Number system

 In digital electronics, a Number system refers to a systematic way of representing

numbers using a specific set of symbols or digits.
 The Number system is used to represent information in quantitative form.
 Number systems are fundamental because digital systems and computers use these
representations to process and store data.

 Base or Radix: Determines the total number of digits used in the system.
 Different number systems use different bases (or radices). 1
 Number system
Importance of Number system in Digital Electronics
 Data Representation: Numbers represent data in digital systems, from simple values to
complex instructions.
 Arithmetic Operations: Digital circuits perform arithmetic operations on numbers,
requiring knowledge of number systems.
 Data Conversion: Converting between different number systems is essential for efficient
data handling.
 Memory Addressing: Memory locations are often represented using binary or
hexadecimal numbers.
 Programming and Software Development: Programmers and developers use number
systems like hexadecimal for memory addressing, color codes, and other low-level tasks.

In essence, Number systems provide the foundation for digital electronics, enabling the
representation, manipulation, and storage of information within digital circuits. 2
 Number system
1. Binary Number System (Base or Radix =2): Digits Used: 0, 1
• Example: 1011₂
• Usage: The primary number system used in digital electronics because digital circuits operate with two
states (high and low, or 1 and 0). Binary is the foundation for data representation in computers and
digital systems.
2. Decimal Number System (Base or Radix =10): Digits Used: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
• Example: 123₁₀
• Usage: The most familiar number system to humans, used in everyday life and common numerical
representations.
3. Octal Number System (Base or Radix =8): Digits Used: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
• Example: 57₈
• Usage: Sometimes used in digital systems as a more compact representation of binary numbers,
especially in older computer systems.
4. Hexadecimal Number System (Base or Radix =16): Digits Used: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E,
F (where A=10, B=11, ..., F=15)
• Example: 2A3₁₆
• Usage: Widely used in digital electronics and computing as a compact and human-readable
representation of binary numbers. It simplifies reading and writing long binary numbers and is 3often
used in programming, debugging, and representing memory addresses.
Number system

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 Number system Conversion
1. Binary to Decimal Conversion
Q1. Convert the binary number (1101)2 into a decimal number.
Solution: Given binary number = (1101)2
Now, multiplying each digit from LSB to MSB with increasing the power of the base
number 2.
(1 × 20 ) + (0 × 21 ) + (1 × 22 ) + ( 1 × 23 ) = 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13
Thus, the equivalent decimal number for the given binary number (1101)2 is (13)10.

Q2. Convert (1001.0101)₂ =(?)10

Solution: (1 × 2⁰ )+ (0 × 2¹ )+ (0 × 2²) +(1 × 2³ )+ (0 × 2⁻¹) + (1 × 2⁻² ) + (0 × 2⁻³ )+ (1 × 2⁻⁴)
= 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0.25 + 0 + 0.0625 = 9.3125.
Therefore, (1001.0101)₂ = 9.3125 in decimal.
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 Number system Conversion
2. Decimal to Binary Conversion
Q1. Convert decimal 13 to binary?
Solution:

Q2.convert the decimal number 0.65625 to binary?

Solution: Multiply the fractional part by 2. Write down the integer part and continue with the fractional part.
​.
• The process stops when the fractional part becomes 0.
• The binary equivalent is obtained by combining the integer
parts from each step:

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 Number system Conversion
3. Binary to Octal Conversion
Q1. Convert binary number 1010111100 into Q2. Convert binary number 0110 011.1011 into octal number?
octal number? Solution:
Solution:

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 Number system Conversion

4. Octal to Binary Conversion

Q1. Convert 128 into a binary number?
Solution: Given, 128 is the octal number.
128 = (001 010)2
Since zeros on the left, most of digit 1 does not have any significance. Thus,
128 = (1010)2.

Q2. Colvert (123)8=(?)2.

Solution: Binary representation of each digit of 123 is:
1 – 001, 2 – 010, 3 – 011
Therefore, (123)8=(1010011)2

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9. Hexadecimal to Binary and Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion

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 Number system Conversion
10. Octal to Hexadecimal Conversion
Q. Convert the octal number 1076 to the hexadecimal number system?
Solution:

11. Hexadecimal to Octal Conversion

Q. Convert the hexadecimal number (1F0C) to the Octal number system?
Solution:

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 Number system
n-bit binary system range formula

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 Number system
Rules of binary addition of two single bit binary number
Binary Addition Output
Number Value Rule
Sum =0,
0+0 0 There is no carry since the result is less than 2.
Carry = 0
Sum =1, There is no carry because the total is still less than
0 +1 1
Carry = 0 2.
Sum =1,
1 +0 1 There is no carry since the total is less than 2.
Carry = 0
When adding 1 and 1, the sum is 2. In binary, 2 is
1+1 0 Sum = 0, represented as 10. Therefore, the sum is 0, and a
Carry = 1 carry of 1 is produced to the next higher bit.

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 Number system
Rules of binary subtraction of two single bit binary number

Binary Number Subtraction Value Rule

When we subtract 0 from 0, we
0–0 0
get 0
When we subtract 1 from 0, we
0–1 1 get difference of 1 with a
borrow of 1
When we subtract 0 from 1, we
1–0 1
get 1
When we subtract 1 from 1, we
1–1 0
get 0

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 Number system
Representation of Negative Binary Numbers
• So far we were talking about positive numbers, what about negative numbers.
• To represent negative numbers. There are three ways to represent negative numbers in computer
systems.
• They are: 1.Sign-Magnitude method,
Sign bit (or)
2. 1’s Complement method, Sign flag

3. 2’s complement method.

• These numbers can be distinguishable with the help of an extra bit called sign bit or sign flag in the
Binary number representation system for signed numbers.
• This extra bit is called sign bit or sign flag which has a value of sign bit is 0 for positive numbers and 1
for negative binary numbers.
• The representation of magnitude of positive numbers is easy and does not need any changes. The
representation of magnitude of negative numbers is changed accordingly to represent it. 17
 Number system
1. Signed Magnitude Method

• We only add an extra sign bit to

recognize negative and positive
numbers.
• Sign bit has 1 for negative number
and 0 for positive number.

• The 0 has two different

representation one is -0 (e.g., 1
00000 in six bit register) and
second is +0 (e.g., 0 00000 in six
bit register).
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 Number system
1’s Complement Method
• Note that MSB is always Sign bit, if it 0,
then there are no changes.
• MSB is always 1 in case of negative
numbers. We only take 1’s complement of
negative numbers to represent in the
computer.

• The 0 has two different representations

one is -0 (e.g., 1 1111 in five bit register)
and second is +0 (e.g., 0 0000 in five bit
register).

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 Number system
2’s Complement Method :

• Please note that MSB is always Sign bit, if it 0,

then there are no changes.
• MSB is always 1 in case of negative numbers.
• We only take 2’s complement of negative numbers
to represent in the computer.

• Since, there is only one representation of +0 and -0,

so this 2’s complement representation is better than
sign representation and 1’s complement
representation.

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 Number system
What is the range of n-bits in each system

Formula for Calculating the Range for n-bits

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