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Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

Answer: C) 33%

4. Which of the following statements about psychological disorders is CORRECT?

A) Psychological disorders are most common among adolescents.
B) Rates of depression and anxiety are significantly lower among gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals.
C) Most people seek the help of a clinical psychologist or psychiatrist
D) Psychological disorders can be defined as abnormal behaviour patterns that involve a disturbance of psychological
functioning or behaviour are classified

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-04
Page-Reference: 2
Skill: Conceptual

Answer: D) Psychological disorders can be defined as abnormal behaviour patterns that involve a disturbance of
psychological functioning or behaviour are classified

5. ________ psychology is the branch of the science of psychology that addresses the description, causes, and
treatment of abnormal behaviour patterns
A) Counselling
B) Forensic
C) Social
D) Abnormal

Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 01-05
Page-Reference: 2
Skill: Factual

Answer: D) Abnormal

6. The ________ model considers abnormal behaviour patterns to be symptoms of underlying mental illnesses or
disorders.
A) medical
B) behavioural
C) sociocultural
D) applied

Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 01-06
Page-Reference: 2
Skill: Factual

Answer: A) medical

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

2
Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

7. The authors of your text prefer to use the term psychological disorder rather than mental disorder for each of
the following reasons EXCEPT ________.
A) the term psychological disorder puts the study of abnormal behaviour squarely within the purview of the field of
psychology
B) the term mental disorder is generally associated with the medical model
C) the term mental disorder reinforces the distinction between mental and physical phenomena
D) the term mental disorder implies some type of serious illness, whereas the term psychological disorder does not

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-07
Page-Reference: 2
Skill: Factual

Answer: D) the term mental disorder implies some type of serious illness, whereas the term psychological disorder does
not

8. Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria discussed in the text for judging a behaviour as abnormal?
A) The behaviour involves faulty perception or interpretation of reality.
B) The behaviour is dangerous.
C) The behaviour is immoral.
D) The behaviour is unusual.

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-08
Page-Reference: 3-6
Skill: Conceptual

Answer: C) The behaviour is immoral.

9. Cultural differences in identifying behaviour that is abnormal include all of the following EXCEPT
A) communicating with the spirits of ancestors is generally considered normal in Aborginal culture, but not in Western
culture
B) physical symptoms associated with anxiety are the same across cultures
C) Rates of schizophrenia appear similar among the countries
D) In Western society, models based on medical disease and psychological factors dominate explanations of abnormal
behaviour, whereas in traditional cultures, concepts of supernatural causes are most often given

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-09
Page-Reference: 5-6
Skill: Conceptual

Answer: B) physical symptoms associated with anxiety are the same across cultures

10. In judging whether or not a person's behaviour is socially unacceptable or violates social norms, clinicians
must take into account ________.
A) ideas of persecution
B) cultural differences
C) universal truths
D) subjects' expectations

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Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-10
Page-Reference: 3-6
Skill: Factual

Answer: B) cultural differences

11. In judging whether or not a person's behaviour is socially unacceptable or violates social norms, clinicians
must take into account each of the following EXCEPT ________.
A) subjects' expectations
B) cultural differences
C) generational differences
D) nonconformity issues

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-11
Page-Reference: 3-6
Skill: Factual

Answer: A) subjects' expectations

12. Andrew has recurring delusions that he is the King of England. He also hallucinates that the Queen is next to
him, and he talks to her throughout the day. Which criterion of abnormal behaviour most closely matches his
behaviour?
A) severe mental distress
B) self-defeating behaviour
C) socially unacceptable behaviour
D) faulty perception of reality

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-12
Page-Reference: 3-6
Skill: Applied

Answer: D) faulty perception of reality

13. Seeing things and hearing voices that are not present are considered ________.
A) delusions
B) compulsions
C) hallucinations
D) obsessions

Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 01-13
Page-Reference: 3-4
Skill: Factual

Answer: C) hallucinations

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4
Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

14. Celine has recurring visions of demons chasing her around her house. She also hears them telling her, "We
have come for you!" She is experiencing ________.
A) delusions
B) compulsions
C) hallucinations
D) obsessions

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-14
Page-Reference: 3-4
Skill: Applied

Answer: C) hallucinations

15. Unfounded ideas or false beliefs that have no basis in fact are considered ________.
A) delusions
B) compulsions
C) hallucinations
D) obsessions

Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 01-15
Page-Reference: 3-4
Skill: Factual

Answer: A) delusions

16. Alexander believes that aliens from outer space are working together with the CIA in an elaborate plot to
brainwash him with secret messages transmitted through static on his television. His beliefs are most likely what
psychologists would call ________.
A) delusions
B) compulsions
C) hallucinations
D) obsessions

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-16
Page-Reference: 3-4
Skill: Applied

Answer: A) delusions

17. Abigail is suffering from a combination of chronic anxiety and depression. Which criterion of abnormal
behaviour most closely matches her symptoms?
A) severe mental distress
B) self-defeating behaviour
C) unusual behaviour
D) faulty perception of reality

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Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-17
Page-Reference: 3-5
Skill: Conceptual

Answer: A) severe mental distress

18. Sigi is an alcoholic and an obsessive gambler. He has lost his wife, family, and job because of his drinking
and gambling. Which criterion of abnormal behaviour most closely matches his symptoms?
A) severe mental distress
B) self-defeating behaviour
C) faulty perception of reality
D) dangerous behaviour

Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 01-18
Page-Reference: 3-5
Skill: Applied

Answer: B) self-defeating behaviour

19. Megan has an intense fear of going to the mall to shop, to concerts, or to any other place in which there may
be large crowds of people. Her fears are best described as ________.
A) claustrophobia
B) delusional disorder
C) agoraphobia
D) conversion disorder

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-19
Page-Reference: 3-5
Skill: Applied

Answer: C) agoraphobia

20. Tosha has attempted suicide several times and insists she will make another attempt when she has an
opportunity. Which criterion of abnormal behaviour most closely matches her behaviour?
A) dangerous behaviour
B) self-defeating behaviour
C) socially unacceptable behaviour
D) faulty perception of reality

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-20
Page-Reference: 3-5
Skill: Applied

Answer: A) dangerous behaviour

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6
Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

21. Physical aggression is considered __________.

A) abnormal in sports
B) abnormal in combat
C) normal in most circumstances
D) normal in sports, even for adolescents

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-21
Page-Reference: 5
Skill: Factual

Answer: D) normal in sports, even for adolescents

22. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) Behaviour that is considered normal in one culture may be deemed abnormal in another.
B) Abnormal behaviour patterns take similar forms across all cultures.
C) Concepts of health and illness may have different meanings in different cultures.
D) The very words that Western cultures use to describe mental disorders may have different meanings in other cultures.

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-22
Page-Reference: 5-6
Skill: Conceptual

Answer: B) Abnormal behaviour patterns take similar forms across all cultures.

23. Which of the following statements about behaviour is correct?

A) Most behaviours are on a continuum from normal to abnormal.
B) Most behaviours have a clear threshold indicating when it is abnormal
C) Most behaviours are classified as either normal or abnormal, with no indication of severity
D) Once you have shown behaviour that is abnormal, regardless of severity, you have reached the criteria for abnormal
behaviour

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-23
Page-Reference: 6-7
Skill: Conceptual

Answer: A) Most behaviours are on a continuum from normal to abnormal.

24. The arrival of European settlers resulted in the estimated ________ % decline in Indigenous populations.
A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 90

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-24
Page-Reference: 7
Skill: Factual

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

Answer: D) 90

25. Canadian Indigenous healing and wellness promotion places a high value on __________.
A) balance between the interconnected physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects of life
B) a one-size-fits-all approach to treatment and counselling
C) cultural assimilation
D) fostering dependency on government support

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-25
Page-Reference: 7
Skill: Conceptual

Answer: A) balance between the interconnected physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects of life

26. Canadian Indigenous peoples have higher rates of all of the following EXCEPT
A) depression
B) anxiety
C) suicide
D) mental health resources

Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 01-26
Page-Reference: 7
Skill: Factual

Answer: D) mental health resources

27. Canada's indigenous population is

A) the slowest growing segment of the population
B) concentrated in south-eastern Canada
C) more than 1.4 million people
D) mostly living in rural area

Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 01-27
Page-Reference: 7
Skill: Factual

Answer: C) more than 1.4 million people

28. All of the following are significant factors that have negatively impacted the mental health of indigenous
people EXCEPT
A) intergenerational mental health
B) residential schooling
C) Indian Residential Schools Resolution Health Support Program
D) cultural identity

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Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-28
Page-Reference: 7
Skill: Conceptual

Answer: C) Indian Residential Schools Resolution Health Support Program

29. Until the Age of Enlightenment, most Western societies attributed most mental illnesses to ________.
A) natural causes
B) poor child-rearing practices
C) demonology
D) psychic abilities

Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 01-29
Page-Reference: 8-10
Skill: Conceptual

Answer: C) demonology

30. Throughout much of history in Western societies, abnormal behaviour was often taken as a sign of ________.
A) psychic powers
B) biological imbalances
C) spiritual enlightenment
D) demonic possession

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-30
Page-Reference: 8-10
Skill: Factual

Answer: D) demonic possession

31. The process of cutting a hole in the skull to provide a pathway for demons to leave a possessed person's
body is called ________.
A) exorcism
B) trephining
C) purging
D) expurgating

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-31
Page-Reference: 8
Skill: Conceptual

Answer: B) trephining

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

9
Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

32. Ramone visits a psychiatrist to seek treatment for recurring nightmares and hallucinations. His therapist tells
him that he has been possessed by evil spirits. His therapist is using the ________ model to explain his
symptoms.
A) eclectic
B) medical
C) psychoanalytic
D) demonological

Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 01-32
Page-Reference: 8
Skill: Applied

Answer: D) demonological

33. Before Hippocrates, the ancient Greeks believed that abnormal behaviour, or madness, resulted from
________.
A) natural forces
B) demonic possession
C) punishment by the gods
D) psychic powers

Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 01-33
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Factual

Answer: C) punishment by the gods

34. The celebrated ancient Greek physician who argued that illnesses of the body and mind resulted from natural
causes rather than the wrath of the gods was ________.
A) Socrates
B) Hippocrates
C) Plato
D) Aristotle

Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 01-34
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Factual

Answer: B) Hippocrates

35. The idea that the health of the body depends on a balance of four bodily fluids, or humours, was first
proposed by ________.
A) Galen
B) Hippocrates
C) Socrates
D) Plato

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Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-35
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Factual

Answer: B) Hippocrates

36. According to Hippocrates, abnormal behaviour results from ________.

A) biological imbalances
B) angering the gods
C) demonic possession
D) spiritual deprivation

Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 01-36
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Factual

Answer: A) biological imbalances

37. According to Hippocrates, each of the following EXCEPT ________ is a bodily fluid important to physical and
mental health.
A) phlegm
B) blood
C) green bile
D) black bile

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-37
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Factual

Answer: C) green bile

38. Zorba is constantly depressed. According to Hippocrates's theory, Zorba has an excess of ________.
A) phlegm
B) blood
C) green bile
D) black bile

Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 01-38
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Applied

Answer: D) black bile

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

11
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Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

39. Mini is cheerful, confident, and optimistic. According to Hippocrates's theory, Mini has an excess of
________.
A) phlegm
B) blood
C) yellow bile
D) black bile

Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 01-39
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Applied

Answer: B) blood

40. Kristin is quick-tempered, or choleric. According to Hippocrates's theory, Kristin has an excess of ________.
A) phlegm
B) blood
C) yellow bile
D) black bile

Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 01-40
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Applied

Answer: C) yellow bile

41. A person who is cheerful, confident, and optimistic is said to be ________.

A) sanguine
B) choleric
C) phlegmatic
D) melancholic

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-41
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Conceptual

Answer: A) sanguine

42. A person who is lethargic and sluggish with little or no energy is said to be ________.
A) sanguine
B) choleric
C) phlegmatic
D) melancholic

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-42
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Conceptual

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

12
Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

Answer: C) phlegmatic

43. A person who is quick-tempered, or bilious, is said to be ________.

A) sanguine
B) choleric
C) phlegmatic
D) melancholic

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-43
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Conceptual

Answer: B) choleric

44. A person who is chronically sad and depressed is said to be ________.

A) sanguine
B) choleric
C) phlegmatic
D) melancholic

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-44
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Conceptual

Answer: D) melancholic

45. Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from an excess of blood. The patient is probably
________.
A) lethargic and sluggish
B) quick-tempered
C) confident and optimistic
D) sad and depressed

Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 01-45
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Applied

Answer: C) confident and optimistic

46. Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from an excess of phlegm. The patient is probably
________.
A) lethargic and sluggish
B) quick-tempered
C) confident and optimistic
D) sad and depressed

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13
Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 01-46
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Applied

Answer: A) lethargic and sluggish

47. Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from an excess of yellow bile. The patient is probably
________.
A) lethargic and sluggish
B) quick-tempered
C) confident and optimistic
D) sad and depressed

Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 01-47
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Applied

Answer: B) quick-tempered

48. Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from an excess of black bile. The patient is probably
________.
A) lethargic and sluggish
B) quick-tempered
C) confident and optimistic
D) sad and depressed

Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 01-48
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Applied

Answer: D) sad and depressed

49. Hippocrates's view that abnormal behaviour could result from biological imbalances forms the basis of
today's ________ model.
A) medical
B) eclectic
C) psychoanalytic
D) phenomenological

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-49
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Conceptual

Answer: A) medical

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

14
Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

50. Which of the following is NOT one of the three main categories used by Hippocrates and Galen to classify
abnormal behaviour?
A) malleus
B) mania
C) melancholia
D) phrenitis

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-50
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Conceptual

Answer: A) malleus

51. Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from mania. The patient is probably ________.
A) excessively depressed
B) excessively excited
C) schizophrenic
D) autistic

Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 01-51
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Applied

Answer: B) excessively excited

52. Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from melancholia. The patient is probably ________.
A) excessively depressed
B) excessively excited
C) schizophrenic
D) autistic

Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 01-52
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Applied

Answer: A) excessively depressed

53. Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from phrenitis. The patient is probably ________.
A) excessively excited
B) excessively depressed
C) schizophrenic
D) autistic

Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 01-53
Page-Reference: 9
Skill: Applied

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

15
Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

Answer: C) schizophrenic

54. The Malleus Maleficarum ________.

A) was written by Plato
B) was used for diagnosing witchcraft.
C) was the first medical text to recognize abnormal behaviour
D) is still used today to diagnose mental disorders

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-54
Page-Reference: 9-10
Skill: Factual

Answer: B) was used for diagnosing witchcraft.

55. During the Middle Ages, the treatment of choice for curing abnormal behaviour was ________.
A) trephining
B) bleeding
C) exorcism
D) meditation

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-55
Page-Reference: 9-10
Skill: Factual

Answer: C) exorcism

56. Fear of witches reached its height during the ________.

A) Middle Ages
B) Renaissance
C) Age of Enlightenment
D) Victorian Age

Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 01-56
Page-Reference: 9-10
Skill: Factual

Answer: B) Renaissance

57. The Malleus Maleficarum was ________.

A) a medical manual designed to help Renaissance physicians treat abnormal behaviour
B) the first diagnostic manual that correctly labelled some mental health problems according to their behavioural
symptoms
C) the holy ritual used to help priests perform exorcisms
D) a manual for helping inquisitors identify suspected witches

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

16
Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-57
Page-Reference: 9-10
Skill: Factual

Answer: D) a manual for helping inquisitors identify suspected witches

58. According to the text, about ________ suspected witches were executed in Western societies in the 16th and
17th centuries.
A) 25 000
B) 50 000
C) 75 000
D) 100 000

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-58
Page-Reference: 9-10
Skill: Factual

Answer: D) 100 000

59. Exorcism involves __________.

A) cutting a hole in the skull to release demons
B) prayer, waving a cross, beating, and flogging
C) eating babies and poisoning crops
D) execution and starvation

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-59
Page-Reference: 9-10
Skill: Factual

Answer: B) prayer, waving a cross, beating, and flogging

60. Most scholars today believe that accusations of witchcraft during the Middle Ages and Renaissance were
________.
A) based on valid fears of the unknown
B) based on misinterpretations of abnormal behaviours resulting from mental illness
C) convenient means of disposing of social nuisances and seizing property
D) part of a general trend by the poor to seek revenge against the wealthy by accusing them of crimes that would cause
them to be disgraced

Difficulty: 3
QuestionID: 01-60
Page-Reference: 10
Skill: Factual

Answer: C) convenient means of disposing of social nuisances and seizing property

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc.

17
Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

61. During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, which of the following people was most likely to be accused of
witchcraft?
A) a poor, young, single female
B) a wealthy, young, married female
C) a poor, elderly, single female
D) a poor, elderly, married female

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-61
Page-Reference: 10
Skill: Applied

Answer: C) a poor, elderly, single female

62. In Medieval England, most explanations of mental illness involved ________.

A) sociological causes
B) demonic possession
C) natural causes
D) spiritual impropriety

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-62
Page-Reference: 11
Skill: Factual

Answer: C) natural causes

63. Renaissance physician Johann Weyer was noted for arguing that abnormal behaviour and thought patterns
are caused by ________.
A) physical problems
B) demonic possession
C) spiritual impurity
D) sociological factors

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-63
Page-Reference: 11
Skill: Factual

Answer: A) physical problems

64. The first asylum in what is now North America was in __________.
A) Quebec City
B) New York
C) Salem
D) York

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Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-64
Page-Reference: 10
Skill: Factual

Answer: A) Quebec City

65. In early Canada, the __________ community often took responsibility for the treatment of mentally ill patients
and oversaw the development of asylums
A) Anglican
B) government and social agencies
C) Catholic
D) mental health

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-65
Page-Reference: 10
Skill: Factual

Answer: C) Catholic

66. After Quebec, mental hospitals were established next in __________.

A) Ontario
B) Manitoba
C) The Maritimes
D) British Columbia

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-66
Page-Reference: 11
Skill: Factual

Answer: C) The Maritimes

67. The first asylums, or "madhouses," began to crop up throughout Europe in the ________ centuries.
A) 11th and 12th
B) 13th and 14th
C) 15th and 16th
D) 17th and 18th

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-67
Page-Reference: 10-11
Skill: Factual

Answer: C) 15th and 16th

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19
Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

68. The first asylums in Europe were ________.

A) added on to existing hospitals as special "wards" for the mentally ill
B) also used to house the poor
C) also used to house lepers
D) run by the order of Bethlehem

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-68
Page-Reference: 10-11
Skill: Factual

Answer: B) also used to house the poor

69. Which of the following is NOT true of the first asylums for the mentally ill?
A) Patients were used as "guinea pigs" for new and risky medical experiments.
B) Residents were often chained to their beds and left to die in their own waste.
C) Many asylums sold tickets so the public could observe the antics of the inmates.
D) They often were homes for beggars as well as the mentally disturbed.

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-69
Page-Reference: 10-11
Skill: Factual

Answer: A) Patients were used as "guinea pigs" for new and risky medical experiments.

70. The modern era of treatment can be traced, in large part, to ________.
A) Pussin
B) Röntgen
C) Lavoix
D) Mesmer

Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 01-70
Page-Reference: 10-11
Skill: Factual

Answer: A) Pussin

71. The modern era of treatment can be traced, in large part, to ________.
A) Röntgen
B) Pinel
C) Descartes
D) Mesmer

Difficulty: 1
QuestionID: 01-71
Page-Reference: 10-11
Skill: Factual

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20
Chapter 1 Test Item File Nevid, 4CE

Answer: B) Pinel

72. The modern era of treatment can be traced to the ________.

A) late 16th and early 17th centuries
B) late 17th and early 18th centuries
C) late 18th and early 19th centuries
D) late 19th and early 20th centuries

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-72
Page-Reference: 10-11
Skill: Factual

Answer: C) late 18th and early 19th centuries

73. In the late 18th and early 19th century, most Europeans viewed deranged or mentally ill people as ________.
A) sick people in need of treatment
B) demonically possessed
C) having special "gifts" that allowed them to communicate with the spirit world
D) dangerous threats to society

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-73
Page-Reference: 10-11
Skill: Factual

Answer: D) dangerous threats to society

74. If you were a follower of Philippe Pinel, you would most likely agree with which of the following statements?
A) The mentally ill should be incarcerated and chained to prevent them from harming themselves or others.
B) The mentally ill should be treated through purging, bloodletting, and ice-cold baths.
C) The mentally ill will recover more quickly by living in the real world and learning to survive on their own.
D) The mentally ill should be treated with care, kindness, understanding, and concern.

Difficulty: 2
QuestionID: 01-74
Page-Reference: 10-11
Skill: Applied

Answer: D) The mentally ill should be treated with care, kindness, understanding, and concern.

75. The philosophy of treatment that emerged from the efforts of Frenchmen such as Philippe Pinel is called
________ therapy.
A) humanistic
B) moral
C) reformation
D) organic

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21
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that every little while he dropped in the snow like a wounded animile,
an’ begged me to let him alone.
“‘Hiram,’ he moaned, ‘I can go no further. I am so tired. I feel so
sleepy. Go on yourself, an’ leave me here.’ But I warn’t a lad o’ that
kind. I knew pesky well what that there sleepiness meant; it meant
nothin’ less than a closin’ of eyes once an’ forever; he would have
been cold, stiff, stone dead in half an hour. It didn’t take me more’n a
brace o’ minutes to find a remedy for this. Whippin’ out my old knife I
cut down a stick from one o’ the young trees on the road, an’ the way
I laid it round that poor feller’s body would have been a sight for the
chicken-hearted, I tell ye. I beat him like an old carpet until his bones
were sore. I fairly warmed him, which was jist what was wanted; an’
what with whippin’, kickin’ him, an’ at times cartin’ him along on my
back, we soon made mile after mile on our way.
“Those were long hours flounderin’ on through the snow; but at last
we reached Chamberlin Farm, though to tell a gospel truth I felt we
never would git in.
“As luck would have it there was a doctor there from East Corinth,
an’ with his help we were soon at work with snow gittin’ the frost out
of Johnny’s hands an’ feet, an’ pumpin’ life into him. In a week he
was up an’ about, good as new, an’ hunted with us till the followin’
April afore goin’ out o’ the woods.
“As I learned from him arterwards, Johnny had lost his way between
Fourth Lake and Leadbetter Pond. The snow there was over three
foot deep, an’ as the rain had clogged his snow-shoes he turned into
an old loggin’-road that he diskivered an’ this took the poor feller
right smack off his course. He follered the old road till dark, an’ not
comin’ across the old log cabin I told him about, made for the base of
a decayed tree, which he reckoned was fifty foot high at the least.
This he set fire to, an’ sat all night watchin’ it burn down. Fallin’
asleep towards mornin’, when he woke up he found the merk’ry had
gone a long way below zero, an’ that his feet, though wrapped in four
pair o’ socks had both frozen. What the poor feller suffered till I found
him must have been terrible. Afore leavin’ Greenville that Spring,
John Way made the fust of a lot o’ maps o’ Moosehead Lake an’ all
 its surroundin’s. Arterwards
he jined these all into one,
which I used to sell on the
boats, and this is the
orthority for nearly all the
late maps of these ’ere
regions.”
Beautiful Echo Lake, the
head-waters of the
Aroostook River, charms
one at once by its
picturesque location. High
mountains encircle it, which
make the peculiar
reverberation from which it
“BEAT HIM LIKE AN OLD CARPET.” takes its name, and breathe
into the soul that sense of
solitude so delightful to the spiritual nature.
We spent three days here hunting and trapping, and added three
beaver to our collection of furs and stock of provisions, which latter
was now rapidly decreasing.
On breaking camp we explored the outlet of the lake, and, finding the
stream very dry, were obliged to build dams in order to sluice our
canoes through this country to the Mansungun Lakes below.
“I tell you that water is cold,” said John Mansell, as he waded ashore
after putting the last mud and stone upon a dam opposite the camp.
“You don’t call this a canoe tour, do you, Hiram? I should call it going
overland to New Brunswick. Never did see such a dry time in my
life.”
The water having greatly increased during the night, we loaded our
canoes and placed them in line above the dam, each man, with the
exception of the Colonel, being in his customary position.
“Are you all ready?” yelled the Colonel, standing on the top of the
dam below us.
“Ready!” was answered; and with
the blade of his paddle he threw the
mud and rocks to the right and left,
and the pent-up waters of three
days’ detention swept us down the
stream a long way on our voyage.
The Colonel, dashing through the
woods, regained his canoe at a bend
in the river.

“SAT ALL NIGHT WATCHIN’

IT BURN DOWN.”

BEAVER DAM—FOUR FEET HIGH—ONE HUNDRED FEET

WIDE.
But gradually the water receded from under our barks, and we were
again forced to take to the stream and lift our canoes over the cruel
rocks, until we reached a broad expanse of the river below.
This pond was the result of an enormous beaver dam four feet high
and one hundred feet wide.

SLUICING A DAM.
“We better set our traps,” said Nichols; “many beaver here; me catch
some to-night, a family of nine,” the Indian’s accuracy regarding the
points of wood-craft being at times wonderful.
“But we cannot proceed without water,” said the Colonel, observing
the stream very dry below.
We therefore set our traps and cut the dam to the width of over ten
feet, through which the water rushed with velocity, and floated us
quickly to the Third Mansungun Lake. We were detained only by a
few fallen trees, which the axe in the brawny hands of John Mansell
soon cleared.
Before it was light the next morning the Indian’s canoe was far away
on the lake for an examination of the traps; he soon returned with
four immense beavers, whose aggregate weight fell not short of two
hundred pounds.
“Me footed two more,” said the guide, exhibiting the webbed feet of
the animals in corroboration of the fact; “but they very quick—they
get away. I see dam we cut last night, and it now just good as new.”
“Good as new!” we echoed. “Impossible.”
“True as me stand here,” said Nichols, at the same time glancing
anxiously into the stew pan, to see if we had left him any beaver
meat for breakfast. “Beaver, they fell tree in night ten inch thick,
gnaw it in lengths three feet long, plant them at cut, and heap with
much bark, mud and sticks. Build dam up in one night. No think it
myself, if not see it with own eyes. You go see, too.”
Astonishing as it may seem, the Indian was perfectly correct in his
statement.
After our toil on Osgood Carry and the stream below, we rested over
a week on these Mansungun Lakes. The third Mansungun Lake, on
which we first camped, is five miles long and two wide. This is
connected by a narrow outlet with the second Mansungun Lake,
which is about the same size as the other, while the first or lower
lake is the smallest body of water, being about two miles long and
one wide. I fished and hunted in short excursions from camp, and,
with Tourograph over my shoulder, I was constantly in search of the
picturesque. Nichols had discovered a brook (the name of which we
afterwards learned was Chase,) tumbling down the side of a
mountain near our camp, and as falls were a rarity on the route I
spent half a day in this gorge.
 CHASE BROOK.
About this region we had rare success in our hunting and trapping,
and with many skins stretched on the drying hoops about camp, and
fresh animals coming in to add to the stock, our quarters gradually
assumed the appearance of a Hudson Bay trading-post.
 CHAPTER V.
“’Tis night upon the lake. Our camp is made
’Twixt shore and hill beneath the pine-trees’ shade.
’Tis still, and yet what woody noises loom
Against the background of the silent gloom;
One well might hear the opening of a flower
If day were hushed as this.”
A VISION ON THE LAKE.—NICHOLS’ BIRCH-HORN.—A
MIDNIGHT HUNT UNDER A COLD MOON.—CALLING THE
MOOSE.
Two days afterwards the Colonel and Hiram, returning
from an excursion down the lake, drew their canoes up
on the shore, and entered the camp looking as
sorrowful and dejected as a couple of jilted lovers.
“What’s the matter?” I asked with alarm, for John
Mansell happened to be out also, and the fear struck
me at once that something might have happened him.
“Matter? you would not ask it if you had been with us to-day and
seen the moose,” replied the Colonel sadly.
 “MOOSE? YOU DON’T SAY SO! WHEN? WHERE?”
“Moose! you don’t say so! when? where?” I exclaimed, and in this
frantic query I was joined by the voice of the younger Mansell, who
at that moment suddenly appeared behind us from the woods.
The Colonel’s voice choked itself in a feeble struggle at reply, and
stacking his Winchester against the back of the tent, he threw
himself with a disconsolate air down upon his bed. But Hiram, less
crushed by the evident misfortune, kindly obliged me with a graphic
detail of the trouble.
“It was down on the second Mansungun Lake. We was paddlin’ up
that stream to the right, where we shot the mink yesterday, and the
Kernel was whippin’ the stream with his fly rod, when all of a sudden
we heerd a crackin’ of the bushes, and then out on the edge o’ the
bank stalked one of the biggest bull moose I ever did see. He’d have
weighed more’n a thousand pound, Nichols, sure as I stand here.
Oh, such a pair of horns!” and the guide’s arms were raised in a
tremendous gesture.
The Colonel groaned, and raising himself on one hand he swept the
other frantically through the air and gave us a magnificent idea of the
spread of the horns from tip to tip.
“Then,” continued Hiram, “up
started the Kernel, and slingin’
his rifle to place he pegged in
the lead afore ye could count a
brace o’ winks. Did the bull
drop?—no—didn’t even give a
quiver, for the ball cut wide. Did
he turn flanks and tear off—no
sir-ee; he waded nearer and
nearer to us, till he was only
eight rods off at the most.
‘Pepper him agin, Kernel, and
fire low,’ I whispered, a-tryin’ to
steady the canoe. Then bang!
went the Kernel agin, an’ with a
thunderin’ snort the bull
wheeled ’round, and went “OH, SUCH A PAIR OF HORNS!”
smashin’ away through the
woods.”
“An’ you missed him clean?” said John.
“No! not the last shot, that hit him somewhere in the neck, for we
found his blood on the ground afterwards, but the first ball cut the
alders three foot over his head. It was the queerest thing you ever
see. Why! I was so sure of him, that I was figurin’ how I was goin’ to
get the carcass back to camp, an’ smackin’ my lips over the steaks.”
“Oh! don’t speak of it! don’t speak of it! I shall never have such a
chance again as long as I live; no, never! never!” and the Colonel
threw himself back on his blankets with a groan.
I smiled for an instant. I could have “Pinafored” him then and there
upon the spot. It was a glorious chance, but his gun was standing
close beside him and I did not dare.
“But it’s something to have seen one, in his native wilds,” I remarked,
trying my best to comfort him; “the animal will soon be extinct in this
country.”
It was of no use, and I think that lost opportunity threw a veil of
sadness over the Colonel’s mind for the remainder of the tour; at any
rate, it was a delicate subject to touch upon afterwards.
“If moose so near,” said Nichols, one day, “me better make horn and
call moose to-night; no try, no get him.”
We thought this a good scheme, and with the approval of all the
Indian tramped off into the woods, and soon returned with a large
piece of birch bark. Shaving the edges with his knife, he warmed it
over the fire, and proceeded to roll it up into a great horn two feet in
length, tapering it from six inches to one in diameter, and fastening
the edges with wooden pegs.
Nichols and I were the only ones who went out on the hunt.
Preparing ourselves after the evening repast, we stepped into our
canoes at 7.30 o’clock. It was not a remarkably severe night, but as I
knew I should be obliged to remain for a long time in almost
motionless position, I took precautions to wrap up extremely well,
and before I returned, the night chill had penetrated through it all to
the very vicinity of my bones.
“Most ready?” asked the Indian, as in this clumsy
and uncomfortable attire I rolled, rather than seated,
myself in the bottom of the canoe.
“Yes; all ready, Nichols!” and throwing the birch
moose horn into the craft we paddled out into the
lake, with the best wishes of the rest of the party
from the shore.
“If we hear a shot,” yelled the Colonel, with a look of
dubiousness, “we will add an extra log to the fire.”
“And cut up the balance of our salt pork,” added
Hiram, “for moose steak is a little dry without it.”
It was a clear night, and so still that the sound of
voices and the blows of an axe at camp could be
easily heard two miles across the lake. The bright
THE DECOY. October moon was gradually creeping down the
western sky, but shone enough to light us on our way many miles.
“She shone upon the lake
That lay one smooth expanse of silver light;
She shone upon the hills and rocks, and cast
Within their hollows and their hidden glens
A blacker depth of shade.”
The tall hemlocks that fringed the shore threw their shadows far out
into the lake, and in these reflections the guide paddled from point to
point.
A slight rustle behind me and the Indian draws forth the long birch
horn, dips it noiselessly in the water, and for the first time in my
existence I listen to the weird sound of the moose call.

CALLING THE MOOSE.

Ugh—ugh—ugh—oo—oo—oo—oo—oo—ugh—ugh!
Three plaintive “ughs,” then a prolonged bellow, commencing in a
low tone, increasing in power and volume to the end, and followed
by two notes like the first.
It rolled across the lake in every direction, was tossed from mountain
tops to the inmost depths of the forests, echoing and re-echoing.
Then all was hushed, and we waited in silence the result. The
stillness was something overpowering. We held our breaths. At
times, however, it was harshly broken. Away toward the distant
shore some sportive animal would splash in his gambols at the
water’s edge, or a muskrat could be distinctly heard gathering his
evening meal; then the prow of the canoe would graze the rushes or
the lily-pads with a suddenness that was startling.
Noiselessly the Indian plied his paddle, and we crept silently on in
the shadows. Again the horn was raised to his lips, and there came
forth that strange midnight call so melodious to my ears. This was
repeated again and again for six successive hours, neither of us
exchanging a word during the entire time.
At last the stars alone cast their reflections in the glassy lake, and
although from a distant mountain side we at last received an answer
to our call, we could not draw the animal to the water’s edge.
We had paddled over ten miles. It was now 2 o’clock in the morning,
and we returned to camp. I was too stiff to move, and the Indian
lifted me from the canoe to the shore, while I realized that I had
experienced all the pleasures of moose hunting—save the moose.
 CHAPTER VI.
“And now the thicken’d sky
Like a dark ceiling stood; down rushed the rain
Impetuous.”—Milton.
DECREASE OF OUR PROVISIONS.—FACE TO FACE
WITH STARVATION.—SORE TRIALS.—SHOEING
CANOES.—THROUGH THE STORM.—WE SIGHT THE
WATERS OF THE AROOSTOOK.—“HURRAH!”
After this adventure we moved our camp to the foot
of the first Mansungun Lake, which has for its outlet a
river bearing the same name.
After arranging our camp we sent the guides ahead
to explore the country in our advance, and ascertain
the pitch of water in Mansungun Stream.
“There’s more work ahead,” said Hiram, in a disconsolate tone of
voice on returning to camp, “The water’s jest about deep enough to
float a turtle. We’re in for a long ‘drag,’ an’ I’m afeard our canoes
won’t never reach the ’Roostook waters unless somethin’s done to
pertect ’em.”
A council was held, and at the suggestion of Nichols, we at last
decided to build sleds or “shoes” for our canoes, and drag them
through the bed of the stream twelve miles to the Aroostook River.
Little by little our provisions had given out. First the sugar, then the
hard tack and coffee, while potatoes and Indian meal had been a
thing of the past for many days. The trout had left the summer pools
for their spawning beds, and notwithstanding the state of our larder,
we had no time to ascertain their whereabouts.
Occasionally we shot a duck or partridge; we added plenty of water
to the stew, to make sufficient for the party, and in consequence had
an unsubstantial meal.
For many weeks we had subsisted almost entirely on the flesh of
beavers, but now being in haste we had little time to set our traps.

SHOEING CANOES.
On the 20th of October starvation almost stared us in the face. Our
breakfast this day consisted of the last portion of beaver flesh and a
cup of tea without milk or sugar.
“I believe I’d give ten dollars a mouthful for another meal like that,
’though its only an appetiser,” said Hiram, arising from the frugal
repast.
“Hiram,” remarked the Colonel, “puts me in mind of an Englishman I
met some weeks ago at the Tremont Hotel, Boston. The gentleman
sat at my table, and for four mornings in succession I had noticed
him call for dried herrings and coffee, of which he made his entire
meal. I was wonderfully interested, and on the fifth morning, to
satisfy my curiosity, I had the audacity to question him; ‘I say, my
friend, you must excuse me; but do you eat those herrings from a
medicinal motive, or because you really love them?’ ‘Well,’ he
 answered, with
a drawl, ‘I don’t
exactly love
them, but along
about 11 o’clock
in the morning
there creeps
over me such a
glorious thirst
that I wouldn’t
take fifty dollars
for it!’”
“—WOULDN’T TAKE FIFTY DOLLARS FOR IT.” But this was no
time for story
telling, and we immediately set to work on the “shoes” for the
canoes.
The guides soon felled a number of tall cedars and dragged them
into camp.
Then we split them into boards ten feet in length, half an inch in
thickness, and tapering from four to two inches in width, the broadest
extremities lapping one another at midships.
 MANSUNGUN DEADWATER.
Sixteen of these strips were necessary for each of the three canoes,
and were fastened to their bottoms by being split at the edges and
drawn tightly together with strips of cedar bark which ran through the
slits, and passing upward were tied securely to the thwarts. Thus the
graceful form of the birch was lost in the rough outline of a boat.
For four days we labored incessantly at our task, and from the
splitting of the great logs to the finishing of the wood had as tools
only an axe and a penknife.
Fortunately partridges proved abundant, and on these we subsisted
during our forced encampment. A fine otter four feet in length was
shot near camp, but his flesh proved too fishy for us, half-famished
as we were. A large hawk frightened by our voices, dropped from his
talons a trout of over two pounds in weight, suggesting to our minds
Israelitish experience.
Among all trying circumstances
we kept at work, and cheered
one another by incessant jokes
on the situations.
At last the “shoeing” of the
canoes was accomplished, and
repacking our luggage, we
paddled down the dead water of
Mansungun Stream, and passed
falls five miles below.
Although the morning was
lowery, we little thought we had
selected the worst day of the
entire tour for the passage of the
river; but so it proved.
A SKY PICTURE.
Soon the heavens grew dark, the
birds sought shelter in the wooded depths, the wind howled among
the tall forest trees, and the rain, beginning first with light showers,
increased at last in volume to a perfect deluge.
In the midst of this we were obliged to disembark from our canoes
and drag them through the rocky bed of the river, and the good
results of the “shoeing” at once became manifest.
“You look out for the bow, me look out for stern,” yelled Nichols, as
crowding my canoe forward over the ledges of rocks and through the
shallow water of the stream we pushed onward, followed by the
remainder of the party.
 A TWELVE MILE DRAG.

We soon realized that we were in for hard work.

Mile after mile we dragged the canoes, at one moment plunging into
some unseen hole almost to our waists, the next instant striking a
ledge with hardly sufficient water to cover our feet while the rain
poured in torrents upon us. It was water above and water below, and
when we were thoroughly wet, it made little difference from which
source it came.
Occasionally we reached water sufficiently deep to float us a short
distance, but after a few trials we found it less fatiguing to remain in
the stream all the time.
I pulled and hauled until every muscle seemed strung to the tension
of a fiddle-string, and before the end of the ordeal I felt like a beast of
burden.
So did the others; but we never grumbled. A common feeling
inspired us with the idea that it was heroic sport.
After nine hours of toil and discomfort, through difficulties that lasted
for twelve miles, we reached the mouth of the stream, and camped
at the junction of the Mansungun and Millnoket Rivers, our hardships
forgotten in the first sight of the Aroostook waters.
But for the cedar splits protecting the canoes, they would hardly
have withstood this rough experience, as the knife-like rocks had left
deep impressions on them.
Our rubber bags had shielded our tents and blankets, from the ill
effects of the storm, but the Tourograph had been floating
unobserved in two inches of water, which destroyed a number of the
plates, changing them from the “dry” to the “wet process” of
photography.