Chapter 4 Introduction to

Microcontroller

Probable marks: 11

Scope of the syllabus

Introduction to microcontroller
architecture and programming model.
Study of 8051
Overview of other microcontrollers
in 8051 family.
Applications of microcontrollers

What is microcontroller ? Explain in short. (Oct. 2004,2010, June 2016, March 2018
Q.1
OR

Write a note on complete microprocessor system.

Ans.
microprocessor, of
1) A microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system, consisting
limited amount of ROM or EPROM, RAM and I/0 ports, built on a single integrated
circuit.

microcomputer, but it is called so because it is used to

2) Microcontroller is infact a

pertorm control functions.

The designer of a microcontroller identify all the needs to build a simple microprocessor
3)
IC.
system and puts as many as possible in single
a

4) For example a microcontroller must include nearly full implementation ot a

full or

standard microprocessor, ROM or EPROM, RAM, parallel 1/0 ports, timer, a clock,
serial ports.
A microcontroller is more complex than a microprocessor because it consists of many
5)
1/0 components.
6) eg.Intel's 8048, 8051
Q.2 Define microcontroller. State any four advantages of the same over microproceso
based system. Mar. 02, 05, Oct. 05, 10, 19;July 1

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 Introduction to Microcontroller
II
PSComputer Science 4-2
-

ns.

A microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system, consisting of microprocesso

limited amount of ROM, RAM and parallel I/0 ports, built on a single integrated
circuit.

Advantages of microcontroller over microprocessor-based system:

) The cost of microcontroller is less than a microprocessor-based system.

(i) A microcontroller has more I/O components than a microprocessor-based system.

(ii) Microcontrollers can be used in wide variety of intelligent products such as in

be used in
personal computers key-boards. Microprocessor-based systems cannot
such intelligent products.
microwave ovens,
(iv) Many low cost products such as electronic toys, electric drills,
VCRs are based on microcontrollers. This is not the case with microprocessor based

system.

.3 What are the main features of 8051?

Give any eight features of 8051.
OR
(Mar03, 04, 09,11,18, 19,20, Oct.03,04, 05, 06, 07 08,09)
Ans.: The main features of 8051 are as listed below:
The 8051 microcontroller has an 8-bit ALU.
)
i) The 8051 has 4K byte (4K x 8 bit) ROM or EPROM

ii) The 8051 has 128 byte (128 x 8 bit) RAM.

iv) It has dual 16-bit timer event counter.

v) It has 32 1/O lines for four 8-bit I/0 ports.

vi) It canaddress 64 kB of programrmemory.

vii) It can address 64 kB of data memory.

vii) It has powerful instruction set, consisting of 111 instructions.

ix) It has two external interrupts.

The 8051 has clock upto 12-MHz frequency.

xi) Full-featured serial port.

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 TPS Computer Science - II Introduction to Microcontre
4-3

Q.4 Draw an architectural block diagram of 8051 and explainit Oct -20

ELE

PEH

uonijsu

Ans.
As shown in the internal block diagram of 8051, there are 32 pins for four 6
1)
bidirectional ports.
In addition to these 32 pins, 8 pins are provided to connect clock crystal, timing a
2)
control signals and power supply.

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TPS Computer Science - II
4-4 Introduction to Microcontroller
3) The standard functions
which make up microcontroller is in the
This includes ALU, centre of the diagram.
accumulator, stack pointer, a block of registers and general purpose
register (B-register).
4) All these blocks are connected to 8051 internal 8-bit data bus
registers. through the series of
5) These registers hold data
during 1/O transfer and control the I/0 ports.
6) The architecture
diagram also includes RAM and ROM. The 8051 has internal 4 kB
ROM/EPROM and 128 bytes RAM.
Q.5 Explain 8051 memory mapping for 8051 microcontroller with
diagram. the help of neat
OR
Oct. 02,07, March 06, 09 08,19, 20; June 16, July 17,19)
Explain in detail how 8051 microcontrol addresses two separat
memory spaces.
(Mar. 05,11, Oct. 03)
Ans.
1) The 8051 addresses has two
separate memory spaces:
i) Program memory space
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ii) Data memory space.
2) The memory map for 8051 is shown in the
following figure.
FFFF
|FFFF| Upto FFFF
60 k bytes
Upto of external
64 k bytes ROM or
of EPROM
external 1000 and 00F8
Upto
ROM OFFF 64 k bytes
or 4kbytes
o finternal0080
Special-function| of external
RAM registers RAM
ROM or 007F 128 byles
EPROM RAM
O000 0000 0000 0000
Program Memory Data memory
(ROM) (RAM)
3) The program memory space is Read-only memory (ROM) space.
4) This memory space is used for storing
programs and variable data.
5) It is possible
read program instructions from this
to
space, but the processor cannot
write data into this memory.
6) All instruction
fetches are taken from program memory
space.
7) The data memory space is a read/write
memory space.
8) The processor can read data from this memory
space and can write data to this memory
space.
9) It cannot execute instructions from this
memory space. The 8051 internal RAM is in this
memory space.
10) The 128 bytes of internal RAM provide
general read/write data
this is often referred to as registers.
storage. Some part of
TPS Computer Science - II 4-5 Introduction to Microcontroller

The 8051 has 22 special function registers which are not part of 128 bytes ot RAM. They
11)
to F8H. These registers are used for their intended
Occupy memory space from 80H
purpose.
memory can be expanded by an
additional 60k bytes, making it
12) The 4k byte program
b4k bytes program memory. The data memory can also be expanded to b4k bytes

this case, 8051 only has 64k

13) h e 8051 can also be operated with common memory. In
8051 can input block of data
Dytes of total external In this configuration,
memorv.
execute that
communications port load that data
in memory and then
through its serial
It is a very c o m m o n technique
data as a program. This is called downloaded program.
based controller.
the program operating in a remote microprocessor
-

used to change
Q.6 Give the main features of 8048 microcontroller.

Ans.: The main features as listed below:

of 8048 are
to 4 MHz.
() 8048 has clock having frequency 2 MHz
(i) It has 27 1/O lines.
EPROM.
(ii) It has 1 K byte ROM or

(IV) It has 64 bytes RAM

It has 8-bit timer event counter.
(v one

(vi) Address capacity of 8048 is 4 KB.

8051 family. OR
0.7 Explain in detail other microcontrollers in

List all microcontrollers of 8051 family and state one feature of each.
Mar.2010,2011, Oct.02, Oct.04;March 18
Ans.: 8051 is a second generation microcontroller.
8048, 8049, 8050
The 8048, 8049 and 8050 all have identical
intel's first microcontroller was 8048.
)
architectures with the exception of memory size.
in each case, the memory doubles. 8048 supports 1K byte of internal memory. 804
2
of internal memory and 8050 supports 4K bytes of internal
supports 2k bytes
memory
8048 has 64 bytes internal RAM, including 32 bytes of register/memory location
The 8049 and 8050 have a total of 128 and 256 bytes of RAM respectively.
4) These microcontrollers are low cost products and hence are very popular.

8052
1) 8052 is a simple expansion of 8051

2) 8052 has 8K bytes of onboard ROM and 256 bytes of onboard RAM
3) 8052 allows programmers to write larger programs and that can use more data

4) The cost of 8052 1s nore than that of 8051

5) The 8052 also has one extra l6-b1t counter-timer. This counter-timer gives moe

flexibility.

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 Introduction to Microcontroller
Science II 4-6
TPSComputer
8031 and 8032:
D
1) The alternative versions of 8051 and 8052 are 8031 and 8032.
These devices do not have any external ROM ror
2) on board ROM. It may use
program memory.
3) These are excellent devices for prototyping and low-volume products.
8052 AH-BASIC
Another torm of 8052 is 8052 AH-BASIC. This special 8052 has BASI
1)
programming language in ROM.
rather
2) Using BASIC iMstructions, a programmer can write instructions for this 8052
than assembly language.
0.8 Compare between mictocontrollers 8051 and 8052. Oct. 2006,2009, March 2011
Ans.: ROM
4k whereas 8052 has 8k bytes of onboard
1) Microcontroller 8051 hás bytes of ROM,
or EPROM.
whereas 8052 has 256 bytes of onboard
2) Microcontroller 805Thas 128 bytes of RAM,

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RAM extra 1 6
dual 16-bit timer event counter whereas 8052 has
an
Microcontroller 8051 has a
3)
bit timer event counter.
8052.
4) The cost of microcontroller 8051 is less than that of microcontroller
allow to write
Both 8051 and 8052 are used in high volume applícations and both
us
large program. But in 8052 we can write larger programsthan that in 8051.
What is a Microcontroller ? State three expanded features of 8052 over 805
Q.9
microcontroller. Mar. 04, 06; July 19
Ans.:
(1) Microcontroller : A microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system, consisting of
microprocessor, limited amount of ROM, RAM and parallel I/0 ports, built on a single
integrated circuit.
but it is called so because it is used to
(2) Microcontroller is infact a microcomputer,
perform control functions.
(3) features of 8052 over 8051 microcontroller are as follows:
Expanded
Microcontroller 8052 has 8 Kbytes of onboard ROM or
(a) ROM:
EPROM whereas 8051 has 4 Kbytes of ROM.
Microcontroller 8052 has 256 bytes of onboard RAM
(b) RAM
whereas 8051 has 128 bytes of RAM.
Time-event counter: 8052 has an extra 16-bit time event counter whereas 8051 has
(c)
a dual 16-bit timer event counter.
Q.10 Give the applications of microcontroller. OR
Explain the various applications of microcontroller.
(Mar.02, 10 Oct.08,09;June 16; July 2017
Ans.
1) Microcontroller is a single chip microcomputer.
2) They are used as independent controllers in machines or as slaves in distributed
processing
3) They are used as machine tools, chemical processors, medical instrumentation and
sophisticated guidence contro
 TPS Computer Science - 11 4-7 Introduction to Microcontrole
4) Some applications require simple timing and bit set/reset functions; other reati-
ons; other
speed data processing capability. require hi
5) Many low cost products such as electronic toys, microwave ovens, VCRs are
are ha
based O
microcontrollers.
6) A home security system, a tape deck and intelligent multimeter can also be buia
using microcontroller.
7) The personal computer keyboards are implemented with a microcontroller. lt ron
scanning, debounce, matrix decoding and serial transmission circuits.
replacs
Q.11 Differentiate between Micro-controller and a Micro-processor.
(March 2016
Ans.
Micro-controller Micro-processor
1. Micro-controller is a chip which 1. A Microprocessor is a general purpose
device which is called a CPU
iscalled single chip computer
. Microcontroller included RAM, | 2. Microprocessor do not contain on chip
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I/O Port, ROM, Timer in a | I/O ports, Timer, Memories etc.

singlechip
3. Microcontroller based system | 3. Microprocessor based system designer is
design is simple and cost complex and expensive
effective
4. Microcontroller have no 4. Microprocessor have advantage of
advantage of designing RAM, versatility such that designer can decide
ROM and 1/0 port the amount of RAM, ROM andI/0 port
as needed.
Q.12 Select the correct altermative and rewrite the following.
1. is a microcontroller chip.
1) 8085 ii) 80286 (ii) 8051 (iv) Pentium
Ans. (ii)8051
2. 8051 has-RAM.
() 128 bytes i) 64K bytes (ii) 1K bytes (iv) None of these
Ans. (i) 128 bytes
3. The 8051 microcontroller has instruction set of -
instructions. (Mar.02,0
G) 99 (ii) 111 (ii) 120 (iv) 110
Ans. (ii) 111
4. 8051 has clock upto-frequency. (Oct. 05
(i) 12 MHz (i) 4 MHz (ii) 9 MHz (iv) 6 MHz
Ans.: (i) 12 MHz
5. The 8051 is a -
generation microcontroller. Oct.0
i) First (i) Second (ii) Third (iv) Fourth
Ans. (ii) Second
6. The 8051 microcontroller has an ALU o f - bit capacity. (Oct. 0
(i)8 (ii) 16 i ) 32 (iv) 64
Ans. (i) 8