2-2

Activity Assess

CRITIQUE & EXPLAIN

Jordan and Emery are

Standard Form of a Jordan Emery
rewriting the vertex form
Quadratic Function of the quadratic function y = 2(x – 4)2 + 5 y = 2(x – 4)2 + 5
​y = 2(x − 4​)​​  2​ + 5​in the = (2x – 8)2 + 5 = 2(x2 – 16) + 5
form ​y = a​x​​  2​ + bx + c​.
SavvasRealize.com = 4x2 – 32x + 64 + 5 = 2x2 – 32 + 5
A. Communicate
= 4x2 – 32x + 69 = 2x2 – 27
Precisely Did Jordan
I CAN… write and graph rewrite the equation
quadratic functions in correctly? Did Emery?
standard form. Explain.
VOCABULARY B. Without rewriting the equation, how could you prove that Jordan or
• standard form of a Emery’s equations are not equivalent to the original?
quadratic function

What key features can you determine about a quadratic function from an
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
equation in standard form?

CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING EXAMPLE 1 Find the Vertex of a Quadratic Function in
Standard Form
How can you find the vertex of a quadratic function written in standard form?
A. What is the x-coordinate of the vertex of ​f(x) = ​ax​​  2​ + bx + c​?
The standard form of a quadratic function is ​y = a​x​​  2​+ bx + c​ where a, b, and
c are real numbers, and ​a ≠ 0​. Use vertex form to derive standard form.
LOOK FOR RELATIONSHIPS ​y = a(x − h​)​​  2​ + k​ Write the vertex form of a quadratic equation.
By converting vertex form into
standard form, you can see how h ​y = a(​x​​  2​ − 2xh + ​h​​  2​) + k​ Square the binomial.
and k relate to the coefficients of
​y = a​x​​  2​ − 2ahx + a​h​​  2​+ k​ Simplify.
the equation.
The equation ​y = a​x​​  2​ − 2ahx + a​h​​  2​+ k​is a quadratic function in standard
form with ​a = a, b = −2ah​, and ​c = a​h​​  2​+ k​.
The vertex of a quadratic function is (h, k), so to determine the x-coordinate
of the vertex, solve ​b = −2ah​ for h.
Since h is the x-coordinate of the
 ​b = −2ah​
vertex, you can use this value to
​  b ​ = h​
​− ___ find the y-value, k, of the vertex.
2a
B. What is the vertex of the function ​f(x) = ​x​​  2​ − 6x + 10​?
Step 1 Identify the coefficients a, b, and c.
a =1, b = −6, and c = 10​
​

Step 2 Solve for h, the x-coordinate of the vertex.

(−6)
​  b ​ = − ​ ____​ = 3​
​h = − ___
2a 2(1)
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE

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 Activity Assess

EXAMPLE 1 CONTINUED
Step 3 S
 ubstitute the value of h into the equation for x to find k, the
y-coordinate of the vertex.
​f(3) = (3​)​​  2​ − 6(3) + 10​
​= 9 − 18 + 10​
= 1​
​
The vertex of the function is ​(h, k) = (3, 1)​.

Try It! 1. What is the vertex of the graph of the function f(x) = ​​x​​ 2​​ − 8x + 5?

EXAMPLE 2 Graph a Quadratic Function in Standard Form

How can you use key features to graph ​f(x) = ​x​​  2​ − 4x + 8​?
For f(x), identify a, b, and c: ​a = 1​, ​b = −4​, and ​c = 8​.
Step 1 Find the vertex and the axis of symmetry of the quadratic function.
The x-coordinate of the vertex and the axis of symmetry can be
determined by:
(–4)
b  ​ = − ​ ____
​h = − ​ ___  ​ = 2​
2a 2(1)
Substitute the value of h for x into the equation to find the
y-coordinate of the vertex, k:
​f(2) = (2​)​​  2​ − 4(2) + 8 = 4​

USE STRUCTURE The vertex is (2, 4), and the axis of symmetry is ​x = 2​.
The y-intercept of a quadratic Step 2 Find the y-intercept of the quadratic function.
function in standard form is given
by the ordered pair (0, c). Verify The y-intercept occurs at If the y-intercept is the same as the
this by substituting ​x = 0​into the ​f(0) = (0​)​​  2​ − 4(0) + 8 = 8​. vertex, choose a different point here.
standard form equation.
Step 3 Find a point symmetric to the y-intercept across the axis of symmetry.
S ince (0, 8) is a point on the parabola 2 units to the left of the axis of
symmetry, ​x = 2​, (4, 8) will be a point on the parabola 2 units to the
right of the axis of symmetry.
Step 4 Sketch the graph.
 nce you have three points associated with the quadratic function, you
O
can sketch the parabola based on your knowledge of its general shape.
y
16
axis of symmetry 12
point symmetric to
8 (0, 8) the y-intercept
(4, 8)
y-intercept 4
(2, 4) vertex
x
−2 O 2 4 6

Try It! 2. Use the key features to graph the function ​f(x) = ​x​​  2​ − 6x − 1​.

LESSON 2-2 Standard Form of a Quadratic Function 81

 Activity Assess

APPLICATION EXAMPLE 3 Interpret the Graph of a Quadratic Function

The graph of the function ​f(x) = −10​x​​  2​ + 700x − 6,000​shows the profit
a company earns for selling headphones at different prices. What is the
maximum profit the company can expect to earn?

8000 y

6000

Profit ($)
4000

2000
x
0
0 20 40 60 80
Price Demand Revenue
Selling Price ($)

Formulate The x-axis shows selling price and the y-axis shows the profit.
The maximum y-value of the profit function occurs at the vertex of its
parabola. Find the vertex of the parabola.

Compute Use the function to find the x- and y-coordinates of the vertex.

Find the x-coordinate of the vertex.

b ​​
​h = − ​ ___ Use the formula to find the x-coordinate of the vertex.
COMMON ERROR 2a
Be careful with the negative signs;
​h = − ​  700 ​ ​
______ Substitute –10 for a and 700 for b.
there is a negative in the formula 2(–10)
and a negative value for a. ​h = 35​ Simplify.

Find the y-coordinate of the vertex.

​y = −10​x​​  2​ + 700x − 6,000​ Write the original function.
​y = −10(35​)​​  2​ + 700(35) − 6,000​ Substitute 35 for x.
​y = 6,250​ Simplify.
The vertex is (35, 6,250).

Interpret The selling price of $35 per item gives the maximum profit of $6,250.

Try It! 3. A water balloon was thrown 600

y
from a window. The height 500
of the water balloon over
Height (feet)

time can be modeled by the 400

function ​y = –16​x​​  2​ + 160x + 50​. 300
What was the maximum
200
height of the water balloon
after it was thrown? 100
x
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (seconds)

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 Activity Assess

EXAMPLE 4 Write the Equation of a Parabola Given Three Points

What is the equation of a parabola that passes through the points (​−2​, 32),
(1, 5), and (3, 17)?

Step 1 Write three equations by substituting the given x- and y-values into
the standard form of a parabola equation, ​y = a​x​​  2​ + bx + c​.
​(−2, 32)   32 = a(−2​)​​  2​ + b(−2) + c
5)    5 = a(1​)​​  2​ + b(1) + c​
(1,​
​      5 = 1a + 1b + c
3, 17)   17 = a(3​)​​  2​ + b(3) + c​
(​
​     17 = 9a + 3b + c​
32 = 4a − 2b + c

{17 = 9a + 3b + c
​​ 5 = 1a + 1b + c ​​​​
​  
STUDY TIP
You can also solve a linear
system of three equations in Step 2 Solve the system.
three variables by hand, using
elimination or substitution. MATRIX[A] rref([A])
[4 –2 1 32] [1 0 0 3]
[1 1 1 5] [0 1 0 –6]
[9 3 1 17] [0 0 1 8]

So the solution to the system is ​a = 3​, ​b = −6​, and ​c = 8​.

Step 3 Substitute 3 for a, ​−6​ for b, and 8 for c in the standard form of a
quadratic equation.
​y = 3​x​​  2​ − 6x + 8​

Step 4 Confirm that the graph of the equation passes through the three
given points.

y
32
(−2, 32)
24
(3, 17)
16

8
(1, 5) x
−4 −2 O 2 4

Try It! 4. What is the equation of a parabola that passes through the
points (2, ​−12​), (​−1​, ​−15​), and (​− 4​, ​−90​)?

LESSON 2-2 Standard Form of a Quadratic Function 83

 Activity Assess

EXAMPLE 5 Use Quadratic Regression

Esteban is training for the discus throw. His coach recorded the horizontal
distance and height of one of Esteban’s discus throws. The graph shows
the horizontal distance the discus traveled, in meters, and the height of the
discus, in meters. What will be the height of the discus when it has traveled
15 meters from Esteban?

9
(10. 8.55)
8 (9, 7.99)
(8, 7.34)
7 (7, 6.79)

Height (meters)
6 (6, 6.12)
(5, 5.45)
5
(4, 4.28)
4
(3, 3.52)
3
(2, 2.71)
2
(1, 1.75)
1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Distance (meters)

Use graphing technology to perform quadratic regression with the data.

QuadReg
y=ax 2+bx+c The data show the discus only rising,
a=–.0270833333 but the model will resemble a parabola
b=1.058280303
c=0.6721666667 as the discus returns to the ground.
R 2=.994486877

COMMON ERROR
Remember that once you use
a regression equation, you are ​y ≈ −0.027​x​​  2​ + 1.058x + 0.672​ Write the regression model.
approximating values. Regression
is used to make predictions, not ​y ≈ −0.027(15​)​​  2​ + 1.058(15) + 0.672​ Substitute 15 for x.
to find exact values of variables.
​y ≈ 10.467​ Simplify.
Based on this model, when the discus is 15 meters away from Esteban, it will
be at a height of approximately 10.5 meters.

Try It! 5. A fan threw a souvenir football into the air from the top of the
bleachers toward the bottom of the bleachers. The table shows
the height of the football, in feet, above the ground at various
times, in seconds. If the football was not touched by anyone on
its way to the ground, about how long did it take the football
to reach the ground after it was thrown?

Time (s) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Height (ft)
10 11.76 12.24 11.44 9.36 6.0

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 Concept Assess
Summary

CONCEPT SUMMARY Standard Form of a Quadratic Function

STANDARD FORM ​y = a​x​​  2​ + bx + c​y = −2​x​​  2​ − 8x + 1​

KEY FEATURES
b​ (−8)
Vertex x-coordinate of vertex: ​h = − ​ ___ ​h = −​ _____​ = −2
2a 2(−2)
Substitute h for x and solve for = −2(−2​)​​  2​ − 8(−2) + 1​
y​
y to find the y-coordinate of
​= −8 + 16 + 1​
the vertex.
​= 9​
The vertex is (​−​2, 9).
b​
Axis of Symmetry ​x = − ​ ___ ​x = −2​
2a
y-intercept (0, c) (0, 1)

GRAPHS y (−2, 9) 8 y
y = ax2 + bx + c
4
(0, c)
x (−4, 1) (0, 1) x
O −8 −4 O 4 8
−4
b
x=− −8
2a

Do You UNDERSTAND? Do You KNOW HOW?

1. ESSENTIAL QUESTION What key Find the vertex and y-intercept of the
features can you determine about a quadratic function.
quadratic function from an equation in 5. ​y = 3​x​​  2​ − 12x + 40​ 6. ​y = −​x​​  2​ + 4x + 7​
standard form?
For 7 and 8, find the maximum or minimum
2. Error Analysis Cameron said that the point of the parabola.
y-intercept of a quadratic function always
tells the maximum value of that function. 7. ​y = −2​x​​  2​ − 16x + 20​ 8. ​y = ​x​​  2​ + 12x − 15​
Explain Cameron’s error.
9. Find the equation in standard form of the
3. Vocabulary Write a quadratic function in parabola that passes through the points
standard form. (0, 6), (​−​3, 15), and (​−​6, 6).

4. Make Sense and Persevere Why do you Graph the parabola.

need at least three points to graph a 10. ​y = 3​x​​  2​ + 6x − 2​
quadratic function when not given an
equation? 11. y = ​−​2​​x​​  2​​ ​+​4x + 1

LESSON 2-2 Standard Form of a Quadratic Function 85

 Scan for Practice Tutorial
PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING Multimedia
Additional Exercises Available Online

UNDERSTAND PRACTICE

12. Construct Arguments Devin found the Find the vertex of each parabola. SEE EXAMPLE 1
parabola that fits the three points in the 16. ​y = −​x​​  2​ + 6x + 30
table to be ​y = 0.345​x​​  2​ − 0.57x − 2.78​.
Is Devin correct? Explain. ​ 17. ​y = 3​x​​  2​ + 12x − 5​

x −4 0.6 9 Find the vertex and y-intercept of the

quadratic function, and use them to graph the
y 5 −3 20
function. SEE EXAMPLES 1 AND 2
18. ​y = −​x​​  2​ + 6x − 8​ 19. ​y = ​x​​  2​ − 8x + 11​
13. Generalize How can you find the maximum or
minimum value of a quadratic function? 20. ​y = 3​x​​  2​ + 18x + 10​ 21. ​y = −2​x​​  2​ − 12x – 5​
14. Higher Order Thinking The quadratic function 22. A rocket is launched into the air. The path of
whose graph is shown represents a cereal bowl. the rocket is modeled by the equation
Its equation is ​y = 0.32​x​​ 2​ − 1.6x + 2​. Describe how ​y = −10​x​​  2​ + 160x − 100​. What is the maximum
you could use the function to find the diameter height reached by the rocket, in feet?
of the cereal bowl if you know its depth. SEE EXAMPLE 3

y
12

4
x
−4 O 4 8 y = –10x2 + 160x – 100
−4

15. Error Analysis Micah found the vertex for the

function ​y = −9.5​x​​  2​ – 47.5x + 63​as shown.
b​
x = − ​ ___
​
2a Write the equation of a quadratic function in
47.5 ​​ standard form for the parabola that passes
x = − ​ ______
​
2(–9.5) through the given points. SEE EXAMPLE 4
47.5 ​​
x = − ​ ____
​ 23. (​−1​, 5), (4, 0), (5, −7)
–19
x = − (−2.5)​
​ 24. (​−2​, 2), (1, 8), (4, 50)
x = 2.5​
​ Use quadratic regression to find the equation of a
y=
​ −9.5(2.5​)​​  2​ − 47.5(2.5) + 63​ quadratic function that fits the given points.
SEE EXAMPLE 5
y = −59.375 − 118.75 + 63​
​
25. x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
y = −115.125​
​
y 35 36 29 14 −9
Find and correct Micah’s error.

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 Practice Tutorial
PRACTICE & PROBLEM SOLVING
Mixed Review Available Online

APPLY ASSESSMENT PRACTICE

26. Model With Mathematics The height of 29. Consider the quadratic function
Amelia’s mid-section was measured three times ​y = 5​x​​  2​ − 50x − 100​. Which of the following
during a long jump. are true? Select all that apply.
Ⓐ Its vertex is (5, ​−225​).
Time in seconds, x 0 0.5 1
Ⓑ Its y-intercept is (0, 100).
Height in meters, y 0.7 1.5 0.55 Ⓒ It passes through the point (​−1​, ​−45​).
Ⓓ The minimum height occurs when ​x = 5​.
Ⓔ The maximum height occurs when ​x = 5​.
30. SAT/ACT Which quadratic equation contains
the three points (−4, 12), (2, 42), and (3, 40)?
Ⓐ ​y = −​x​​  2​ + 3x + 42​
h = 1.5 meters Ⓑ ​y = 1.7​x​​  2​ − 10x − 55.2​
Ⓒ ​y = −1.7​x​​  2​ + 10x + 55.2​
Ⓓ ​y = ​x​​  2​ − 3x − 40​
Ⓔ ​y = −​x​​  2​ + 3x + 40​
31. Performance Task A diver jumped from a
Write the equation of a quadratic function diving platform. The image shows her height
that describes Amelia’s height as a function above the water at several different times after
of time. leaving the platform.
27. Make Sense and Persevere A college’s
business office found the relationship 0.25 s, 27 ft
between the number of admissions counselors 1.5 s, 29 ft
they employ and the college’s profit from
tuition could be modeled by the function 0.5 s, 29 ft
​y = −10​x​​  2​ + 1,500x − 35,000.​
a. Graph the function. 2.0 s, 25 ft

b. How many admissions counselors should the

college employ to maximize its profit?
2.75 s, 15 ft
c. What is the maximum amount of profit the
college can make?
28. Mathematical Connections A rectangular tile
has a perimeter of 48 inches.
a. The graph 160
y Part A Find the equation of the quadratic
shows the function that describes the relationship
120
relationship between the diver’s time and height. Round to
Area (in.2)

between the 80 the nearest tenth.

width of the
40 Part B How high is the platform the diver jumped
tile and the
from? What is the maximum height reached?
area of the tile. x
0
What function 0 6 12 18 24 Part C From the maximum height, how long
describes this Width (in.) does it take the diver to get halfway down?
relationship? Which part of the dive is faster, from the top to
b. What is the maximum area? What length the halfway point, or from the halfway point to
and width give the maximum area? the water? Explain.

LESSON 2-2 Standard Form of a Quadratic Function 87