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OBJECTIVE :
To determine Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction on
using a copper wire wound over an iron rod and a strong
magnet.
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INTRODUCTION:
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
It is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic
field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an
electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental opera ng
principle of transformers, inductors and many types of electrical
motors and generators. Faraday explained electromagnetic
induction using the concept of lines of force. These equations for
electromagnetic induction on are extremely important since they
provide a means to precisely describe how, many natural physical
phenomena in our universe and behave.
The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena not
only allows us to gain a be er understanding of our universe, but
it also makes possible a host of technological innovations that
define modern society. Understanding Faraday’s laws of
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electromagnetic induction can be beneficial since so many aspects
of our daily life function because of the principles behind
Faraday’s law. From natural phenomena, such as the light we
receive from the sun, to technologies that improve our quality of
life, such as electric power genera on, Faraday’s law has a great
impact on many aspects of our lives.
Magnetic Field Inside a Solenoid Electromagnetic Induction
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Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction. Whereby an
electric field is induced, or generated by a changing magnetic
field.
In Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of
electromagnetic induction, he wrapped two wires around
opposite sides of an iron ring or ‘torus’ to induce current.
Faraday’s law is a single equation describing two different
phenomena: the motional EMF generated by a magnetic force
on a moving wire, and the transformer EMF generated by an
electric force due to a changing magnetic field.
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THEORY :
The magnetic flux (B) through a surface is the component of
the magnetic field passing through the surface. The SI unit of
magnetic flux is weber (Wb), and the COGS unit is ,
Maxwell.
Magnetic flux is usually measured with a flux meter, which
contains measuring coils and electronics that evaluate the
change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the
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magnetic flux. If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic
flux passing through a surface of vector area S is
Where is the magnitude of magnetic field having the
unit of Wb/m2(T). is the area of the surface and is the
angle between magnetic field lines and the normal. For
a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic
flux through a small amount of area where we may
consider the magnetic field to be constant.
From the magnetic vector potential and the fundamental
theorem of the curl, the magnetic field may be defined as
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LAW:
The most widespread version of Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction states that “The induced
electromotive force in any closed surface is equal to the
negative of the rate of change of magnetic flux through the
circuit.”
This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds true only when
the closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is
invalid in other circumstances as discussed below .A different
version, the Maxwell-Faraday equation is valid in all
circumstances.
The magnetic flux changes due to the change in magnetic
field. Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that the
wire loop acquires an EMF, defined as the energy available per
unit charge that travels once around the wire loop.
Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by
cutting the wire to create an open circuit. And attaching a
voltmeter to the leads.
According to Lorentz force law,
And the EMF of the wire loop is
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The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a me varying
magnetic field is always accompanied by spa ally varying,
non- conservative electric field and vice versa.
The Maxwell-Faraday equation is
where 9 is the curl operator and again E(rt) is the electric field
and B(rt) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally be
functions of position r and me t.
The four Maxwell's equations (including the Maxwell-Faraday
equation), along with the Lorentz force law are a sufficient
foundation to derive everything in classical electromagnetism.
Therefore, it is possible to “prove” Faraday's law star ng with
these equations. Faraday's law could be taken as the star ng
point and used to prove the Maxwell-Faraday equation and/or
other laws.
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CONCLUSION:
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, first observed
and published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth
century, describes a very important electromagnetic concept.
Although its mathematical representations are cryptic, the
essence of Faraday’s law is not hard to grasp. It relates an
induced electric potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic
field.
This concept has many far-reaching ramifications that
touch our lives in many ways: from the shining of the sun
to electricity and power in our homes.
We can all appreciate the profound impact Faraday’s law has
on us.
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REFERENCES:
wikipedia.com www.scienceforall.com
Physics NCERT textbook
Google Images
www.100scienceprojects.com
