solar system
solar system
solar system
Description:
Our Sun is a medium-sized star with a radius of about 435,000 miles (700,000
kilometers).The Sun is located in the Milky Way galaxy in a spiral arm called the
Orion Spur that extends outward from the Sagittarius arm.The Sun orbits the center of
the Milky Way, bringing with it the planets, asteroids, comets, and other objects in
our solar system. Our solar system is moving with an average velocity of 450,000
miles per hour (720,000 kilometers per hour). But even at this speed, it takes about
230 million years for the Sun to make one complete trip around the Milky Way.
Star type: G2 V, yellow dwarf main-sequence star
Surface temperature: (Photo sphere) 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit (5,500 degrees
Celsius)
Moons:
As a star, the Sun doesn’t have any moons, but the planets and their moons orbit the
Sun.
Formation:
The Sun formed about 4.6 billion years ago in a giant, spinning cloud of gas and dust
called the solar nebula. As the nebula collapsed under its own gravity, it spun faster
and flattened into a disk. Most of the nebula's material was pulled toward the center to
form our Sun, which accounts for 99.8% of our solar system’s mass. Much of the
remaining material formed the planets and other objects that now orbit the Sun
Planetary System
Mercury:
Mercury is the smallest planet in our solar system.Mercury is a terrestrial planet. It is
small and rocky.Mercury has a thin exosphere.Mercury’s surface can be as hot as 800
degrees F during the daytime and as cold as -300 degrees F during the nighttime. (But
Mercury is not the hottest planet in the solar system. The hottest planet is Venus.)
Mercury’s poles have water-ice.Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun.
Moons:
Mercury does not have any moon.
Venus:
Even though Venus isn't the closest planet to the Sun, it is still the hottest. It has a
thick atmosphere full of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide and clouds made of
sulfuric acid. The gas traps heat and keeps Venus toasty warm. In fact, it's so hot on
Venus, metals like lead would be puddles of melted liquid.
Venus looks like a very active planet. It has mountains and volcanoes. Venus is
similar in size to Earth. Earth is just a little bit bigger.
Venus is unusual because it spins the opposite direction of Earth and most other
planets. And its rotation is very slow. It takes about 243 Earth days to spin around just
once. Because it's so close to the Sun, a year goes by fast. It takes 225 Earth days for
Venus to go all the way around the Sun. That means that a day on Venus is a little
longer than a year on Venus.
Since the day and year lengths are similar, one day on Venus is not like a day on
Earth. Here, the Sun rises and sets once each day. But on Venus, the Sun rises every
117 Earth days. That means the Sun rises two times during each year on Venus, even
though it is still the same day on Venus! And because Venus rotates backwards, the
Sun rises in the west and sets in the east.
Moons:
Just like mercury ,Venus also does not have any moon.
Earth:
Earth, third planet from the Sun and the fifth largest planet in the solar system in
terms of size and mass. With a radius of 3,959 miles, Earth is the fifth largest planet
in our solar system, and it's the only one known for sure to have liquid water on its
surface.Earth rotates on its axis every 23.9 hours, defining day and night for surface
dwellers. This axis of rotation is tilted 23.4 degrees away from the plane of Earth's
orbit around the sun, giving us seasons.Earth orbits the sun once every 365.25 days.
Since our calendar years have only 365 days, we add an extra leap day every four
years to account for the difference.Earth's atmosphere is 78 percent nitrogen, 21
percent oxygen, and one percent other gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor,
and argon. Water covers 70% of Earth's surface.On average, Earth's surface
temperature is about 57 degrees Fahrenheit.
Moon:
There is only one moon of the Earth.The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It
orbits at an average distance of 384,400 km (238,900 mi), about 30 times Earth's
diameter. Isotope dating of lunar samples suggests the Moon formed around
50 million years after the origin of the Solar System.The Moon always presents
the same side to Earth, because gravitational pull has locked its rotation to the planet.
This results in the lunar day of 29.5 Earth days matching the lunar month. The Moon's
gravitational pull – and to a lesser extent the Sun's – are the main drivers of the tides.
Mars:
Mars is a cold desert world. The average temperature on Mars is minus 85 degrees
Fahrenheit – way below freezing. It is half the size of Earth. Mars is sometimes called
the Red Planet. It's red because of rusty iron in the ground.
Like Earth, Mars has seasons, polar ice caps, volcanoes, canyons, and weather. It has
a very thin atmosphere made mostly of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and argon.There are
signs of ancient floods on Mars, but now water mostly exists in icy dirt and thin
clouds. On some Martian hillsides, there is evidence of liquid salty water in the
ground.Mars has a thin atmosphere.Mars has an active atmosphere, but the surface of
the planet is not active. Its volcanoes are dead.One day on Mars lasts 24.6 hours. It is
just a little longer than a day on Earth.One year on Mars is 687 Earth days. It is almost
twice as long as one year on Earth.
Moons:
Mars have two moons Phobos and Deimos:
Phobos: It’s the mars largest moon.Phobos is the larger of Mars' two moons. It
orbits Mars three times a day, and is so close to the planet's surface that in some
locations on Mars it cannot always be seen.Phobos is the larger of Mars' two moons
and is 17 x 14 x 11 miles (27 by 22 by 18 kilometers) in diameter. It orbits Mars three
times a day, and is so close to the planet's surface that in some locations on Mars it
cannot always be seen.
Phobos was nearly shattered by a giant impact, and has gouges from thousands of
meteorite impacts.Phobos is on a collision course with Mars. It's nearing Mars at a
rate of six feet (1.8 meters) every hundred years. At that rate, the moon will either
crash into Mars in 50 million years or break up into a ring.
Deimos: Its in irregular shape.Deimos is the smaller of Mars' two moons. It's 9 by 7
by 6.8 miles in size (15 by 12 by 11 kilometers). Deimos orbits Mars every 30
hours.Like Phobos, Deimos is a small and lumpy, heavily cratered object. Its craters
are generally smaller than 1.6 miles (2.5 kilometers) in diameter, however, and it
lacks the grooves and ridges seen on Phobos. When impacted, dust and debris will
leave the surface of the moon because it doesn't have enough gravitational pull to
retain the ejecta. However, the gravity from Mars will keep a ring of this debris
around the planet in approximately the same region that the moon orbits. As the moon
revolves, the debris is redeposited as a dusty layer on its surface.
Deimos has a thick regolith (it is a blanket of unconsolidated, loose, heterogeneous
superficial deposits covering solid rock), perhaps as deep as 328 feet (100 meters),
formed as meteorites pulverized the surface.
Deimos is a dark body that appears to be composed of C-type surface materials,
similar to that of asteroids found in the outer asteroid belt.
Jupiter:
Jupiter is the biggest planet in our solar system. It's similar to a star, but it never got
massive enough to start burning. It is covered in swirling cloud stripes. It has big
storms like the Great Red Spot, which has been going for hundreds of years. Jupiter
is a gas giant and doesn't have a solid surface. It is still unclear if deeper down,
Jupiter has a central core of solid material or if it may be a thick, super-hot and dense
soup. Jupiter also has rings, but they're too faint to see very well.One day on Jupiter
goes by in just 10 hours.One year on Jupiter is the same as 11.8 Earth years.
Moons:
Jupiter, for instance, has 95 known moons!
The most well-known of Jupiter's moons are Io (pronounced eye-oh), Europa, and
Callisto. Jupiter also has the biggest moon in our solar system, Ganymede.
These moons are so big you can see them with just a pair of binoculars.
Ganymede: Jupiter’s icy moon Ganymede is the largest moon in our solar system,
even bigger than the planet Mercury, and the dwarf planet Pluto. There’s strong
evidence that Ganymede has an underground saltwater ocean that may hold more
water than all the water on Earth's surface. It might even have ice and oceans stacked
up in several layers .Ganymede is the only moon known to have its own magnetic
field – something typically found on planets like Earth. The magnetic field causes
auroras, or bright ribbons of glowing gas, that circle the moon’s poles.
Europa:Europa is one of the largest of Jupiter’s more than 90 moons. It's the sixth-
closest moon to the planet.Europa is primarily made of silicate rock and has a water-
ice crust and probably an iron-nickel core. It has a very thin atmosphere, composed
primarily of oxygen. Cracks and streaks striate its surface, but craters are relatively
few. Scientists are almost certain that hidden beneath the icy surface of Europa is a
saltwater ocean with about twice as much water as Earth’s global ocean.
Callisto: Callisto is Jupiter’s second largest moon and the third largest moon in our
solar system. Its surface is the most heavily cratered of any object in our solar system.
Images of Callisto captured by passing spacecraft show bright white spots standing
out against darker regions. Scientists think the bright areas are mostly ice and the
darker patches are areas where the ice has eroded.Callisto may have a salty ocean
beneath its icy surface. More recent research reveals that this ocean may be located
deeper beneath the surface than previously thought, or may not exist at all. If an ocean
is present, it’s possible the ocean is interacting with rock on Callisto, creating a
potential habitat for life.
Lo: Jupiter's moon Io is the most volcanically active world in the solar system, with
hundreds of volcanoes, some erupting lava fountains dozens of miles (or kilometers)
high. Io is caught in a tug-of-war between Jupiter's massive gravity and the smaller
but precisely timed pulls from two neighboring moons that orbit farther from
Jupiter—Europa and Ganymede.Io’s volcanoes are at times so powerful that they are
seen with large telescopes on Earth, and Io even has lakes of molten silicate lava on
its surface. Only slightly larger than Earth’s Moon, Io is about one-quarter the
diameter of Earth itself.
Saturn:
Saturn is a gas giant like Jupiter. It is made mostly of hydrogen and helium.Saturn has
a thick atmosphere.Saturn has a lovely set of seven main rings with spaces between
them.One day on Saturn goes by in just 10.7 hours.One year on Saturn is the same as
29 Earth years.Saturn isn’t the only planet to have rings, but it definitely has the most
beautiful ones. The rings we see are made of groups of tiny ringlets that surround
Saturn. They’re made of chunks of ice and rock.
Moons: Saturn has 146 moons. And that’s not counting Saturn’s beautiful rings!
Saturn’s moons have great names like Mimas, Enceladus, and Tethys. One of these
moons, named Titan, even has its own atmosphere, which is very unusual for a moon.
Mimas: Mimas is the smallest and innermost of Saturn's major moons. It is not quite
big enough to hold a round shape, so it is somewhat ovoid with dimensions of 129 x
122 x 119 miles (207 x 197 x 191 kilometers, respectively). Its low density suggests
that it consists almost entirely of water ice, which is the only substance ever detected
on Mimas.At a mean distance just over 115,000 miles (186,000 kilometers) from the
massive planet, Mimas takes only 22 hours and 36 minutes to complete an orbit.
Mimas is tidally locked: it keeps the same face toward Saturn as it flies around the
planet, just as our Moon does with Earth.
Enceladus: Enceladus also has the whitest, most reflective surface in the solar
system. The moon creates a ring of its own as it orbits Saturn—its spray of icy
particles spreads out into the space around its orbit, circling the planet to form
Saturn’s E ring. Enceladus reflects so much sunlight, the surface temperature is
extremely cold, about minus 330 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 201 degrees
Celsius). Enceladus orbits Saturn at a distance of 148,000 miles (238,000 kilometers)
between the orbits of two other moons, Mimas and Tethys. Enceladus is tidally locked
with Saturn, keeping the same face toward the planet. It completes one orbit every
32.9 hours within the densest part of Saturn's E Ring.
Uranus: Uranus is made of water, methane, and ammonia fluids above a small
rocky center. Its atmosphere is made of hydrogen and helium like Jupiter and Saturn,
but it also has methane. The methane makes Uranus blue. Uranus also has faint rings.
The inner rings are narrow and dark. The outer rings are brightly colored and easier to
see. Like Venus, Uranus rotates in the opposite direction as most other planets. And
unlike any other planet, Uranus rotates on its side. Uranus is surrounded by a set of 13
rings. One day on Uranus lasts a little over 17 hours (17 hours and 14 minutes, to be
exact).One year on Uranus is the same as 84 years on Earth.
Moons:
Uranus has 27 known moons, including five major moons: Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel,
Titania, and Oberon.
Miranda: Miranda sports one of the strangest and most varied landscapes among
extraterrestrial bodies, including three large features known as "coronae," which are
unique among known objects in our solar system. They are lightly cratered collections
of ridges and valleys, separated from the more heavily cratered (and presumably older)
terrain by sharp boundaries like mismatched patches on a moth-eaten coat. Miranda's
giant fault canyons are as much as 12 times as deep as the Grand Canyon. Due to
Miranda's low gravity and large cliffs, a rock dropped off the edge of the highest cliff
would take a full 10 minutes to reach the foot of the cliff.
Ariel: All of Uranus' larger moons, including Ariel, are thought to consist mostly of
roughly equal amounts of water ice and silicate rock. Carbon dioxide has also been
detected on Ariel. Ariel's surface appears to be the youngest of all the moons of
Uranus. It has few large craters and many small ones, indicating that fairly recent low-
impact collisions wiped out the large craters that would have been left by much earlier,
bigger strikes. Ariel is also thought to have had the most recent geologic activity of
Uranus' larger moons. It is transected by grab ens, which are fault-bounded valleys.
Titania: Titania is Uranus' largest moon. Images taken by Voyager 2 almost 200
years after Titania's discovery revealed signs that the moon was geologically active.
A prominent system of fault valleys, some nearly 1,000 miles (1,609 kilometers) long,
is visible near the terminator (shadow line). The troughs break the crust in two
directions, an indication of some tectonic extension of Titania's crust. Deposits of
highly reflective material, which may represent frost, can be seen along the Sun-
facing valley walls.The moon is about 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers) in diameter.
The neutral gray color of Titania is typical of most of the significant Uranian moons.
Neptune: Neptune is dark, cold, and very windy. It's the last of the planets in
our solar system. It's more than 30 times as far from the sun as Earth is. Neptune is
very similar to Uranus. It's made of a thick fog of water, ammonia, and methane over
an Earth-sized solid center. Its atmosphere is made of hydrogen, helium, and
methane. The methane gives Neptune the same blue color as Uranus. Neptune has
six rings, but they're very hard to see. One day on Neptune goes by in 16 hours.
Neptune has such a long journey around the Sun it takes 165 Earth years to go
around once. That’s a long year!
Hallimede: Halimede is one of three tiny moons ranging in size from 18 to 24 miles
(30 to 40 kilometers) discovered. The other moons discovered were Laomedeia and
Sao. The moons are so distant and so small they are about 100 million times fainter
than can be seen with the unaided eye.The moons were missed by the Voyager 2
spacecraft in 1989 because they are so faint and distant from Neptune.Halimede is
considered an irregular satellite because of its distant, eccentric orbit around Neptune.
Like most irregular satellites of the giant planets in our outer solar system, Halimede
most likely formed after a collision between a larger moon and a comet or an
asteroid.
Pluto: Pluto is a complex and mysterious world with mountains, valleys, plains,
craters, and apparently even glaciers. Discovered in 1930, Pluto was long considered
our solar system's ninth planet. But after the discovery that many similar, intriguing
worlds inhabit the distant region beyond Neptune known as the Kuiper Belt, icy Pluto
was reclassified as a dwarf planet.
Charon: Charon is the largest of Pluto's five moons. At half the size of Pluto,
Charon is the largest known satellite relative to its parent body. The same surfaces of
Charon and Pluto always face each other, a phenomenon called mutual tidal locking.
Charon orbits Pluto every 6.4 Earth days.
Nix: Nix is the inner of the two moons discovered orbiting Pluto in 2005. Nix and
Hydra are roughly 5,000 times fainter than Pluto and are about two to three times
farther from Pluto than its large moon, Charon, which was discovered in 1978. Nix
and Hydra are roughly 20 to 70 miles (32 to 113 km) wide.
Hydra: Hydra is the outer of the two moons discovered orbiting Pluto in 2005. Nix
and Hydra are roughly 5,000 times fainter than Pluto and are about two to three times
farther from Pluto than its large moon, Charon, which was discovered in 1978. Nix
and Hydra are roughly 20 to 70 miles (32 to 113 km) wide.
They are so faint so small and so faint that scientists combined a short exposure of
Pluto and Charon and a long exposure of Nix and Hydra to create images of them
together.
Asteroids
Asteroids, comets, and meteors are chunks of rock, ice, and metal left over from the
formation of our solar system 4.6 billion years ago. They are a lot like a fossil record
of our early solar system.
There are currently about 1.3 million known asteroids, and more than 3,800 known
comets.
Kuiper Belt:
The Kuiper Belt is a doughnut-shaped region of icy bodies extending far beyond the
orbit of Neptune. It is home to Pluto and Arrokoth. Both worlds were visited by
NASA's New Horizons spacecraft. There may be millions of other icy worlds in the
Kuiper Belt that were left over from the formation of our solar system. Scientists call
these worlds Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs), or trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). Trans-
Neptunian objects are objects in our solar system that have an orbit beyond Neptune.
Meteor Shower:
Scientists estimate that about 48.5 tons (44 tonnes or 44,000 kilograms) of meteoritic
material falls on Earth each day. Almost all the material is vaporized in Earth's
atmosphere, leaving a bright trail fondly called "shooting stars." Several meteors per
hour can usually be seen on any given night. Sometimes the number increases
dramatically—these events are termed meteor showers.Meteor showers occur
annually or at regular intervals as the Earth passes through the trail of dusty debris left
by a comet. Meteor showers are usually named after a star or constellation that is
close to where the meteors appear in the sky. Perhaps the most famous are the
Perseids, which peak in August every year. Every Perseid meteor is a tiny piece of the
comet Swift-Tuttle, which swings by the Sun every 135 years.
Stellar System
(LHS 1140)
Description:
LHS 1140 is a red dwarf in the constellation of Cetus. Based on stellar
parallax measurement, it is 48.8 light-years (15.0 parsecs) away from the Sun. 'LHS'
refers to the Luyten Half-Second Catalogue of stars with proper
motions exceeding half a second of arc annually.The star is over 5 billion years old
and has only about 18% the mass of the Sun and 21% of its radius. LHS 1140's
rotational period is 130 days. No flares have been observed.The Star LHS 1140 's
habitable zone is located at the following distance.Inner Boundary (the orbital
distance at Venus's Equivalent Radiation ) : 0.040 AU ( 5909315.7 km).Earth
Boundary (the orbital distance at Earth's Equivalent Radiation) : 0.055 AU
( 8168218.6 km).Outer Boundary (the orbital distance at Mars's Equivalent
Radiation) : 0.083 AU ( 12446557.5 km). Snow Line (the orbital distance at Snow
Line Equivalent Radiation) : 0.122 AU ( 18315654.6 km). Radiation at Planetary
Boundary of LHS 1140 c : 5697.91 W/m2
Properties:
Surface temperature: 3131K
Distance to Earth: 40.67 Light years
Magnitude:14.18
Constellation: Cetus.
Luminosity:0.0038+-0.0003L
Radius: 0.2159+-0.0030R
Rotation: 131+-5d
Planetary system
LHS 1140 b:
LHS 1140 b is a super Earth exoplanet that orbits an M-type star. Its mass is 6.38
Earths, it takes 24.7 days to complete one orbit of its star, and is 0.0957 AU from its
star. Its discovery was announced in 2017.
PLANET TYPE
Super Earth
MASS
6.38 Earths
PLANET RADIUS
1.635 x Earth
ORBITAL PERIOD
24.7 days
ORBITAL RADIUS
0.0957 AU
ECCENTRICITY
< 0.096
LHS 1140 c:
LHS 1140 c is a super Earth exoplanet that orbits an M-type star. Its mass is 1.76
Earths, it takes 3.8 days to complete one orbit of its star, and is 0.02734 AU from its
star. Its discovery was announced in 2018.
PLANET TYPE
Super Earth
MASS
1.76 Earths
PLANET RADIUS
1.169 x Earth
ORBITAL RADIUS
0.02734 AU
ORBITAL PERIOD
3.8 days
ECCENTRICITY
< 0.274
Comparison
Moons:As compared to solar system this stellar system have no moons for planets but
in future it will be discovered.
Habitable : The planets of this stellar system has some habitable properties which are
suitable for us .
Size: This stellar system has not much size or planets as compared to the solar system.
Sizes of planets: The size of two planets is bigger than Earth but is not bigger than
Jupiter and Saturn.
Asteroids: this stellar system has no belt or chain of asteroids yet.
Comets: Comets are found in this stellar system.
Luminosity: The radius and luminosity is not much greater than the sun.
Conclusion
I will give 6 out of 10 for this stellar system as most of the things of this stellar
system is very much likely to our stellar system.
References:
http://www.exoplanetkyoto.org/exohtml/LHS_1140_c.html
https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/7352/lhs-1140-c/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LHS_1140
https://science.nasa.gov/planets