2. 3. 4 5. ise main objectives ice which specifies the state of statistical control 10. These are divided into three categories which are: (@) X-bar and R chart. (&) %bar and S chan. (©) Individuals and range chart ‘There are explained below: (a) X-bar and R chart: These charts are used to control the process mean and its In other words, control chart is a devi To determine source of variation To analyse requirement of action. To assist the changes in specifications To determine process capability To analyse the reliability of the product or service To inspect the production process. To collect the data for further procedures. To create familiarity between process and control charts. To inspect the critical problem areas. To an efficient production process. variations. This is because the process control is ensured only if its mean is located correctly and its spread is kept within its natural limits Average and range charts are traditionally used in mass production operations 4Cbar and Range charts are usually used together as a pair of charts and are most often recognized and referred to a8 the X-bar and R-charts. These charts are definitely ‘one of the most useful tools of control charts. The X-bar chart is a plot of subgroup averages. The R-chart is a plot of the subgroup ranges. As we know that quality is defined by two mathematical measures of central tendency and variability. By these charts, it can be easily understood2.12 Quality Assurance and Re| The formulae for X-bar and Range chart are as follows: For Range chart R= —Sum of all ranges Total number of ranges ee k For average chart _ _ sum of ¥ values Number of values Example 1. 2.0 2.0 20 2.1 2.19/20) 1.9 @glLOumOmma 20 21 21 19 19 19 19 20) 205i 1 a a 3 21 21 21 32 21 20 21 2ON2Se 4. 19 19 20 3.7 20 20 20° 20.2 0iiaa 5 2.02107 12.153 ome 20a 1.9" 1.0319 Find out the Average ¥ and Range R. Solution: Circuit Breaker Data 2.0 2.0 19. 1.9, 1.9, 2,0.) 20mm 2sdoatia2.0} 3.7. 2.0. 20 20) 2/0) ]2iD Ea Runeity Controt 2.13 istical Qual 2.0 202s GeerONnDTT 115°" 10 ” “1902.1 Mean_2.0__ 2.02" 2069297 2.02%02.0 1.96 1.78 2.0 2.02 Range 0.2) 02S ERE oOa=eTO2 5 1.0. 10.2") 0:1 The grand average, which is the center line, For the V-bar chart, is now computed by taking the average of all of the subgroup average: HR = GO+2.02+ 2.06 + 2.94 2.02 + 2.04 1.96 +1.78-+ 2.0 + 2.02) 3 G0 2.02 + 2.06 + 2.9 + 2.02 + 2.0+ 1.96 +1.78 + 2.0+ 2.02) 10 = 2.076 The grand range, which is the center line for the R-chart, is computed by taking the average of all of the subgroup ranges: R= O2+0.2+0.1+0.8+0.2+0.240.2+1.04+0.2+0.1) OFF 02+ OTF 0.840.240.2402 +1.04+0.2+0.1) 10 = 032 (>) X-bar and S-Chart: Although the Range chart is quite popular, when the sample size is large (7 > 10), it is desirable to estimate and control the standard deviation directly. Then we use X-bar and S charts. Average and standard deviation charts are often used from increased sensitivity to variation. These charts are more sensitive than average and range charts and also are more difficult to work because of the tedious calculation of the standard deviation when they are manually implemented. The difference between the X and S-chart and the ¥ and R-chart is that the sample standard deviation, is used to estimate process variability instead of range. The sample standard deviation is a very efficient and useful means of characterizing variation The formula for sample standard de re)” (2.6) ‘The individual measurements = The average The sample size Sample standard deviation where = = The sum aq aQuality Assurance and Reliai 2.14 nd Rellabitiy Example 2. Consider a subgroup of data: 3, 45, 6, % 8). , The average ¥,, is 6. Calculate the sample standard deviation Solution: Given, ¥=-6 The sample standard deviation is given by =1(3 — 6)? + (4-6)? + (5-6)? + (6-6)? +(7-6)? +(8— 6)? +(9-6)7] 71 (©) Individuals and Range Chart: In statistical quality control, the Individual Range chart is a type of control chart used to monitor variables data from a busi or industrial process for which it is impractical to use rational subgroups. The actually consists of a pair of charts. One, the individuals chart, provides the indivi measured values. The other, the moving range chart, provides the individual me values. The other, the moving range chart, provides the difference from one poi the next. As with other control charts, these two charts enable the user to mor process for shifts in the process that alter the mean or variance of the me: statistic. It is used to the moving range of two successive observations to m the process variability. 2.16 The formula for individual moving range is given by. Example 3. Consider a subgroup of data 3.8, 3.7, 3.2, 3.0, 2.7, 2.4, 2.2. Calculate the Individual moving range Solution: MR =X, ~ X,4) 3.7 ~ 3.8] + [3.2 — 3.7] + [3.0 — 3,2) + 12.7 — 3.0] + [24-27 + [22-24Quatity Controt 245 01+05+02+03+03+02 16 Control charts have several applications. This helps us in the following decision making. (a) To decide when to take corrective actions and when to leave the process as it is. (b) They give indications of type of remedial actions necessary to bring the process to control. (©) They help us to estimate the capability of our process to meet certain customer demands or order. (4) They help us to improve quality. (©) They help us to take decisions such as the need for machine or technology replacement to meet quality standards. Quality control and improvement are ongoing activities and, therefore, control charts must be maintained or revised as and when changes occur in the process Installation or a new machine or application of a new technology necessitates the development of new control charts. ae Monday ‘Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 1 0,002 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 B) 0.003 0.005 0.003 0.005 0.003 3 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.005 4 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.006 5 0.004 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.000 Calculate the X¥ and R.