32 Syllogisms
see only conclusion III is consistently 29. (A)
valid. So, option (A) is correct answer. Reference diagram:
27. (B) Doctors

Farmers
Reference diagram:
Glasses Plastics Carbons Graphites
Managers
Workers
OR Analysis:
Conclusion I: Valid
Glasses Carbons
So, only conclusion I follows.
30. (D)
Reference diagram:
Potholes Potholes
Plastics Graphites
Analysis of Conclusions: As can be seen

here, in all the cases conclusion I and II
Circles Circles
are always valid. Therefore, option (B) is
Rims
the correct answer. Rims

Reference diagram: Conclusion I is particular affirmative.
Managers Conclusion II is universal negative
Typist proposition.
Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion
II follows.
Ladies
31. (C)
Editors
Reference diagram:
Analysis: Staplers
Punches
Conclusion I: Invalid Pins
So, conclusion II follows.
Clips
Syllogisms 33
OR Analysis of Conclusions: Conclusions I, II,
Clips and III are follow but conclusion IV does
Staplers Pins
follow, whereas I also follow. Option (C)
Punches and (D) mentions IV as valid conclusion,
Analysis of Conclusions: thus making these options as incorrect.
In first case, only conclusions III to IV are Since, none of the options tells that all
valid; whereas in second case conclu- the three (I, II, and III) follows, therefore,
sions I and III are valid. Therefore, con- we will mark (E) as the correct option.
clusion III is always valid.

34. (E) and (C)
32. (B)
Reference diagram:
Reference diagram:
Skates
Windows Roofs Rubbers
Doors Asbestosis
Glasses
Driveways
Plastics
Analysis: OR
Conclusion I Invalid
Conclusion II Valid Rubbers Plastics
Conclusion III Valid
Conclusion IV Valid
Therefore, conclusions II, III, and IV follow.
33. (E)
Reference diagram:
Soaps Glasses Asbestosis
Salts Seeds
Sugars Analysis of Conclusions:
Conclusion I: Valid, only if conclusion IV
is invalid.
Conclusion II: Not valid.
Conclusion III: Valid.
Conclusion IV: Valid, only if conclusion I
is invalid.
34 Syllogisms
Reference diagram: Conclusion I is particular affirmative.
Auto-modes Conclusion II is universal negative
proposition.
Auto-modes Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion
II follows.
Autoplays
38. (C)
Reference diagram:
Auto-links
Snows
Ivorys
Analysis: Golds
So, conclusion II follows.
Oranges
36. (A)
Reference diagram: OR
Elbows Oranges
Hips Snows Golds
Ivorys
Knees
Lips
In first case, only conclusions III to IV are
Analysis:
valid; whereas in second case conclu-
Conclusion I Valid
sions I and III are valid. Therefore, con-
Conclusion II Invalid
clusion III is always valid.
So, only conclusion I follows.
39. (D)
37. (D)
First diagram is incorrect.
Reference diagram:
Reference diagram:
Tolans Tolans
Clouds Smokes Birds
Raptors Raptors
Molars
Molars
Planes
Syllogisms 35
OR 41. (B)
Clouds Smokes
Conclusion I is valid, but conclusion II is
not valid.
Conclusion I is valid, but conclusion II is
not valid.
Expressions
Scripts
Planes Birds
Rhythms
Analysis:
Phonologies
Though conclusions II and III are valid as
per figure 2 above, but as figure I sug- Conclusion II is valid, but I is invalid.
gests none of the given conclusions are
Expressions Phonologies
valid. Therefore, we take (D) as correc-
tion option.
40. (E)
Reference diagram: Scripts Rhythms
Crystals
Powders Sugars 42. (D)
Seeds Reference diagram:
Journals Journals
Analysis of Conclusions: Conclusions I, II, Periodicals Periodicals

and III are follow but conclusion IV does Books
Books
lows. Option (B) suggest only II and III Analysis of Conclusions:
follow, whereas I also follow. Option (C) Conclusion I is particular affirmative.
and (D) mentions IV as valid conclusion, Conclusion II is universal negative
thus making these options as incorrect. proposition.
Since, none of the options tells that all Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion
the three (I, II, and III) follows, therefore, II follows.
we will mark (E) as the correct option.
36 Syllogisms
43. (C) 45. (E)
Reference diagram: Reference diagram:
Samosas Devices
Jalebies
Dosas Modules Speakers
Cooling-fans
Laddos
OR
Laddos
Samosas Dosas
Analysis of Conclusions: Conclusions I, II,
and III are follow but conclusion IV does
Jalebies
Analysis of Conclusions: follow, whereas I also follow. Option (C)
In first case, only conclusions III to IV are and (D) mentions IV as valid conclusion,
valid; whereas in second case conclu- thus making these options as incorrect.
sions I and III are valid. Therefore, con- Since, none of the options tells that all
clusion III is always valid. the three (I, II, and III) follows, therefore,
we will mark (E) as the correct option.
44. (B)
46. (D)
Reference diagram:
Reference diagram:
Passwords
Handles Accounts Organisms Organisms
Sims
Profiles
Sponges Sponges
Fungi
Fungi
Analysis:
Conclusion I Invalid Analysis of Conclusions:
Conclusion II Valid Conclusion I is particular affirmative.
Conclusion III Valid Conclusion II is universal negative
Conclusion IV Valid proposition.
Therefore, conclusions II, III, and IV follow. Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion
II follows.
Syllogisms 37
47. (C) options as incorrect. Since, none of the
Motherboard options tells that all the three (I, II, and
Cards
Processors III) follows, therefore, we will mark (E) as
the correct option.
49. (D)
Cases Reference diagram:
Disasters Disasters
OR
Cases
Motherboard Processors
Incidents Incidents
Events
Cards Events
Analysis of Conclusions: Analysis of Conclusions:

In first case, only conclusions III to IV are Conclusion I is particular affirmative.
valid; whereas in second case conclu- Conclusion II is universal negative
sions I and III are valid. Therefore, con- proposition.
clusion III is always valid. Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion
II follows.
48. (E)
Reference diagram: 50. (E)
Stones Reference diagram:
Walls Rocks Writers
Castles Readers Authors
Customers Editors
Conclusions I, II, and III are follow but
conclusion IV does not. Now, option (A) Analysis:
suggest only I and II follow, so it is in- Conclusion I: Valid
correct as III also follows. Option (B) Conclusion II: Valid
suggest only II and III follow, whereas I Conclusion III: Valid
also follow. Option (C) and (D) mentions Conclusion IV: Valid
IV as valid conclusion, thus making these Therefore, all the four conclusions follow.
38 Syllogisms
Practice Exercise 2
(Only and Only a Few)
1. Statements Solutions
Only Digital is Analog. (A) Only I follows.
No Digital is Automatic. (B) Only II follows.
Conclusions (C) Only III follows.
I. Some Digitals are Automatic. (D) II and III follow.
II. Some Analogs can be Automatic. (E) None of the above.
Solutions
4. Statements
Only a few nozzles are taps.
Only a few taps are pipes.
(C) If either conclusion I or II follows.
All pipes are grippers.
(D) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
Conclusion
(E) If both conclusions I and II follow.
I. All nozzles being tap is a possibility
2. Statements II. No gripper is a nozzle.
Only a few patients are technicians. Solutions
Only a few technicians are doctors. (A) If only conclusion I follows.
No doctor is researchers. (B) If only conclusion II follows.
Conclusions (C) If either conclusion I or II follows.
I. All patients being doctor is a possibility. (D) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
II. Some technicians are not researchers. (E) If both conclusions I and II follow.
Solutions 5. Statements
(A) If only conclusion I follows. Only a few pipes are wires.
(B) If only conclusion II follows. Some wire are flats.
(C) If either conclusion I or II follows. Conclusions
(D) If neither conclusion I nor II follows. I. Some pipes are flats.
(E) If both conclusions I and II follow. II. No flat is pipe.
Solutions
3. Statements
Some mothers are aunts.
Only a few aunt is daughters.
All daughters are professors.
Conclusions
I. All daughters are mothers.
II. At least some professors are aunts. 6. Statements
III. Some professors being mothers is a All cream is gel.
possibility. Some gel is lotions.
No lotion is a pastes.
Syllogisms 39
Conclusions No scooter is bike.
I. Only a few cream is lotion. All bikes are wagons.
II. Some paste being gel is a possibility. Conclusions
Solutions I. All rickshaws are scooter is a possibility.
(A) Either I or II follows. II. Some wagons can never be scooters.
(B) Both I and II follow. Solutions
(C) Only I follows. (A) If only conclusion I follows.
(D) Neither I nor II follows. (B) If only conclusion II follows.
(E) Only II follows. (C) If either conclusion I or II follows.
7. Statements
Only documents is reports.
Only a few document is journals. 10. Statements
Few journal is blogs. Some Asians are Americans.
Conclusions Only a few Europeans are Americans.
I. Some reports is blogs. All Europeans are Latins.
II. Some journals is documents. Conclusions
Solutions I. All Americans being Europeans is a
(A) If only conclusion I follows. possibility.
(B) If only conclusion II follows. II. Some Latins are Asians.
(C) If either conclusion I or II follows. Solutions
(D) If neither conclusion I nor II follows. (A) If only conclusion I follows.
(E) If both conclusions I and II follow. (B) If only conclusion II follows.
8. Statements
No Xs’ is Ys’.
(E) If both conclusions land II follow.
Only a few Zs’ is As’.
All As’ is Xs’. 11. Statements
Conclusions All teachers are professors.
I. Some Zs’ is Ys’. Some professors are doctors.
II. Zs’ is Ys’. Only a few doctor are interns.
Solutions Conclusions
(A) If only conclusion I follows. I. Some interns can never be teachers.
(B) If only conclusion II follows. II. Some interns can be teachers.
9. Statements (C) If either conclusion I or II follows.
Only a few rickshaws are scooters. (D) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
40 Syllogisms
(E) If both conclusions I and II follow. Solutions
(A) Only I follows.
12. Statements
(B) Only II follows.
All visas are warrents.
(C) Only III follows.
Only a few warrent is signal.
(D) Either I or III follows.
Some signals are memos.
(E) None of these.
Conclusions
I. Some memos are not warrent. 15. Statements
II. All signals are visa. Some Systems are algorithms.
III. All warrents are signals is a possibility. No algorithm is software.
Solutions Only a few software are puzzles.
(A) Only I follows. Conclusions
(B) I and II follow. I. All software are puzzles.
(C) I and III follow. II. Some systems are not software.
(D) Only III follows. Solutions
(E) None follows. (A) If only conclusion I follows.
13. Statements
All watches are sunglasses.
Only a few sunglasses are tiepins.
(E) If both conclusions I and II follow
Some tiepins are bracellets.
Conclusions 16. Statements
I. Some bracellets are not sunglasses. Only a few Printers are Scanners.
II. All tiepins are watches. Only a few Scanners are Keyboards.
Solutions No Keyboard is Cameras.
(A) If only conclusion I follows. Conclusions
(B) If only conclusion II follows. I. Some Printers can be Keyboards.
(C) If either conclusion I or II follows. II. Some Scanners can be Cameras.
(D) If neither conclusion I nor II follows. Solutions
(E) If both conclusions land II follow. (A) If only conclusion I follows.
14. Statements
All Tractors are Bulldozers.
Some Bulldozer is Crains.
No Crain is heavy.
Conclusions 17. Statements
I. At least some heavy is Tractor. No Xs’ is Ys’.
II. Few Crain being Tractor is a possibility. Only a few Zs’ is As’.
III. No heavy is Bulldozer. All As’ is Xs’.
Syllogisms 41
Conclusions Only railway stations are bus stands.
I. Some Zs’ is Ys’. Conclusion
II. No Zs’ is Ys’. I. All parking lots can never be runways.
Solutions II. All railway stations are parking lots.
(A) If only conclusion I follows. Solutions
(B) If only conclusion II follows. (A) If only conclusion I follows.
(C) If either conclusion I or II follows. (B) if only conclusion II follows.
(D) If neither conclusion I nor II follows. (C) If either conclusion I or II follows.
(E) If both conclusions I and II follow. (D) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
18. Statements
Only a few Pizzas are Burgers. 21. Statements
No Burgers are Pastas. Only a few jigsaws are patterns.
Conclusions All patterns are mosiacs.
I. Some Pizzas are Pastas. Some mosiacs are designs.
II. All Pizzas can never be Pastas. Conclusions
Solutions I. All designs being pattern is a
(A) If only conclusion I follows. possibility.
(B) If only conclusion II follows. II. All patterns are jigsaws.
19. Statements
Only a few As’ are Bs’.
Only a few Bs’ are Cs’.
All Cs’ are Ds’. 22. Statements
Conclusions Few Pens is nibs.
I. Some As’ can be Cs’. Only a few clip is inks.
II. All Bs’ being Cs’ is a possibility. No ink is nibs.
(A) If only conclusion I follows. I. Some clips being nibs is a possibility.
(B) If only conclusion II follows. II. All pens being nibs is a possibility.
20. Statements
(D) If neither conclusion I nor 11 follows.
Only a few runways are parking lots.
All bus stands are runways.
42 Syllogisms
23. Statements 26. Statements
All ice cream is vanillas. Some Pillows are Beds.
All vanilla is chocolates. All Beds are Sheets.
Only a few strawberries are chocolates. Some Runners are not Sheets.
Conclusions Conclusions
I. All strawberries are vanilla. I. Some Beds are not Runners.
II. Some ice creams are chocolates. II. Some Beds can never be Pillows.
Solutions Solutions
(A) If only conclusion I follows. (A) If only conclusion I follows.
(B) If only conclusion II follows. (B) If only conclusion II follows.
(C) If either conclusion I or II follows. (C) If either conclusion I or II follows.
(D) If neither conclusion I nor II follows. (D) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
(E) If both conclusion I and II follow. (E) If both conclusions I and II follow.
24. Statements 27. Statements

All glasses are pads. Only a few friend is relative.
Only a few pad is gloves. All relative is brother.
All helmet are pads. Some brother is colleagues.
Conclusions Conclusions
I. Few helmet are gloves. I. All brothers is friends is a possibility.
II. Only helmet is glass is a possibility. II. Some relatives is colleagues.
III. All pad is glass is a possibility. Solutions
Solutions (A) If only conclusion I follows.
(A) I and II follow. (B) If only conclusion II follows.
(B) I and III follow. (C) If either conclusion I or II follows.
(C) II and III follow. (D) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
(D) All follow. (E) If both conclusions I and II follow.
(E) None of these.
28. Statements
25. Statements Only a few coffees are toffee.
Some websites are apps. Some toffees are stick jaws.
Only a few apps is surveys. Conclusions
No survey is websites. Some coffees are stick jaws
Conclusions No stick jaw is coffee.
I. All surveys being apps is a possibility. Solutions
II. All apps are surveys is a possibility. (A) If only conclusion I follows.
(A) If only conclusion I follows. (B) If only conclusion II follows.
(B) If only conclusion II follows. (C) If either conclusion I or II follows.
(C) If either conclusion I or II follows. (D) If neither conclusion I nor II follows.
(D) If neither conclusion I nor II follows. (E) If both conclusions I and II follow.
Syllogisms 43
Solutions
1. (D)
Analog Automatic
Digital
2. (E)
Techni-
Patients cians Doctors Resea-
rchers
3. (D)
Mothers Aunts Daughters
Professors
4. (D)
Nozzle Tap Pipe Gripper
5. (C)
Pipes Wires Flats
44 Syllogisms
6. (E)
Lotions
Creams
Pastes
Gels
7. (B)
Documents
Journals Blogs
Reports
8. (C)
Xs’
Ys’
Zs’ As’
9. (B)
Rickshaws Scooters
Bikes
Wagons
10. (A)
Americans
Asians Europeans
Latins
Syllogisms 45
11. (B)
Teachers Doctors Interns
Professors
12. (E)
Warrents
Signals Memos
Visas
13. (D)
Sunglasses
Watches
Tiepins
Bracellets
14. (B)
Tractors Crains Heavy
Bulldozers
15. (B)
Systems Algorithims Softwares Puzzles
46 Syllogisms
16. (E)
Printers Scanners Keyboards Cameras
17. (C)
Xs’
Ys’
Zs’ As’
18. (B)
Pastas
Pizzas Burgers
19. (A)
As’ Bs’ Cs’ Ds’
20. (D)
Runways
Parking lots
Bus
stands
Runways
Stations
Syllogisms 47
21. (A)
Jigsaws Patterns Mosiacs Designs
22. (E)
Pens Nibs Inks Clips
23. (B)
Ice
Creams
Strawberries
Vanillas
Chocolates
24. (C)
Gloves
Glasses
Helmet
Pads
48 Syllogisms
25. (A)
Surveys
Apps
Websites
26. (D)
Runners
Pillows Beds
Sheets
27. (A)
Friends Relatives Colleagues
Brothers
28. (C)
Coffee Toffee Stick jaws
Syllogisms 49
Practice Exercise 3
(Possibility Type)
Directions: In the questions below some Solutions

statements are given and these statements (A) Only I follows.
are followed by some conclusions. You have (B) Only II follows.
to take the given statements to be true even (C) Both I and II follow.
if they seem to be at variance from com- (D) Neither I nor II follows.
monly known facts. Read the conclusions (E) Either I or II follows.
and then decide which of the given conclu-
sions logically follows from the given state- 3. Statements
ments, disregarding commonly known facts. All stapler are nails.
No nails is an hammers.
1. Statements All hammers are pliars.
No swimmers is sprinters. Conclusions
All sprinters are players. I. All stapler being pliars is a possibility.
No players is an athletes II. All hammers being stapler is a
Conclusions possibility.
I. No swimmers is an athletes. Solutions
II. All swimmers being players is a (A) If only conclusion I follows.
possibility.
(B) If only conclusions II follows.
Solutions
(C) If either conclusion I or conclusion II
(A) If only conclusion I follows. follows.
(B) If only conclusions II follows. (D) If neither conclusion I nor conclusion
(C) If either conclusion I and II follows. II follows.
(D) If neither conclusion I nor conclusion (E) If both conclusion I and conclusion II
II follows. follow.
(E) If both conclusion I and conclusion II
follows. 4. Statements
All Rums are Whiskeys.
2. Statements Some Tonics are Whiskeys.
All Calendars are Calculators. All Tonics are Wines.
No Calculator is Scanners. Conclusions
Some Scanners are Printers. I. Some Tonics being Rum is a possibility
Conclusions II. Some Wines being Rum is a possibility.
I. Some Scanners being Calendars is a Solutions
possibility.
(A) Only I follows.
II. All the Calculators being Printers is a
possibility.
(C) Either I or II follows.
50 Syllogisms
(D) Neither I nor II follows. Conclusions
(E) Both I and II follow. I. All magazines can never be e-books.
II. All journals being e-books is a
5. Statements
possibility.
Some Sunglasses are Wineglasses. Solutions
All Wineglasses are Tea Cups. (A) If only conclusion I follows.
All Tea Cups are Paper Cups. (B) If only conclusions II follows.
Some Paper Cups are Steel Jugs. (C) If either conclusion I and II follows.
Conclusions (D) If neither conclusion I nor conclusion
I. All Paper Cups being Sunglasses is a II follows.
possibility. (E) If both conclusion I and conclusion II
II. Some Steel Jugs are Tea Cups. follows.
III. All Tea Cups being Wineglasses is a
possibility. 8. Statements
Solutions All Switches are Plugs.
(A) Only I follows. No Plug is a Holder.
Some Holders are Clampers.
(B) Only III follows.
Conclusions
(C) Both I and III follow.
I. Some Holders being Switches is a
(D) Both II and III follow.
possibility.
(E) Only II follows.
II. Some Clampers being Switches is a
6. Statements possibility.
All Wallets are Purses. III. All Switches being Clampers is not a
Some Purses are Pockets. possibility.
Some Pockets are Lockers. Solutions
Conclusions (A) Only I and II follow.

(B) Only II and III follow.
I. Some Wallets being Pockets is a
(C) Only I and III follow.
possibility.
(D) Only II follows.
II. Some Wallets are Lockers.
(E) All follow.
Solutions
(A) Only I follows. 9. Statements
(B) Only II follows. No Kellogg’s are a Nestle.
(C) Either I or II follows. All Nestle are Pepsi.
(D) Neither I nor II follows. All Pepsi are Coke.
(E) Both I and II follow. Conclusions
I. All Nestle are Coke.
7. Statements II. At least some Coke are Pepsi.
Some e-books are blogs. Solutions
All e-books are magazines. (A) If only conclusion I follow.
No magazines is a journals. (B) If only conclusion II follow.
Syllogisms 51
(C) If either conclusion I or conclusion II I. All Coffee are Cookies.
follows. II. No Toffee is a Cookies.
(D) If neither conclusion I nor conclusion Solutions
II follows. (A) If only conclusion I follow.
(E) If both the conclusions follow. (B) If only conclusion II follow.
(C) If either conclusion I or conclusion II
10. Statements
follows.
All Laptops are Smartphones.
(D) If neither conclusion I nor conclusion
No Smartphone is an AirPods.
II follows.
Some AirPods are Headphones.
(E) If both the conclusions follow.
Conclusions
I. All Headphones being Laptops is a 12. Statements
possibility. Some Keyboard are Monitor.
II. All Laptops being Headphones is a Some Monitor are Mouse.
possibility. No Mouse is a Computer.
(A) Only I follows. I. All the Computers being Keyboard is
(B) Only II follows. a possibility.
(C) Either I or II follows. II. All the Keyboard being Computers is
(D) Neither I nor II follows. a possibility.
(E) Both I and II follow. Solutions
(A) Only I follows.
11. Statements
Some Coffee are Toffees.
(C) Both I and II follow.
All Toffees are Biscuits.
(D) Neither I nor II follows.
No Biscuit is a Cookies.
(E) Either I or II follows.
Conclusions
Solutions
1. (B)
Swimmers Sprinters Players Athletes
So, only conclusion II follows. Hence, option (B) is correct.
52 Syllogisms
2. (B)
Venn Diagram Representation of the statements:
Calculators
Calendars Scanners Printers
Conclusions:
I. Some Scanners being Calendars is a possibility.
Since all Calendars are Calculators and no Calculator is a Scanner, this conclusion
does not follow.
II. All the Calculators being Printers is a possibility.
This conclusion follows.
Printers Calculators
Calendars Scanners
Therefore, only conclusion II follows. So, (B) is the correct option.
3. (A)
Stapler Nails Hammers Pliars
Hence, only conclusion I follows. Hence, option (A) is correct.
Syllogisms 53
4. (E)
We will first draw a simplistic version of the Venn Diagram and then visualize the possibilities.
Whiskeys
Rums
Tonics
Wines
Tonics
Wines
Clearly, both the conclusions follow. So, (E) is the correct option.
5. (C)
Venn Diagram Representation of the statements:
Sunglasses Wineglasses Tea Paper

Cups Cups
Steel
Jugs
Conclusions:
I. All Paper Cups being Sunglasses is a possibility.
This conclusion follows.
II. Some Steel Jugs are Tea Cups.
This is a probable conclusion. So, it does not follow.
III. All Tea Cups being Wineglasses is a possibility.
This conclusion also follows.
Therefore, conclusions I and III follow. So, (C) is the correct option.
54 Syllogisms
6. (A)
Venn diagram representation of the statements:
Purses
Wallets Pockets
Lockers
Pockets
Clearly, only conclusion I follows. So, (A) is the correct option.
7. (D)
Journals Magazines E-books Blogs
So, neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows. Hence, option (D) is correct.
8. (D)
Plugs
Switches Holders Clampers
Clampers
Conclusions:
I. Some Holders being Switches is a possibility.
Since all Switches are Plugs and no Holders is a Plug, this conclusion does not follow.
II. Some Clampers being Switches is a possibility.
Clearly, this conclusion follows.
III. All Switches being Clampers is not a possibility.
Syllogisms 55
It is possible for all Switches to be Clampers. So, this conclusion does not follow as well.
Therefore, only conclusion II follows. So, (D) is the correct option.
9. (E)
Kellogg's Nestle Pepsi Coke
Hence, option (E) is correct.
10. (B)
Smartphones
Laptops Air pods

Headphones
Headphones
Conclusions:
I. All Headphones being Laptops is a possibility.
The Headphones which are AirPods cannot be Laptops. So, this conclusion does not
follow.
II. All Laptops being Headphones is a possibility.
It is possible for all Laptops to be Headphones. So, this conclusion follows.
Therefore, only conclusion II follows. So, (B) is the correct option.
11. (B)
Coffee Toffee Biscuits Cookies
Hence, option (B) is correct.
56 Syllogisms
12. (C)
Keyboard Monitor Mouse Computer
Both the conclusions follow. So, (C) is the correct option.

I. All the Computers being Keyboard is a possibility.
Keyboard
Monitor Mouse Computer
II. All the Keyboard being Computers is a possibility.
Computer
Mouse
Keyboard
Monitor
Syllogisms 57

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1 Syllogisms

A syllogism is a two-premised, conclusive de- contradicting oneself, the reasoning in such

y “All athletes are cricketers; Major Premise [Component―1]

y no graduate are cricketer; 2. Rustam is a horse.

y therefore no athletes are graduates.” Minor Premise [Component―2]

Because it would be impossible to affirm the 3. Ranjeev is Rustam’s jockey.

Major Premise All cycles have pedals.

Major Premise Vandana loves watches.

Major Premise Candy is either orange or blackberry.

Major Premise Alcohol ups the cholesterol levels in human body.

Major Premise All Toyota cars are purple.

Four Basic Forms of Categorical

Important Points alone is inadequate to demonstrate that the

The syllogism consists of an E statement This syllogism consists solely of A

The M-terms are put in the subject position

And its diagram is rather easily drawn as

1. Directions: In the following questions a Solutions

if they seem to be at variance with com- IV. No block is bearing.

(A) If only conclusion I, II and III follow. Statements

(C) If only conclusion III follows. Statements

47. Directions: In the following questions a Conclusions

1. (B) Analysis of Conclusions:

Greens Pinks Yellows Whites

Analysis: Fish Insects

Conclusion IV: Valid

Conclusion I: Not valid Stablizers

Conclusion II is valid, but I is invalid.

Bearings Shafts Blocks Pistons

Lotteries Conclusion I: Valid

Whales Fish Insects

Conclusion IV: Not valid

13. (B) Analysis:

Analysis of Conclusions: Conclusions I,

Drops 20. (C)

Conclusion II is valid, but conclusion I is

Analysis: 24. (E)

27. (B) Doctors

Glasses Plastics Carbons Graphites

Analysis of Conclusions: As can be seen

28. (B) Analysis of Conclusions:

Analysis of Conclusions: thus making these options as incorrect.

clusion III is always valid.

Analysis of Conclusions: Conclusions I, II, Periodicals Periodicals

Analysis of Conclusions: follow, whereas I also follow. Option (C)

Analysis of Conclusions: Analysis of Conclusions:

24. Statements 27. Statements

Mothers Aunts Daughters

Nozzle Tap Pipe Gripper

Pipes Wires Flats

Teachers Doctors Interns

Tractors Crains Heavy

Systems Algorithims Softwares Puzzles

Printers Scanners Keyboards Cameras

As’ Bs’ Cs’ Ds’

Jigsaws Patterns Mosiacs Designs

Pens Nibs Inks Clips

Friends Relatives Colleagues

Coffee Toffee Stick jaws

II. All the Keyboard being Computers is a possibility.