FILE SYSTEM IN OS

A file system is a method an operating system uses to store, organise and manage files and directories
on a storage device. Some common types of file system include:

1. FAT (File Allocation Tabel): An older file system used by older versions of Windows and other
operating systems.
2. NTFS (New Technology File System): A modern file system used by Windows. It supports
features such as file and folder permissions , compression and encryption.
3. Ext (Extended File System): a file system commonly used on Linux and Unix-based operating
systems
4. HFS (Hierarchial File System): A file system used by MacOS
5. APFS(Apple file system): a new file system intorduced by Apple for their Macs and IOS services

Advantages of using a file system:

1. Organization. A file system allows file to be organized into directions and subdirections making it
easier to manage and locate files
2. Data protection. File systems often include features such as file and folder permissions, backup
and restore, and restore detection and connection to protect data from loss or corruption.
3. Improved performance. A well-designed file system can improve the performance of reading
and writing data by organizing it efficiently on disk

Disadvantsges of using a file system:

1. Compabitilitiy issues: Different file systems may not be compatiable with each other. Making it
difficult to transfer data between different operating systems.
2. Disk space overhead: File systems may use some disk space to store metadata and other
overhead information, reducing the amount of space available for user data.
3. Vulnerability: File system can be vulnerable to data corruption, malware and other security
threats, which can compromise the stability and security of the system

The name of the file is divided into two parts as shown below:

 Name
 Extension, separated by a period
File type Usual extension Function
Executable Exe,com,bin Read to run machine language
program
Object Obj, o Compiled, machine language
not linked
Source code C, java, pas, asm, a Source code in various
languages
Batch Bat, sh Commands to the command
interpreter
Text Txt, doc Textual data, documents
Word Wp, tex, rrf, doc Various word processor formats
Archive Arc,zip, tar Related files grouped into one
compressed file
Multimedia Mpeg, mov, rm For containing audio/video
information
Markup Xml, html, tex It is the textual data and
documents
Library Lib, a, so, dll It contains libraries of routines
for programmers
Pront of View Gif, pdf, jpg It is a format for printing or
viewing an ASCII or binary file

Information contained in a device directory is:

 Name
 Type
 Address
 Current length
 Maximum length
 Date last accessed
 Date last updated
 Owner id
 Protection information

PC DIAGNOSTICS
Empowering Efficiency: Navigating Computer Power Management and Battery Tecnhology

Roles and Functions

1. Power Management : Power management refers to techniques and tools that optimize a
device’s energy usage it involves dynamically hardware components
2. Battery Technology: Battery technology revolves around the chemistry and design of
rechargable batteries, which power a multitude of portable devices

Enchanging Power Management

1. Sleep and Hibernation Modes: Devices can enter low – power sleep or hibernation modes when
idle, conserving energy while allowing quick resumption of tasks.
2. Screen brigthness: Adjusting screen brightness and timeout settings can ________ impact
battery life on laptops tablets and smarthpones.
3. Processor throtling: Processors can be dinamically throtled to lower clock speeds when high
performance is unnessacary