LIMITSAND DERIVATIVES 13.

21
Theorem 2. (Sandwich theorem or Squeeze theorem)
Let flx), gx) and hlx) be real functions ofx such that fx) s glx) s hlx) for all x. Then for

any real number a, if Lim f (x) = l = Lim hx), then Lim glx) = l.
a * -
a

Proof. The proof of the above theorem is

quite clear intuitively. We can say that if a Y
y h(x)
number lies between l and l, then that number
must be equal to l. glx)

So, as Lim g(x) lies between y y =f(x)

* -a

Lim f(x) and Lim h(x) i.e., l and 1,

x >a
therefore
Fig. 13.4
Lim g(r)=l
Fig. 13.4 illustrates the Sandwich theorem.

Theorem 3.
) Lim sin x = 0 (x is in radians) (ii) Lim cos x = 1.
0

Proof. i) Let us consider a circle of unit radius and centre at the origin. Take P any
point on it such that 2 AOP =x*

Now x A =AP I:: OP 1

OP
MP
and Sin x == MP
OP

We know that 0s |MP| sAP

0s sin x| Sx
M A x
Since 0 0and x 0
. Using Sandwich theorem, Lim sin x = 0.
->0
Fig. 13.5

Lim cos x = Lim 1 2 sin

0 x0

72
= 1 - 2 Lim
*/2-> 0
n As 0, 0
= 1-200)? =1 Lim sinx =0{
0
Lim cos * = 1.
 ELEMENTSOF MATHEMATICS.Iv
13.22
sin &
Theorem 4. Lim = 1 (x is in radians)
and radius equal to unity. Take p
Proof. Draw acircle with centre at the origin ny
OX meeting the circle again in P':
PMI
point on it such that XOP =x. Draw
meets on OX in T
to the circle at P, P
Let OX meets the circle in A and tangents

I t is clear that PP< arc PP'< PT + P'TT

PP'<PT+ PT) I: PT=P'T1

Or
PP
2 2
arc

PM < arc PA < PT . (1)

MP : OP 11
Now, s i nx =
OP
MP

arc PA
= arc PA
OP

tan r = PT PPT
OP
T
o M
Using (1), we have sin x <* < tan x
1
1<
Sln x COS
Fig. 13.6

As >0, cOs x = 1 Limn 11

x 0 COS *

By Sandwich theorem, Lim- =1

x 0 Sin *
Lim
0
=1.

tan a 1
Cor. 1. Prove that Lim-
*0

Proof. Lim tan LimSin r =1x1=1

COS X

tan *
Lim- 1.

Cor. 2. Prove that Lim = 1

Lim
C
Proof. Lim = Lim
x0 Sin x ->0 Sin x Sin .
Lim
x0
LIMITS AND DERIVATIVEs
13.23

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. Evaluate:
sin ax
Lim
*
bx (ü) L i Sin a r a, b + 0
* 0 8in bx

in 5x tan
(iii) Lim 2
* 0 tan 3x (iv) Lim
x 0 3
Sin ax
Solution. (i) Lim Lim S i n ax Sin ax
bx > 0 bb
Lim As x >0, ax0
b ax >0 ax

a
Lim =1
Sin ax sin ax
(ü)
Sin ax .ax Lim
aax -> 0. ax
Lim- Lim
x->0 sin bx x ->0 sin
Sin bx sin bx
bx b% Lim
bx bx 0 bx
I: As x >0, ax and bx -> 0
b
sin 5x sin 5x
sin 5x .5x Lim
Lim =Lim b5x0 5x
x 0 tan 3x 0 tan 3x
3% 3% Lim tan3x
3x 3x 0 3x

1 (1
(iv) Lim
tan
= Lim
tan tan

3x x0

tan L i m tan x = 1|

6
Lim
x/2>0 2-1
2

Example 2. Evaluate:
cos 2x 1
(i) Lim- (ii) Lim * sec x

(iii) Lim (cosec *- cot x) (iv) Lim

V5-4+cos*
3 sin**
13.24 ELEMENTS OF MATHEMATICs.v
sin x
Solution. (i) Lim cos
2x- - Lim- -2sin =
Lim
x>0 cos x - 1
x02 sin 2 x sin2
2
Lim n *
sin
= 4
| Limn sin x/2
Sn x/2 x
r0
Lim
/2 '2 L 0 x/2

4x

i) Lim * sec x = Lim -Lim x Lim 1

x 0 COS * x0 r+0 cos x)

0 x 0.

(ül) Lim (cosec x - cot x) = Lim COS*

x0Sin x Sin xj

2 sin2
=Lim (1-cos * = Lim 2
0 sin a: 2 sincos

sin
Lim|
x0
=Lim tan
Cos

tan
tan
Lim Lim| Lim
2 2

=1x0 =0. Asx >0,

5-4+ cos x
(iw) Lim
x>0 3 sinx
= Lim 5-4+cos x v5+ 4+cos x
x>0 3 sin Rationalisingl
V5+ 4+ cos
= Lima 5-4+cos *)
0 3 sinx (V5 + 4+cos *)
 LIMITSAND DERIVATIVES 13.25

Lim (1-cos x)
x0 3 (1- cos x) (V5 + 4 + cos x)

= Lin 1
0
31+cos x) (V5 + 4 + COS *)

xL Lim0 1
x Lim
1
x
+cos x 0 V5+ 4+cos*

1
125

Example 3. Evaluate
ax + * cos x sin ax + bx
(i) Lim (ii) Lim b:0. (NCERTI
b, +
sinh,
a, a
b sin x 0 ar +

Solution. (i) ax+*cOS * ax

Lim
x0 bsin x Lim
x0 b
+
sin * b sin x

= Lim| *_||
x0bsin x) b tan x)

1 1
x
Lim S n x tan x
x 0 Lim

11a1 a+l

Sin ax
b
(i) Lim
sin ax + O
X>0 ax +sin 6x
=
Lim sin bx

Dividing the numerator and denominator

by xl
sin ax
a +b a Lim sin ax +b
= Lim ax0 ax

Sin br) sin

: a:0, bz 01
a +ba+bbx a+bLim
bx0 bx
bx)

a.1+b
a +b.1 a+h
=
a+ 1. .
: +b
a
:0
13.26 ELEMENTS OF MATHEMATICS-X

Example 4. Evaluate:
1 - cos * sin x°
(i) Lim 1-cos * (iii) Limn
(ii) Limn
2x
cosec x - 2 2 sin a + sin x -1
(iv) Limn m (v) (vi) Lim
0 l - cos n Limcot x -

1
6
sin x -3
sin x +1

INCERT Exemplar)
CoS x 2 sin x/2
Solution. (i) Lim 2
= Lim
0

2 2
sin Sin

= Lim 2 Lim
x> 0 x/2>0D
2 2

2 sin2 *
(ü) Lim 1-cosx =Lim
x>0 * sin x
x0 x.2 sin.cos
Lim sin
X. cos
2 2 2

sin
= Lim
0

2
COS
2
-1
x0, so0; Lim Sin x/2 x/2 ->0 x/2
:1 and Lim cos
x/2>00

Sin sin
(iii) Lim- sin Lim 180 Lim 180 180
0 x 0 TCC 1 = radians
180
180

TX
Sin
Now asx>0, -
180
>0and Lim 180 1.
0
180
TCX

180

sin.
Lim = 1.
180 180

(iv) Lim -
1 - cos mx =Lim 2 sin (mx/2) sin(mx/2)7
x 01 -

cos n* x 2 sin (nx//2) |Lim

0 sin (nx/2)
LEMITSAND DERIVATIVESS
13.27

sin (mx/ 2) mx2 Lim

sin(mx/2))
mx0 (mx/2))
Lim (mx/2) 2 2
sin (nx /2) nx sin (nx/2)
n*
Lim
(nx/2) 2 nx 0 (nx/2)

(v) Lim cOsec x2 =Lim + cots x-2

cot x-1 cot x-1

=Lim Cots x - 1 = Lim

(cot r - 1Mcot x + 1)

T cot x -1 (cot x - 1)
x

= Lim (ecot x + 1) = c o t + 1 = 1+1 =2.

x 4

2 sinx + sin x - 1 (2sin x -1) (sin x +1)

(vi) Limn Lim
( 2 sin x - 1 ) (sin x - 1)
x
6
2 sin x -3 sin * +1
6

Sin x +1
Lim
TSin x -1
6

3
Sin
6
2-
sin1 1 1 2

Example 5. Evaluate:
tan x - sin x
sin 2x + 8in 6x
Lim (ii) Lim
* 0 sin 5 x - sin 3x 0 sin"*
Cosec * - cot *
tan 3x -2x
(iii) Lim (iv) Lim
* 0 3x - sin^*

2 sin 4x cos 2x
sin 2x
+Sin 6x= Lim-
Solution. (i) Lim
>0 sin 5x - sin 3x x0 2 cos 4x sin x

sin4x
4 x x cos 2x
4x
= Lim
0 sin*
cos 4xx
13.28 ELEMENTS OF MATHEMATICS-IXI

4 Lim sin 4x | Lim cos 2x

4a-0 4x
Sin x
Lim cos 4x|x| Lim

4 x1x cos 0 4 x1x1 _4

cos 0x 11 1x1

sin: - sin *
tan. Sin * COS
(u) Lim 3 Lim
sin" x 0 sin x

= Lim sin x(1- cos x) Lim 1-cos *

x0 cos x sin* 0 cosx sin" x

Lim 1 -cos = Lim

x0 2
(cos x\1-cos x) x-0 CoS x l + cos x)

1
1.1+1)2

tan3x 2
(ui) Lim tan 3x 2x= Lim
0 3x- sin x 0
3Sin

Dividing the numerator and denominator by xl

3 x tan 3x2 3 Lim tan 3x 2
= Lim| 3x 3x>0 3x
x 0
Sin ax sin x
3-Lim Sin Lim sin *
0 X 0

3x1-2_3-2
3-1x0 3-03
(iv) Lim cOsec x- cot x 1Cosx
=
Lim Sin * sin:

im1cos r Lim
Lim 2 sin x/2
x0 Sxsin
in x = 0 . 2 sin x/2 cos x/2

= Lim Sin x/2 x/22

TCos.x/2>
Lim a n
 = Lim tan x/2 1 tan x/2)
Lim x/2
x/2>0 x/2 x/2>0

Example 6. Evaluate:
sin (2 + x) - s i n (2 - x) cos a r
-
cos bx
(ü) Lim
Lim r0
cos cx - 1

INCERT Exemplar]

sin (a h)-a* sina

(a +h)
+

(x +y) sec (x + y)- * ssee * Lim.

iti) Lim (iv) h >0 h
INCERT Exemplar}

sin (2+ x) - sin ( 2 - x)

Solution. (i) Lim

(2 +x+2-* 2+x -2+*

2 cos Sin 2 cos 2. sin x
2
= Lim
2 =Lim

sin x 2 cos 2 x 1 Lim n = 7

= 2 cos 2 x Lim-
x>0

2 cos 2.

2 sin
a+b
2 * sin (b-ax
2
cos a x -cos bx
(ü) Lim CoS cx - 1
Lim
x>0 - 2 sin2
CX
x -

2
a - b

sin
a+b Sin
2 2 I: sin (-0) = - sin e]
= Lim Sin2 C*
x >0
2
abx.sin2 b E . Lim sin a+6). sin a -b
sin 2 2
= Lim
Sin2 C* sin
x>0 2
2
a - b cr
a +6 Sin
Sin
2 2 (2,
= Lim Sin? Cr 2
( a+6 a-b).
2 2
2
a-b2

=|1x1x!ab,ab1| 2
 ELEMENTH OV MATHEMATIOSIK
13.30

(iii) Lim (x y)NeC (ay)xH x

y

Lim
x lsec (x y)HeC XHC (a y)
y

cOs(x 1 y) COs XE)

Lim H¢ (x + y)
Lim
y 0 y

2sin x sin
COSX-COs (x + y)
secx=Lim x. Sec
Lim x y Cos (X+y) Co6
y Cos (x + y) cOBx

Limsin |x+
sin y/2
Lim
COsX. Lim cos (x+ y) y/2-9| y/2

X.SinX .I+ secx = * tan x seC * + seC x.

COS X. CO8 x

(a +h) sin (a + h)- a sin a

(iw) Lim
h 0
(a +h +t 2ah)|sin a cos h + cos a sin h]- a^ sin1a
Lim -
h 0

a sin a cos h + a cos a sinh - a^ sin a + (h^ + 2ah) (sin a cos h + cos a sin h)
Lim
h h

a sin a (cos h - 1) a cos a sin h

Lim
h0 h
+(h + 2a) (sin a cOs h + cos a sin h)|
h

sin a-2 sin9h

= Lim sin h
h >0 2
4
+ a cos a
Lim-h + Lim (h + 2a) sin (a + h)
h0 0

=
[-2a2 sin a x (1) x0 +a cos a (1) + 2a sin a
=a cos a + 2a sin a.

Example 7. Evaluate:
sin (r - *)
(i) Lim tan 2x
(ii) Limn
T (T-ax) NCERT
L I M I T SAND D E R I V A T I V E S 13.31

Solution. (1) Puty

= T - X. Now as x > 7, y >0
sin (T X = Sin y
Lim Lim
t (T-x) Tty

=Lim
TT y 0
Sin y _1x1 =
Y

(i)P u t - x =y. Now as x - 2

tan 2.x tan2-

Lim =Lim
y 0

- tan 2y
Lim
tan (T-2) Lim--
-

y>0

tan 2y
Lim tan 2x Lim x2
y 0 2y 2y>0 2
tan : -
= 1x 2=2. Lim

Example 8. Evaluate:

() Lim
2x - T
i) Lim-* tan x*
2

(sin x - cos x)
Cot x - cos x

(iii) Lim (iv) Lim

(t 2x)*
2

Solution. (i) Put x =

-y so that 2r -t =-2y. Now a s x y >0

2y = Lim 2y
*
Lim 2-1t
Cos x
= Lim y 0 sin y

cOS2
= -2x Lim = -
2 x 1 =-2.
y 0 Sin y

) Putx = - yso that-x =y. Now asx ,y->0

13.32 ELEMENTS OF MATHEMATICS-[XI

Lim tana =
Lim y tan

Lim an y
=
Lim y cot y =
Lim = 1. y0
1
0 y->0 tan y

ii) Put x=+y. Now as x .y>0

. Lin
cot x COS *
= Lim cot -co
(T-2x)3 0
2
-
-

tan y+Sin y=Lim -

tan y +Sin y
Lim - 8y
2T y0

sin sin
COS y sin y (1 cos y)
Lim = Lim
y 0 -8

y0 cOs y(- 8y°)

tan y (1 - cos y)

Lim y 2

Li tan Lim 2 sin y/2

8 0 y>0 2

:1.2 Lim Siny/21) 4

0 (y/2)2

(sinx- cos x)
2 sin x-
2
1
cos x. 1
(w) Lim =
Lim
tl4

2 sin x.cos-cos
4 x.sin
= Lim
*T/4
LEMITS AND DERIVATIVESS
13.33

sin T
= 2 Lim
*Ttl4
= 2 Lim sin y
X y y
4

2x1 v2. Putting x= y so that as x

y
Example9. Evaluate:

sin x - sin a
tan'x - tan «
() Lim (ii) Lim [NCERT Exemplar]
a
cosCoS 4

Solution. (i) Put x = a

+y. Now as x >a, y>0
im Sin * -sin a _ Lim Sin (a+ y) - sina
a y0
a+y a

2 cos a+y+a sin(a+y-a

2 2
Lim
y0 a+y- va

= Lim
2 cos a +
S1n 2a+y +va
y>0 va+y - va
a+y +Na

2cos a+ sina+y +va)

Lim
y0 a+y-a

sin y2x
= Lim Lim cos a+ x Lim (a+y + va)
y/2 0 y>0

= 1 x cos ax (Wa + va) = 2 va cos a.

tan x - taan tan x(tan x -

1)
(i7) Lim =
Lim
TT
cos x+ cos *
4

tan x(tan x 1(tan x + 1)

= Lim
x4 cos x+
4
 13.34 ELEMENTS OF MATHEMATICS
XI
tan x (sin x - COS x)({tan x + 1)
= Lim

cos cosx4

Lim x (cos- Sin x{tan x +1)

-
x
4 cOS X
cos x4

=- 2 Lim
tan 2 cosx- sin | (tan x +1)

COse cos X+

tanx cos cos-sinsin x |(tanx +1)

=- v2 Lim 4

cosx cos x+

tanxcos x+ |(tan x +1)

=- v2 Lim
4 cosx cos| *+

=- v2 Lim tan x(tanr+l)_

COS *
2 x 2/2 = -
4.

Example 10. If Lim kxcosec x =

Lim x cosec
kx, prove that k =t 1.

Solution. L.H.S. =
Lim kx cosec *

= k Lim = ( 1 )

R.H.S. =
Lim x cosec kx =
Lim
x0 sin kx

Lim _11
kx 0sin kx )k (2

. From (1) and (2),

2=1 k =t1.
 3.30
LAMITS AND DERIVATIVES

EXERCISE 13.3

Evaluate
the following limits:
1.
tan 8x
sin ax
sin 5x
(ii) Limn (iii) La sin? bx
Limin 15x x 0 sin 2x

the following limits

2. Evaluate
1 cos
() Lim cos 1 cos 4x (iii) x
Limin2 x
(ii) Lim 0 sinx
x+0 1- cos 6x

(v) L i m t a n*
cos x
(iv) Lin (0)
x>0
1-sin x x 0 1- cos 2x
3. Evaluate the following limits:
sin 3x -
sin x
sin 2x
4Sin * (üi) Limm
-

sin 2x(1 - cos 2x)

(ü) Lim sin
) Lim
0

Sin *
tan 3x -* x cos x +
cot x (vi) La 2 + tan*
(iv) Lim (U) Lim Sin *
x0 1 - CoS *

sin 2x + 3x
(vi)Lim
x0 4x - sin 5x

limits:
4. Evaluate the following
tan x -Sin x cot 2x cosec 2x
1 -cos 2x (iü) (ii) Lim -

() Lim
x0 3 tan x
0

5. Evaluate the following limits:,

cos2 x ii) Lim (sec x

-
tan x) [NCERT Exemplar]
() Lim - sin x
2

6. Evaluate the following limits:

Cot (ui) Lim-tanx
COS X (i) Lim
(i) Limn
- *

1 -sin
(iv) Lim 3 sin x -cos *
(u) Lim
XT (T - x )
(vi) Lim 1+cos 2x
cos z3
- 2x)2
6 6
2
 ELEMENTS OF MATHEMATICS-[XNn

13.36
ANSWERRS

(ii) 4 ii)
1.

4 (iv) 1
2. (i) 0 (ii)

(iv) 2
(ii) 1 (ii) 2
3. (i) 4

(vii) - 5
(vi) 2
2 5. () 2 (i) 0
(iii) - 1
4.
3
(vi)
iii) -2 (iv) 2
6. () 1 (ii) 1

FUNCTIONS
13:6.LIMITSINVOLVING EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC
Before discussing these limits let us define'exponential and logarithmic functions
Exponential Function.
The function which associates the number a" to each real number x is called the exponential
function and is denoted by fx) = #".

In other words, a functionf: R>Rdefined byf(x) = a", where a> 0 anda * 1is called the
exponential function.
The domain of an exponential function is the set of all real numbers and the range of
exponential function is (0, co) since it attains only positive values.
Now, as a>0 and a 1 , therefore the following two cases arise :

Case I: When a >1

f(x)=a a>1
Here we observe that as the values of x
increase, the values of a* also increase.

1 for x<0 X'

(0, 1)
X
Also, fc) = { =1 for x = 0
>1 for x>0

The graph off (x) =

a" for a > 1 is as shown in the
adjacent figure.
Case II: When 0 <a< 1:
Here we observe that as the values of *
increase, the values of a* decrease and
all x e R f(x)>0 TOr
 LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES ww13.3713.87
>1 for x<0
Also, ffx)=a;0<a<1
f(ax) =
=1 for x =0
<1 for x>0

The graph off(x) =a* for 0 <a < 1 is (0,1

as shown in X'
the adjacent figure.
Exponential Function e*.
Exponential function with base 10 is called common exponential function and is denoted by
The value ofe lies between 2 and 3.
e.
Using this e as base we obtain an exponential function e
which is called natural exponential function. The graph of f(x) = e* is same as that of
flx) = a* for a > 1 and the graph of f (t) =e-* is same as that off (x) = a* for 0 < a < 1.

Logarithmic Function.
fa> O and a + 1, then the logarithmic function is defined as f(x) =log, x, where x > 0.
We have already studied that log x is the number y such that a =x

L.e.

The domain of the logarithmic function is the set of all non-negative real numbers i.e.,
(0, co) and the range of the logarithmic function is the set of all real numbers.
Now as a>0 and a+ 1, therefore, the following two cases arise:
Case I. When a > 1
f(x) = log,x; a>1
Here we observe that as the values of x increase,
the values off (x) also increase.

<0 for 0<*<1

Also, fx) = log, x = 0 for x =1 X
(1,0)
0 for x >1
The graph offr) =
log, x is as shown in the adjacent figure.

Case II. When 0< a < 1

Here we observe that as the values of x increase,
the values off (x) decrease.
(1.0) X
>0 for 0<x <1
Also, f(x) = log, * = {=0 for x =1
<0for x>1 fx) = log,x; 0< a«1

The graph of f (x) =

log, is as shown in the adjacent figure.
x

Remark
elog = x; x> 0.
 13.38 ELEMENTSOF MATHEMATIC
We shall now discuss some important limits involving exponential and TICS-XI
functions: logarithmie
(D To prove that
(ii) Lim 0 8 .(1+x) 1.
() Lim (1+*)l* =e
0
NCERT
Proof. (i) We know that

(1xx 1+ = 2 .
[Using binomial expansion
1! 2!

=1+1+ *)
2!

Lim (1+ x)* =

1+1++. =e
0 2t

Hence, Lim (1+)" =e.

Tim
*>0
loge+ ) Lim,1log, (1 + x) =Lim log. (1+ * 1/x

=
log Lim 1+x =
log, e =
1. Lim (1 + x)x =el

Hence, Lim log, (1 *2-1.

) To prove that:

Lim 1 NCERT i ) Lim -loga.

0
0

Proof. () Put e - 1 =y
e 1+y
=
*
log, (1 +y)
Lim = Lim
as x 0
>0 y 0
0 log. (1+ y)

Lim 0 g1 + y = 1 Lim log +)-1

y>0

Hence, Lim
0
LIMITSAND DERIVATIVES8
(ii) Put a* - 1 = y ..1)
a=1+y
As x-> 0, y > 0
Taking log on both sides of (1), we get
log (1 + )
x log a = log (1 + ) *
log a

loga
Lim a- Lim log (1+ = Limy
y 0 log(1+ y)
y 0 log
log a
log7(1+x)
Lim 8 +x) -1
= log a.
log (1 +y)
log a.1=
:
Lim

Hence, Lim
x>0
a-1 log a.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. Evaluate Limn log.* INCERT

1 c - 1

1 +y. Now as r > 1, y > 0.

Solution. Put x 1=y; -
* =

Lim 08 = Lim log. 1+)-1.

y>0

Example 2. Evaluate:

a*-b e-e- 1
(i) Lim (ii) Lim (iii) Lim
*0b-1'

Lim(a-1)-(6-1)
a-6
Solution. (i) Lim
X 0

- Lim - Lim - 1
x>0 x>0

=
log a -

log b log
=

Lim e = Lim-(e-1)-(e"* -1)

:0 x0
 13.40 ELEMENTS OF MATHHEMATICs

Lim
1_-Lim 0
1
0

=
Lime Lim - 0 As x>0,-x ->0
0

1+1= 2.
a -1
Lim
(u) Lim 1 - Lim-1x 0
x+0 b* -1 x0 Lim b-11
b - 1 ) im

log a
logb

Note:
f no base of log is mentioned, then it is taken for granted that the base is Thus
as log, a.
e.
log a is same

Example 3. Evaluate:
3 -2*
(i) Lim (ii) Limn2 -3* (iii) Lim * - 1
0 tan a 0 sin 3x
sin w

Solution. (i) Lim 3

- 2* Lim (3 -)-(2 -1)
= Lim| *
tan x X0
tan x

- -Lin in tan
x0 tan x

[log 3- log 21.1 =log 3

2 Lim a-log a
2
Lim2 -3* 3*
= Lim 2-1)- (3* -1)
(i) x0 sin 3x
sin 3x

Lim
0
2-1|
sin 3x
Lim 3-1]
| 0 sin 3x
LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
13.41
23-1 3x
3x sin3x sin 3x 3

dog 2.1)- 3.

= log 2-log .
(iüi)Put x =1+h. Now as x -1, h>0

Lim Lim *a-1_

x+1 h 0 sin r(1+h)

a-1
Lim
h0 sin th

Tth
T h>0I h sin th

log a.
Example 4.| Evaluate: Lim NCERT
x+0

e2+ e e.6 e (-1)

Solution. Lim Lim-
0
= Lim
0

-.Lim r0
-2.1-e.
Example 5. Evaluate: Lim (NCERT
5 -5

Solution. Put x = 5 +h. Now asx > 5, h >0

= Lim-
x 5 X-5 h0 5+h -5

.e-e =Lim
= Lim
h 0 h -
=e.1 =e5
 ELEMENTS OF MATHEMATICS-XI
13.42
Example 6. Evaluate:
ein - 1 (e2- 11-cos 2x)
(iii) Lim
) Lim e-sinx-1 (ii) Lim r+0

INCERT

Solution. (i) Lim-

x0
-
sin -l =
(-1sin
Lim

Lim 1-1 =0.

ü) Lim "-1_e"2.
-1.el-e-1.
(ii) Lim
T
sin *
sin
2

(2 1) (1- cos 2T) 1 cos 2r|

(ii) Lim
x 0
=
Lim

| Lim
x0
-12 Lim 2 sin
2x r>0

2 Lim
x0
Lim sin x
=2.1.2. (12 =4.

Example 7. Bvaluate thefollowing limits:

log x - log 2
) Lim-
x2
(i) Lim og (a +R)-log (a - x) a > 0
*-2

Solution. (i) Put x = 2 +h. Now when x -> 2, h - 0

Lim log x - log 2 = Lim log ( 2 + h ) - log 2

log (2 +h
x 2 x-2 h >0 =Lim 2
2+h-2 h0 h

= Lim
h0 h 2
2
LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES3
13.43

log (a + x) -log (a -

x)
(ii) Lim
r0

log a + log | 1+ log a +log

= Lim-
x >0

log 1-log|1- a
= Lim
x ->0

Lim Lim
1 log1
x>0 a7 xla x0 (-a) xla

a a a

Example 8. Evaluate: Lim tan

0

1/x 1/x
Lim 1+tanx)"
Solution. Lim { tan| =

x 0 1- tan *
x0

tan x

1
tan x
Lim (1+ tan x) tan e
Lim-
*>0 *
x>0
x
tan * -
Lim -

Lim (1+(- tan x)) tan x

c>0

: As x>0, tan x >0and Lim (l + t)t =

el
t0

Example 9. Prove that:

(i) Lim e* (ii) Lim log * = 1.
= e

Solution. (G) Put x = 1 +h. Now asx >1, h >0

e.e" Lim e" =e.1-=e.

Lim e" = Lim
0
e*h =Lim
h->0
= e
h>0
13.44 ELEMENTS OF MATHEMATICS.IR

ii) Put y= . Now asx

>e, y 1
Lim log x = Lim log ey = Lim (log e + log y
>e y1

log 1 1+0 =1.

=1+ Lim log y = 1 + =

y1

EXERCISE 13.4

1. Evaluate

(i) Lim (1 + 2x) (i) Lim (1 + bx)lk (iüi) Lim (1 + 3x)1/4x

r0 x0

2. Evaluate

3-2 (i) Lim - a e-1

() Lim
x>0 y0 ii) m

NCERT

iv) 7-1 3+-9

(iv) Lim -1
0 3 -1 (o) Lim (vi) Lim
0

3. Evaluate

Lim 7 SIn 1
x>0 Sin
( ) Lim
>0
(ii) Lim 2-1
x01+x -11
(NCERT
( v ) Lim ( 2 - 1 )
x>0 1- cos *

4. Evaluate:

) Lim -1 (i) Lim

0 x>2 (ii) Lim
x-1 x+1
e -
(iv) Lim 0<a<b

5. Evaluate

cOS 1 tan
(i) Lim ii) Lim
1
Cii) Lim e - 1
Cos >0 tan x
2 0

e"-ein x
(u) Lim - s i n x - e"
(v) Lim
 6. Evaluate
(7) Lim es*
1 18.45
ii) Lim e - 1 )
x-0 1-
cos x (iii) Lim
x 0
e -1
1 -

cos *
(iv) Lim x (e*-e2) INCERT
x 0
1- cos3x
7. Evaluate

) Lim -1
(ii) Lim cos x ycos 2x
*>0
(e-1)
(ii) Limn e -Cos x
x0
(iv) Lim (ab) a - b +1
0

(u) Lim -4*-2 +1

x0 * tan x (vi) Lim - 5 -3+1
x0 2 1+cos x
-

8. Evaluate

(i) Lim og (1+ 3x)

x0 3-1 Lim 0g *- log 5
x » 5
5

(iüi) Lim log (a + x)-log a

0
(w) Lim x-2
x2
log, (x - 1)
() Lim log(1+3 (vi) Lim|-1og(1+x)
>0 Sinx

ANSWERS

1. () e? iü) eb (üi) e4

2. (i) log ii) 2 loga (ui) 3

log 5
(iw) (u) 2 log 7 (vi) 9 log 3
log 3
3. (i) (üi) 2 log 2 (iv)2
log a (iü) 1 log2

(ii)e2 (iv)b-a