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1.Linux Basics and Commands

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Darshan.r Darshu
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4 views

1.Linux Basics and Commands

Uploaded by

Darshan.r Darshu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

Student Handout
Linux Basics and Commands: Student
Handout

1. Overview of Linux
1.1 History of Linux
Linux Creation: Developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991 as a free and open-source OS.
UNIX Inspiration: Modeled after UNIX, used in academic and industrial settings.
Growth: Now widely used in servers, cloud computing, and embedded systems.

1.2 Linux Distributions


Ubuntu: User-friendly with large community support.
Fedora: Features the latest software.
CentOS: Focused on stability for enterprise use.
Debian: Known for stability and extensive software repository.

1.3 Importance of Linux in the Industry


Servers: Powers over 90% of the world’s servers.
Cloud Computing: Integral to AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud.
Embedded Systems: Used in devices like routers and smart TVs.
Supercomputers: Runs almost all top 500 supercomputers.

2. Understanding the Linux File System


Hierarchy
Root Directory ( / ): The starting point of the Linux file system.
Key Directories:
/bin: Essential user binaries.
/boot: Boot files, including the Linux kernel.
/dev: Device files for hardware components.
/etc: System and software configuration files.
/home: Personal directories for users.
/lib: Shared libraries for /bin and /sbin .
/tmp: Temporary files.
/usr: User programs and utilities.
/var: Variable data like logs and databases.

3. Basic Linux Commands


3.1 Navigating the File System
pwd: Displays the current directory.
Example: $ pwd → /home/john
ls: Lists files and directories.
Example: $ ls → Documents Downloads Pictures
cd: Changes the current directory.
Example: $ cd Documents
Example: $ cd .. (moves up one level)

3.2 Managing Files and Directories


touch: Creates an empty file.
Example: $ touch file.txt
mkdir: Creates a new directory.
Example: $ mkdir new_folder
cp: Copies files or directories.
Example: $ cp file.txt new_folder/
mv: Moves or renames files or directories.
Example: $ mv file.txt new_folder/
Example: $ mv file.txt new_file.txt
rm: Removes files or directories.
Example: $ rm file.txt
Example: $ rm -r new_folder (removes directory and contents)

3.3 Viewing and Editing Files


cat: Displays file contents.
Example: $ cat file.txt
nano: Opens a file in the nano text editor.
Example: $ nano file.txt

4. Potential Gaps or Unclear Points


Linux vs. Windows: Linux primarily uses the command line, unlike Windows' graphical
interface.
Permissions: Linux has a strict permission system for file access.
Case Sensitivity: Linux distinguishes between File.txt and file.txt .

5. Diagrams to Help Understand Concepts


5.1 Linux File System Hierarchy

/
├── bin
├── boot
├── dev
├── etc
├── home
│ ├── john
│ └── jane
├── lib
├── opt
├── tmp
├── usr
└── var
5.2 Basic Command Flow

Start
|
v
[pwd] --> Shows current directory
|
v
[ls] --> Lists files in the current directory
|
v
[cd] --> Changes directory
|
v
[mkdir] --> Creates a new directory
|
v
[touch] --> Creates a new file
|
v
[cp] --> Copies a file
|
v
[mv] --> Moves or renames a file
|
v
[rm] --> Deletes a file

Conclusion
This handout provides a foundational understanding of Linux, its file system, and basic
commands. Practice these commands in a Linux environment to become more comfortable with
the system. Happy learning!

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