HYPERBOLA

SYNOPSIS (i) p lies on the hyperbola iff S11  0 .

(ii) p lies inside (i.e. in the region not containing the
Introduction :
centre) the hyperbola iff S11  0 .
 A Conic is said to be a hyperbola if its eccentricity
is greater than one. (iii) p lies out side the hyperbola iff S11  0 .
2 2
 If S  ax  2hxy  by  2 gx  2 fy  c  0
 Tangent to Hyperbola:
represents a hyperbola then h 2  ab  0 and   0
 If S  ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0  The equation of the tangent at "  " is
represent s a rectangular hyperbola t hen x y
sec   tan   1 .
h 2  ab  0 ,   0 and a  b  0 a b
 The centre of the hyperbola S  0 is obtained by
 The equation of the tangent to the hyperbola S  0
s s having slope m is
solving the equations of axes  0, 0
x y b b
 Hyperbola: Equation of the hyperbola in standard y  mx  a 2 m 2  b 2 , m a ,m a

x2 y2   a 2m  b2 
form is   1. and the point of contact is  , 
a2 b2  c c  .
 Conjugate hyperbola : The hyperbola whose The product of the perpendiculars from foci to
transverse and conjugate axes are respectively the any tangent to the hyperbola S =0 is b 2 .
conjugate and transverse axes of a given hyperbola
is called the conjugate hyperbola of the given  The equation of common tangent to the hyperbola
hyperbola. x2 y2 y2 x2
 The equation of the hyperbola conjugate to S  0   1 and   1 are
a2 b2 a 2 b2
1 x2 y 2 y  x  a 2  b 2
is S   1  0 .
a2 b2
2
a 2
 b2 
The length of common tangent is
 If e1 and e2 be the eccentricities of the hyperbola a 2  b2
1 1  Normal to Hyperbola: The equation of the
and its conjugate hyperbola then e 2  e 2  1 . normal to the hyperbola S  0 at (x1 , y1 ) is
1 2

 Parametric Equations: The parametric equa- a2 x b2 y

  a2  b2 .
x1 y1
x2 y2
tions of a hyperbola 2  2  1 are x  a sec  The equation of t he normal at  is
a b
ax by   
and y  b tan  where  is paramet er   a 2  b 2 .    0, ,  
sec  tan   2 
( 0    2 ).A point on the hyperbola is repre-
sented by ( a sec  ,b tan  )  If P  x1 , y1    a sec  ,b tan   is a point on

 The equation of auxiliary circle of S=0 is x2+y2=a2 x2 y2

  1 and S, S are foci then.
a2 b2
 The equation to the director circle of S  0 is SP  ex1  a  ae sec   a and
2 2 2 2
x  y  a b
S P  ex1  a  ae sec   a
 Position of a Point with respect to a x2 y2
hyperbola: Let P(x1 , y1 ) be a point and  If P  x1 , y1  is a point on 2  2 1  0
a b
x2 y 2 and S, S are foci then
S  1  0 be a hyperbola then
a 2 b2 SP  ey1  b ; S ' P  ey1  b
 VARIOUS FORMS OF HYPERBOLA

Eccentricity b
b

Vertices
Eccentricity

Vertices
 Asymptotes : (vi) axes y  x, y  x
 The tangents at infinity to the hyperbola are called (vii) Asymptotes x  0, y  0
asymptotes of the hyperbola. (viii) Angle between the asymptotes  900
 The pair of equation of the asymptotes of the
(ix) Equation of tangent at  x1 , y1  is
x2 y2
hyperbola S  0 is 2  2  0 . xy1  x1 y  2c 2
a b
 The equation of a hyperbola and its pair of equation (x) Equation of nomral at  x1 , y1  is
of asymptotes always differ by a constant.
 The asymptotes are always passing through the xx1  yy1  x12  y12
centre of the hyperbola. c
 Asymptotes are equally inclined to the axes of (xi) Parametric equations x  ct, y  ,t R  0
t
hyperbola.
(xii) Equation of tangent at 't ' is x  yt 2  2ct  0
 The angle between the asymptotes of the hyperbola
(xiii) Equation of noraml at 't ' is
1  b 
S  0 is 2sec 1 (e) or 2 tan  a  .
 

xt 3  yt  c t 4 1 
 The product of the perpendiculars from anypoint (xiv) Normal at t1 meets the curve again at t2
a 2b 2 then t13t2  1
on the hyperbola to its asymptotes is 2 .
a  b2  c  c  c
 Any straight line parallel to an asymptotes of a (xv) P  ct1 ,  ,Q  ct2 ,  , R  ct3 ,  are
 t1   t2   t3 
hyperbola intersects the hyperbola in only one
point. points on xy  c 2 then the ortho centre of PQR
 Asymptotes of a hyperbola and its conjugate
hyperbola are same.  c 
is S  , ct1t2t3 
'
t1t2t3
 If S, S and A are the equations of a hyperbola,
its conjugate hyperbola and its pair of Note : S also lies on xy  c 2
asymptotes respectively then S +S ' =2A (xvi) If a circle and a rectangular hyperbola xy =c2
meet at four points
 Rectangular Hyperbola x2 - y 2 = a2 : The
 c
hyperbola in which the lengths of the  xi , yi    cti ,  ,i  1, 2, 3, 4 then t1t2t3t4  1
transverse and conjugate axes are equal is  ti 
called an equilateral or rectangular hyperbola
 x1 x2 x3 x4  c 4 , y1 y2 y3 y4  c 4
( a =b )
(i) Eccentricity, e  2 Note: x 2  y 2  a 2 , xy  c 2 cut each other
(ii) The equation of the asymptotes are y   x orthogonally
(iii) The angle between the asymtotes is 90 .
 The hyperbola conjugate to xy  c 2 is xy  c 2
 Rectangular hyperbola xy = c2 :
 The equation of the hyperbola having x   and
If we rotate the axes through an angle of 450 in
y   as asymptotes can be t aken as
clock wise direction x 2  y 2  a 2 will become
2
 x    y     k 2
 2 a 
xy  c 2 ,  c  2  . (i) centre  0, 0   Equation of the hyperbola with reference to two
 
perpendicular lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 and

(ii) vertices  c, c  (iii) Foci  2c,  2c  b1 x  a1 y  c2  0 as axes of coordinates is
(iv) e  2 (v) LLR  2 2c 2 2
a x  b y  c  b x  a y  c 
 1 1 1
  1 1 2

2 2 2 2
 a1  b1   a1  b1 
 1
a2 b2
 CONIC SECTION FORMULAE
Ellipse Hyperbola
Name of standard Parabola
S = y2 – 4ax = 0 x2 y 2 x2 y2
form of the conic S  1  0 S  1  0
a2 b2 a 2 b2

Centre (C) – C(0, 0) C(0, 0)

Vertex (A) (a, 0) (a, 0) (a, 0)

Major axis y = 0 Transverse axis y = 0
Length = 2a Length = 2a
Axis x-axis, y = 0
Minor axis x = 0 Conjugate axis x = 0
Length = 2b Length = 2b

Eccentricity (e) a 2  b2 a 2  b2
e=1 0  e  1, e  e  1, e 
a2 a2

LLR (length of latus 2b 2 2b 2

4a
rectum) a a
Focus (S) (a, 0) (ae, 0) (ae, 0)

Directrix and foot of a  a  a  a 

x = –a, (–a, 0) x ,  ,0  x ,  ,0 
the directrix (Z) e  e  e  e 

End point of latus  b2   b2 

(a, 2a)   ae, ±    ae, ± 
rectum  a   a 
Equation of latus
x=a x = ae x = ae
rectum
Focal distance of
x1 + a |a ex1| |ex1 a|
P(x1, y1) (SP)
Parametric equations x = at2, y = 2at x = acos, y = bsin x = asec, y = btan
PSQ is a focal chord
and ‘l’ is semi latus 1 1 2 1 1 2 b2 1 1 2 b2
  , l  2a   ,l    ,l 
rectum then SP, l, SQ SP SQ l SP SQ l a SP SQ l a
are in HP
If y = mx + C is a a
tangent then c c2 = a2m2 + b2 c2 = a2m2 – b2
m

Equation of tangent a
having slope m y  mx  y  mx  a 2 m2  b 2 y  mx  a 2 m 2  b 2
m
If y = mx + c intersect cm < a
the conic then c2 < a2m2 + b2 c2 < a2m2 – b2

Condition for ln  am 2 a 2l 2  b 2 m 2  n 2 a 2 l 2  b 2 m2  n 2
lx + my + n = 0 is a
tangent and point of  n 2am    a 2l b 2 m   a 2l b 2 m 
contact  ,   ,   , 
l l   n n   n n 
Equation of normal m a 2  b2 m a2  b2
having slope ‘m’ y = mx – 2am – am3 y  mx  y  mx 
a 2  b2m2 a 2  b2m2

2 2
lx + my + n = 0 is a 3 2
al + 2alm + m n = 0
2 a2 b2
 2 
a 2  b2  a2 b2
 2 
a 2  b2 
normal then
l2 m n2 l2 m n2

Locus of point of
intersection of
x+a=0 x2 + y2 = a 2 + b 2 x2 + y2 = a2 – b2
(directrix) (Director circle) (Director circle)
perpendicular tangents

Locus of the feet of the x = a

perpendicular from x2 + y2 = a 2 x2 + y2 = a2
(tangent at the vertex) (auxiliary circle) (auxiliary circle)
foci to any tangent

m2, m2 are the slopes y 2 x1 y1 2 x1 y1

m1  m2  1 m1  m2  m1  m2 
of tangents drawn from x1 x12  a 2 x12  a 2
an external point a y12  b 2 y12  b 2
P(x1, y1) to the conic m1m2  m1m2  m1m2 
x1 x12  a 2 x12  a 2
and ‘’ is the angle
between the tangents s11 2ab s11 2ab  s11
tan   tan   where tan  
x1  a D11 D11
D is the director circle D is the director circle
Equation of chord 2 x  t1  t2 y x    2 x1 y1
cos  m1  m2 
joining two points  x12  a 2
 2at1t2  0 a  2 
y    y12  b 2
sin   m1m2 
b  2  x12  a 2
    2ab  s11
 cos   and tan  
 2  D11
  e 1
tan tan  , D is the director circle
2 2 e 1
 
cos
e 2
and chord passing t2 t2 = –1 
through the focus then cos
2
| |
SP = x1 + a SP + S P = 2a and |SP  S P| = 2a and
Tangent and normal at normal at P bisects tangent at P bisects
P is a point on the | |
P meets the axis in SPS and Tangent at SPS and normal at P
conic
T, N then P bisects external angle bisects external angle
SP = ST = SN of SPS| of SPS|
Maximum number of
normals from a given 3 4 4
point to the conic
At ‘’ At ‘’
2
Equation of tangent At ‘t’ yt = x + at x y x y
cos   sin   1 sec   tan   1
a b a b
At ‘’ At ‘’
Equation of normal At ‘t’ ax by ax by
3   a2  b2   a2  b2
y + xt = 2at + at cos  sin  sec  tan 
 Conic Section Important points 12. LLR  2e ( The perpendicular distance from focus
1. General Equation of conic is
to the directrix)  2e  SZ 
S  ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0
2. 13. (i) Axis of parabola and tangent at the vertex of
  abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch 2
parabola are lx  my  n  0, ax  by  c  0 then the
3.   0, h2  ab  0, f 2  bc  0, g 2  ac  0 then S  0
equation of the parabola is
represents a pair of lines 2
 lx  my  n   ax  by  c 
4.   0, h  0, a  b  0, then S  0 represents a circle  2 2
  LLR  2 2

 l m   a b 
5.   0, h 2  ab  0, then S  0 represents a parabola
(ii) In an ellipse major axis and its length are
6.   0, h 2  ab  0, then S  0 represents an Ellipse
lx  my  n1  0 , 2a and minor axis and its length
7.   0, h 2  ab  0, then S  0 represents a hyperbola
8. Equation of tangent at P  x1 , y1  is S1  0 (i.e.) are mx  ly  n2  0 , 2b then the equation of
axx1  h  xy1  x1 y   byy1  g  x  x1   f  y  y1   c  0 2 2
 mx  ly  n2   lx  my  n1 
   
9. Equation of normal at  x1, y1  is ellipse is 2 2 2
 l  m    l  m  1
2

x  x1 y  y1 a2 b2

ax1  hy1  g hx1  by1  f (iii) In a hyperbola transverse axis and its length
S S are lx  my  n1  0, 2a and conjugate axis and its
10. Solve  0 , and  0 we get the centre of the
x y
length are mx  ly  n2  0, 2b then the equation
 hf  bg gh  af 
conic (except parabola) (i.e.)  ab  h 2
, 
ab  h 2  2 2
 mx  ly  n2   lx  my  n1 
   
11. Focus S  x1 , y1  , directrix lx  my  n  0 , of hyperbola is 2 2 2
 l  m    l  m  1
2 2
2

a b
eccentricity ' e ' equation of the conic is 14. Normal of a conic passing through a focus does
2
2 2 2 lx  my  n not exist (except axis of the conic)
SP 2  e2 PM 2 (i.e)  x  x1    y  y1  e
l 2  m2 15. The eccentricity of circle is zero and whose directrix
Axis is m  x  x1   l  y  y1   0 is at infinity distance
 V. The foci of the hyperbola and the points P and Q in
ADVANCED
which any tangent meets the tangents at the
MAIN POINTS vertices are concyclic with PQ as diameter of the
I. GENERALEQUATION OFHYPERBOLA circle.

 The equation of hyperbola whose focus is  h, k  ,

P
directrix is lx  my  n  0 and eccentricity ‘e’ is

2 2 2  lx  m  n 2 S
1
S
given by  x  h    y  k   e 2 2
l m
II. A rectangular hyperbola and a circle meet in four
points, The mean of these four points is the middle Q
point of the centres of the hyperbola and that of
the circle.  ASSOCIATED RECTANGLE
 A circle and rectangular hyperbola meet in four If we draw the lines through B, B1 parallel to the

points A, B, C and D. If the line AB passes through
transverse axis and through A, A1 parallel to the
the centre of the circle then the centre of the
 conjugate axis then
hyperbola lies at the mid point of CD from
 P  a, b  , Q  a, b  , R  a,  b  & S  a,  b  a l l
hypothesis, AB is the diameter of the circle.
III. If A  t1  , B  t2  , C  t3  are three points on x2 y2
lie on the asymptotes of hyperbola 1. 
2 a 2 b2
xy  c then
So asymptotes are diagonals of the rectangle
 Area of ABC is PQRS. This rectangle is called associated rectangle.
c2 y
 t1  t 2   t2  t3  t3  t1  square units
2t1 t 2 t3
Q B P
 Area of the triangle formed by the tangents at A,
2  t1  t 2   t2  t3  t3  t1 
1
A A x
B, C is 2c  t  t   t  t  t  t  . square units
1 2 2 3 3 1 R S
B1
IV. REFLECTIONPROPERTYOFHYPERBOLA
The tangent and normal at any point of a
hyperbola bisect the angle between the focal  If from any point on the asymptote a straight line
radii. This spells the reflection property of the be drawn perpendicular to the transverse axis, the
hyperbola as “an incoming light ray” aimed product of the segments of this line, intercepted
towards one focus is reflected from the outer between the point and the curve is always equal to
surface of the hyperbola towards the other the square of t he semi conjugat e axis.
focus. It follows that if an ellipse and a PQ.PR  b 2 .
hyperbola have the same foci, they cut at right
angles at any of their common point.
P
x2 y2 Q
Note that the ellipse 2  2  1 and the hyperbola
a b
C
x2 y2
  1 a  k  b  0 R
a2  k 2 k 2  b2
are confocal and therefore orthogonal.