ORAL COM

Feedback
NATURE & PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION - the reactions, responses, or information
provided by the speaker
COMMUNICATION Context
- The word communication comes from the Latin - the environment where communication takes
word “communicare”, which means to share, or place
to make common (Weekley, 1967). Barrier
- Communication is defined as the process of - the factors that affect the flow of
understanding and sharing meaning (Pearson & communication
Nelson, 2000)
- It is a process of sharing and conveying PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
messages or information from one person to
another within and across channels, contexts, The speaker generates an idea.
media and cultures (McCornack, 2014).
- There is a wide variety of contexts and The speaker encodes an idea or converts the idea
situations in which communication can be into words or actions.
manifested; it can be a face-to-face interaction,
a phone conversation, a group discussion, a The speaker transmits or sends out a message.
meeting or interview, a letter correspondence, a
class recitation, and many others. The receiver gets the message.

The receiver decodes or interprets the message

NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
based on the context.
- Communication is a process.
The receiver sends or provides feedback.
- Communication occurs between two or more
people (the speaker and the receiver).
- Communication can be expressed through MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
written or spoken words, actions (nonverbal), or
both spoken words and nonverbal actions at the Shannon-weaver model
same time.
- Developed by Claude Elwood Shannon and
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION Warren Weaver
- Depicts communication as a linear or one-
Speaker way process of communication consisting
- the source of information or message five elements; source, transmitter, channel,
Message receiver, and destination.
- refers to the information, ideas or thoughts - Known as the mother of all communication
conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions models
Encoding - Feedback is missing
- the process of converting the message into
words, actions or other forms that the speaker - Shannon Weaver model of communication
understands was created in 1948 when Claude Elwood
Channel Shannon wrote an article "A Mathematical
- the medium or the means, such as personal or Theory of Communication" in Bell System
non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the Technical Journal with Warren Weaver.
encoded message is conveyed. - Shannon was an American mathematician
Decoding whereas Weaver was a scientist. The
- the process of interpreting the encoded Mathematical theory later came to be known
message of the speaker by the receiver as Shannon Weaver model of communication
Receiver or “mother of all models." This model is more
- the recipient of the message, or someone who technological than other linear models.
decodes the message.
Concepts in Shannon Weaver Model SCHRAMM MODEL

Sender (Information source) - Wilbur Schramm model of communication

- Sender is the person who makes the message, - Provides a comprehensive framework for
chooses the channel and sends the message. understanding
- Based on the concept of two-way
Encoder (Transmitter) communication process
- Encoder is the sender who uses machine, which - Emphasizes the interactive nature of
converts message into signals or binary data. It communication
might also directly refer to the machine. - Circular process of communication where
both the sender and receiver are active
Channel participants in the exchange of
- Channel is the medium used to send message. communication.
- Three key components: the source, the
Decoder (Receiver) message, and the receiver
- Decoder is the machine used to convert signals - Highlights the importance of clear and
or binary data into message or the receiver who concise encoding to ensure accuracy
translates the message from signals. - Recognizes the influence of noise on the
communication process
Receiver (Destination)
- Receiver is the person who gets the message or
the place where the message must reach. The FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
receiver provides feedback according to the
message. Control
- communication functions to control behavior.
Noise
- Noise is the physical disturbances like Social Interaction
environment, people, etc. which does not let - communication allows individuals to interact
the message get to the receiver as what is sent. with others
- this is a simple function of communication that
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL primarily aims to establish social relationship or
bonds between individuals.
• Transactional model of communication is the
exchange of messages between sender and Motivation
receiver where each take turns to send or - communication motivates or encourages
receive messages. people to live better.
• Here, both sender and receiver are known - This functions appeal to mind for the very
as communicators and their role reverses purpose changing one’s belief or desire in
each time in the communication process as accomplishing something.
both processes of sending and receiving
occurs at the same time. Emotional Expression
• The communicators can be humans or - communication facilitates people’s expression
machines but humans are taken as of their feelings and emotions.
communicators in this article to analyze - This function appeals to the heart rather than
general communication between humans. the mind.
The model is mostly used for interpersonal
communication and is also called circular Information Dissemination
model of communication. - communication functions to convey
information.
FEATURES OF AN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION POINTS TO CONSIDER WHEN INGAGING IN
(7C’s OF AN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION) VERBAL COMMUNICATION

COMPLETENESS 1. APPROPRIATENESS
- Communication should include everything - The language that you use should be
that the receiver needs to hear for him/her to appropriate to the occasion (whether formal
respond, react, or evaluate properly. or informal)

CONCISENESS 2. BREVITY
- It does not mean keeping the message short, - It is achieved by being more direct with your
but making it direct or straight to the point. words
- Insignificant or redundant information should
be eliminated from the communication 3. CLARITY
- Clearly state your message and express your
CONSIDERATION ideas and feelings
- To be effective, the speaker should always
consider relevant information about his/her 4. ETHICS
receiver such as mood, background, race, - Words should be carefully chosen in
preference, education, status, and needs consideration of the gender, roles, ethnicity,
among others. preferences, and status of the person or
people you are talking to.
CONCRETENESS
- Effective communication happens when the 5. VIVIDNESS
message is concrete and supported by facts, - Words that vividly or creatively describe
figures, and real-life examples and situations. things or feelings because it adds color and
spice to communication.
COURTESY
- The speaker shows courtesy in NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
communication by respecting the culture,
values, and beliefs of his/her receivers. Being - Refers to communication that does not make
courteous at all times creates a positive use of language to communicate. Other than
impact on the audience. words, nonverbal communication involves
body language, gestures, appearance, and
CLEARNESS silence.
- It implies the use of simple and specific - Examples: stares, gestures, smiles,
words to express ideas. personality, tone of voice, style of attire,
movements, appearance, manners of
CORRECTNESS walking, standing and sitting, attitude
- Correctness in grammar eliminates negative towards time and space
impact on the audience and increases the
credibility and effectiveness of the message. TYPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

FACIAL EXPRESSION
VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION - A smile, frown, or grimace tells a lot about
their mood and how the subsequent
VERBAL COMMUNICATION conversation will go.

- It refers to an interaction in which words are PARALINGUISTICS

used to relay message. - Paralinguistics (or vocalics) refers to the
- Verbal communication refers to aspects of verbal communication that are not
communication that makes use of language the words themselves.
in expressing ideas or emotions
BODY LANGUAGE AND POSTURE 3. It can sustain the attention of listeners and
- Crossing your legs or arms, a head nod, keep them engaged in the speech.
slouching, or sitting up straight are all 4. It gives the audience a preview to the type of
examples of true body language speaker you are.
5. It makes you more dynamic and animated in
GAZE your delivery.
- Our eye contact is a massive factor in 6. It serves as a channel to release tension and
nonverbal communication because it can nervousness.
give clues to how we feel. 7. It helps makes yor speech more dramatic.
8. It can build a connection with listeners.
APPEARANCE 9. It makes you a credible speaker.
- Your appearance is another thing people 10. It helps you vary your speaking style and
notice immediately. Your hairstyle, clothing, avoid a monotonous delivery.
tattoos, piercings, and even body shape give
cues. Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES Communication Breakdown

- Your body naturally sends out nonverbal - happens when the message is not clearly
signals that are nearly impossible to control. understood by the receiver
This includes nervous sweating, blushing, or
tearing up. Effective Communication
- means you are able to listen, understand, and
PROXEMICS take action on what other people say.
- Proximity references how near something is.
As an examples, proxemics determines Types of Noise/Barriers that May Cause
intimacy between people, but this is not the Communication Breakdown
case if you are on a train full of people.
Physical Noise
KINESICS - It refers to any external, tangible, or
- Kinesics or gestures are conscious body environmental factors that interfere with the
movements like waving, pointing, and giving transmission and reception of a message.
thumbs up or down. EX.
• Loud background noise
CHRONEMICS • Traffic sounds
- Chronemics looks at how people use time. It • Technical Interference
enables us to comprehend how people • Weather-related noise
conceptualize and organize time in their • Physical obstacles
interactions and interpersonal relationships. • Proximity to machinery
• Crowded public transportation
HAPTICS • Outdoor events
- Refers to the use of the sense of touch in • Natural environment sounds
communication. It is a type of nonverbal
communication in which people Physiological Noise
communicate through touch. - It refers to internal, bodily factors or
conditions that can interfere with the
MASTERY OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION IS effective transmission or reception of a
IMPORTANT FOR SEVERAL REASONS message.
EX.
1. It enhances and emphasizes the message of • Hearing impairment
your speech, thus making it more meaningful, • Vision impairment
truthful, and relevant. • Speech impediments
2. It can communicate feelings, attitudes, and • Dyslexia
perceptions without you saying a word. • ADHD
 • Fatigues or sleep deprivation addressing psychological noise is important
• Physical pain or discomfort for improving communication outcomes, as it
• Substance intoxication helps individuals become more mindful of
• Environmental conditions their mental states and adapt their
communication strategies accordingly.
Psychological Noise
- It refers to mental or cognitive factors that Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown
can interfere with the effective transmission
or reception of a message. Become an engaged listener
- Listening well means not just understanding
EX. the words or the information being
• Preoccupation communicated, but also understanding the
• Stress and anxiety emotions the speaker is trying to
• Bias and prejudice communicate.
• Emotional state
• Lack of motivation Apply positive self-talk and perception
• Cognitive overload - Positivity is the best encouragement. It
• Language barriers welcomes good vibes and pleasant outlook in
• Mental health issues all communication.
• Cultural differences
• Perceptual differences Use appropriate language
• Selective attention - Tailor the words you will use based on your
audience or listener. Keep it simple or
How to address physical noise? understandable.
• Effective communication often involves
recognizing the effects of physical noise to Be Open
ensure that messages are received - Suspend your own judgment, ideas, and
accurately. beliefs. Give the speaker time to develop and
• This may involve finding quieter express his/her ideas or point before you
environments, using noise-canceling conclude if the message has any value, little
technology, or adjusting communication value, or none at all.
methods to compensate for the interference.
Give and accept feedback
How to address physiological noise? - Feedback keeps the communication going.
• It's important to note that physiological noise Respond to what has been heard. Keep an
can vary from person to person and may be open mind and avoid overreacting
temporary or chronic. Effective emotionally to a message or feedback.
communication often requires individuals to
be aware of their own physiological Pay attention to nonverbal signals
conditions and, when possible, adapt their - Feedback keeps the communication going.
communication methods to accommodate or Respond to what has been heard. Keep an
overcome these factors. Additionally, creating open mind and avoid overreacting
a supportive and inclusive communication emotionally to a message or feedback.
environment can help individuals with
physiological noise participate in TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT
conversations more effectively.
Intrapersonal
How to address psychological noise? - Refers to communication that centers on one
• Psychological noise can affect both the person where the speaker acts both as the
sender and the receiver of a message and sender and receiver of message.
may lead to miscommunication, - The message is made up of your thoughts and
misunderstandings, or reduced effectiveness feelings.
in communication. Recognizing and
 - The channel is the brain, which processes
what you are thinking and feeling
- There is feedback in the sense that as you talk
to yourself, you discard certain ideas and
replace them with others.
- Self-concept is the basis in intrapersonal
communication. This refers to how a
communicator sees him/herself and involves
his/her beliefs, values, and attitudes (Smith,
2004).

Interpersonal
- Refers to communication between and
among people and establishes personal
relationship between and among them.
- Interpersonal communication is contextual; it
involves the situation, environment,
psychological, and cultural context.

TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL CONTEXT

Dyad Communication
- communication that occurs between two
people

Small Group Discussion

- Refers to communication that involves at
least three but not more than twelve people
engaging in a face-to-face interaction to
achieve a desired goal. In this type, all
participants can freely share ideas in a loose
and open discussion.

Public Communication
- Refers to communication that requires you to
deliver or send the message before or in front
of a group.
- Message can be driven by informational or
persuasive purposes
- Channels are more exaggerated
- Voice is louder and the gestures are more
expansive because the audience is bigger
- Speaker might use additional visual channels
such as slides or a PPT.

Mass Communication
- Refers to communication that takes place
through television, radio, newspapers,
magazines, books, billboards, internet, and
other types of media.