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Lecture10

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Lecture10

Help yourself

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stanleymichael934
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Lecture 10: The Cauchy-Riemann equations

Hart Smith

Department of Mathematics
University of Washington, Seattle

Math 427, Autumn 2019


Cauchy-Riemann equations.
We will write w = x + iy , and express

f (x + iy ) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y )

where u(x, y ) and v (x, y ) are real-valued functions on R2 .

Consider z = w + h, where h is a real number. Then

f (z) − f (w) u(x + h, y ) − u(x, y ) v (x + h, y ) − v (x, y )


= +i
z −w h h

If f is differentiable at w, taking the limit as h → 0 gives

f 0 (x + iy ) = ∂x u(x, y ) + i ∂x v (x, y ) .
Consider z = w + ih, where h is a real number. Then

f (z) − f (w) u(x, y + h) − u(x, y ) v (x, y + h) − v (x, y )


= +i
z −w ih ih

If f 0 (x + iy ) exists, then taking the limit as h → 0 gives

f 0 (x + iy ) = −i∂y u(x, y ) + ∂y v (x, y ) .

Thus: ∂x u(x, y ) + i∂x v (x, y ) = −i∂y u(x, y ) + ∂y v (x, y ), so

Cauchy-Riemann equations: if f = u + iv is analytic, then

∂x u(x, y ) = ∂y v (x, y ) , ∂y u(x, y ) = −∂x v (x, y ) .


C-R equations imply analyticity
Theorem: suppose f (x + iy ) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y )
If u and v are differentiable on E, then f is analytic on E if
∂x u(x, y ) = ∂y v (x, y ) , ∂y u(x, y ) = −∂x v (x, y ) .

Example:
e x+iy = e x cos y + i sin y


u(x, y ) = e x cos y , v (x, y ) = e x sin y .

∂x u(x, y ) = e x cos y = ∂y v (x, y )

∂y u(x, y ) = −e x sin y = ∂x v (x, y )


The derivative of arg(z)
Lemma
For any branch of arg(x, y ) = arg(x + iy ), on C \ {cut-line}
−y x
∂x arg(x, y ) = , ∂y arg(x, y ) = .
x2
+ y2 x2 + y2

Proof. It suffices to prove it near each point for some branch,


since different branches differ by a constant 2πk .
• For x > 0 choose arg(x, y ) = arctan(y /x) .
• For x < 0 choose arg(x, y ) = arctan(y /x) + π .

• For y > 0 choose arg(x, y ) = arccot(x/y ) .


• For y < 0 choose arg(x, y ) = arccot(x/y ) + π .
Derivative of log z
Principal branch: log(z) = log |z| + i arg(−π,π] (z)

u(x, y ) = 1
2 log(x 2 + y 2 ) , v (x, y ) = arg(−π,π] (x, y ) .

C-R holds, partial derivatives are continuous on C \ (−∞, 0], so

x −y 1
(log z)0 = ∂x u + i∂x v = +i 2 =
x2 +y 2 x +y 2 x + iy

1
(log z)0 =
z

This rule holds for every branch of log z, off its cut-line.
1
Derivative of z 2
1 1
Principal branch: z 2 = e 2 log z (principal branch of log)

By chain rule:

1 0 1 1
z2 = e 2 log z · 1
2 (log z)0 = 1
2 z 2 z −1

1 1
Writing z −1 = e− log z , we see z 2 z −1 = e− 2 log z ,

1 0 1
z2 = 1
2 z− 2

1
where z − 2 is also the principal branch.

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