Chapter 4 Lighting Design and Applications

Zonal cavity method for general lighting design, determination for zonal cavities and different
shaped ceilings using COU (coefficient of utilization), beam angles and polar diagrams. Factors to
be considered for design of indoor illumination scheme . Indoor illumination design for following
installations: Residential (Numerical), Educational institute, Commercial installation, Hospitals,
Industrial lighting, Special purpose lighting schemes Decorative lighting, Theatre lighting,
Aquarium, swimming pool lighting.
The following factors have a positive impact on the reduction of energy consumption – Sensible
control of lighting – Use of daylight – Use of presence detectors – Intelligent consideration of hours
of use – Energy-efficient lamps – Need-based use of luminaires and lighting solutions, specified for
the respective application – Constant lighting control (maintenance control)
Zonal Cavity (Lumen) method

 The zonal cavity, or lumen, method is used to calculate average illuminance.

 It is used when there is uniform lighting with either incandescent, fluorescent, or HID
lighting systems.
 The illuminance at the center of the room can be assumed to be uniform, as indicated by the
average illuminance values derived from the zonal cavity formula.
 The method is based on the assumption that you can divide the room into three cavities as
follows:

Figure1
1- Ceiling cavity

It is the distance from bottom of luminaires to the ceiling.

Ceiling cavity = zero if luminaires are surface mounted or recessed as indicated in (fig.1).

2- Room cavity

It is the distance from bottom of luminaire to the work surface.

The height of work surface for different activities will be assumed as follows:

 30" for offices.

 36 to 38" for counters, drafting, etc.
 40 to 48" for stores, shops.
 Zero (floor level) for corridors, carpet stores.

3- Floor cavity

It is the distance from bottom of work surface to floor. there is no floor cavity if room cavity is to
the floor).

INTRODUCTION (Guide book 3-Energy efficiency in electrical utilities)

The Zonal Cavity Method (sometimes called the Lumen Method) is the currently accepted method
for calculating average minance levels for indoor areas, unless the light distribution is radically
asymmetric. It is an accurate hand method for indoor applications because it takes into consideration
the effect that inter-reflectance has on the level of illuminance.
Typical Room Space
The basis of the Zonal Cavity Method is that a room is made up of three spaces or cavities. The
space between the ceiling and the fixtures, if they are suspended, is defined as the "ceiling cavity";
the space between the work plane and the floor, the "floor cavity", and the space between the fixtures
and the work plane, the "room cavity".

LIGHT LOSS FACTOR(Guide book 3-Energy efficiency in electrical utilities)

Light loss factors (LLF) are the factors that need to be considered when calculating the Lumen
Method. The most important factors to be considered are:
1. Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD): Lamp lumen depreciation values reflect the overall
performance of a lamp over its life. LLD = (mean lumens/rated lumens) Those values can be found
from the lamp manufacturer data
2. Ballast Factor (BF): Compares the ratio of light output of a lamp working by a specific ballast
to the light output of the same lamp working by a standard reference ballast. The BF is given in the
ballast manufacturer data.
3. Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD): It is the light loss prior to cleaning dust. LDD is estimated
from tables in IESNA Lighting handbook.
4. Room Surface Dirt Depreciation (RSDD): This value accounts for dirt or dust that accumulates
on all of the room surfaces — especially on the upper walls and ceiling. RSDD is also estimated
from handbook tables.

The product of all these factors is the light loss factor (LLF) which then is used in the Average
Illuminance equation.
STEP-2: Collect the room data in the format given below
STEP-3: Calculate room index

Room Index = Length X Width

Mounting Height X (Length +Width)
LI X L2 = 10x10 = 2.5
(L9-L8)X(L1+L2) 2x(10+10)

STEP-4: Calculate the utilisation factor

Utilisation factor is defined as the percent of rated bare-lamp lumens that exit the luminaire and
reach the work plane. It accounts for light directly from the luminaire as well as light reflected off
the room surfaces Manufacturers will supply each luminaire with its own CU table derived from a
photometric test report
Using tables available from manufacturers, it is possible to determine the utilisation factor for
different light fittings if the reflectance of both the walls and ceiling is known, the room index has
been determined and the type of luminaire is known. For twin tube fixture, utilisation factor is 0.66
corresponding to room index of 2.5.

STEP-5: To calculate the number of fittings required, the following formula is used
N=ExA
F x UF x LLF
Where, N = Number of Fittings
E = Lux Level Required on Working Plane
A = Area of Room (L x W)
F = Total Flux ( Lumens) from all the lamps in one fittings
UF = Utilisation Factor
LLF = Light loss factor
Light output = 3050 lumens
LLF = Lamp lumen MF x Luminaire MF x Room Surface MF

N = 200 X 100 = 6.2

2 X 3050 X 0.66 X 0.8
So, 6 Numbers of Twin Tube Fixtures are required. Total number of 36 W lamp is 12.

STEP-6: Space the luminaires to achieve desired uniformity

Every luminaire will have a recommended space to height ratio. In earlier design methodologies, the
uniformity ratio, which is the ratio of minimum illuminance to average illuminance, was kept at 0.8
and suitable space to height ratio is specified to achieve the uniformity. In modern designs
incorporating energy efficiency and task lighting. The emerging concept is to provide a uniformity
of 1/3 to 1/10 depending on the tasks.

FIG : Arrangement of Fittings

Recommended value for the above luminaire is 1.5. If the actual ratio is more than the recommended
values, the uniformity of lighting will be less
For a sample of arrangement of fittings, refer FiG. The luminaire closer to a wall should be one half
of spacing or less.
Luminaire Spacing
Spacing between luminaires = 10/3 = 3.33 m
Mounting height (L9-L8) = 2.0m
Space to height ratio (SHR) =3.33/2.0 = 1.66

SPACEING OF HEIGHT RATIO ( SHR ):The Spacing to Mounting Height Ratio (SHR) is the
spacing between luminaires divided by their height above the horizontal reference plane.
This is close to the limits specified and hence accepted.
It is better to choose luminaires with larger SHR. This can reduce the number of fittings and
connected lighting load.

Beam Angle and Polar Curves

Anything that produces light has a beam angle.

A beam angle, sometimes referred to as “beam spread”, measures how light is distributed from the
source of illumination onto a target area. The beam angle specifically refers to any light that falls
within 50% of the maximum intensity the bulb is capable of producing. Any light outside of this
angle is referred to as the “beam field” or “spill light”, which extends until the light has decreased
to 10% of the maximum intensity.

Regardless of the size of the beam angle you select, it is only the intensity of the beam (measured in
candelas) that changes. The level of brightness, or lumens, stays the same.

For example, if you take a torch and move it closer or farther away from a wall, the light changes.
The closer you get, the more focused or intense the beam of light becomes. When you move the
torch farther away from the wall the beam becomes wider, but the level of brightness it produces
hasn’t changed. It’s still just as bright, it’s simply dispersing the light differently. So, if you wanted
a brighter torch, you would need one with a higher lumen value, not a narrower beam angle.

How to Determine Beam Angle

The beam angle of a light bulb is often visible on the package. In most cases, it is visible as a
numerical value (in this instance, 200˚) located within something that looks similar to a triangle, but
is an angle symbol topped by a line with two arrows on either end that indicates beam spread.

How to Select Beam Angle

There are a few things you should keep in mind when you’re selecting a beam angle:

 The room you’re illuminating

 The number and distribution of light fixtures
 Ceiling or fixture height
  The light bulb itself
 Your desired ambience:

The Number and Distribution of Light Fixtures

When selecting beam angle, it’s important to note how many different fixtures you have to work
with, as well as the distance between these light sources. Think about whether you want overlapping
beams to create general lighting and ambience, or whether you’d prefer isolated pockets of light.
This is especially important if you are working with overhead recessed lighting.

Ceiling or Fixture Height

The right beam angle for your space will be determined by the distance between the light and the
object or area it is illuminating.

If you have very high ceilings, you will need a narrower beam angle for both recessed and overhead
lighting in order to successfully illuminate the area. A wider beam angle is not as intense as a narrow
beam and the beam will not reach down as far, but the light will spread out farther.

The Light Bulb

The type of light bulb you select impacts which beam angles you are capable of achieving. This is
because different bulbs have different strengths. For example, an old fashioned incandescent GLS
bulb would have a 360° omnidirectional beam angle, but since most LED GLS bulb are comprised
of 50% glass and 50% plastic, they only emit about a 200° angle.

LEDs work well for for a number of applications because they are available in a range of designs.
They are excellent for task lighting and targeting certain areas because they are capable of emitting
light in one direction, which decreases the number of wasted lumens.

On the other hand, incandescents and CFLs work well for general illumination because they send
light out in all directions. But, if you favour incandescents or halogens over LEDs and want to limit
wasted light, reflector lamps provide more light control and help produce a narrower beam.

Choosing a Beam Angle for Residential Use

Deciding where you require light is a key factor when choosing a beam angle. Ceiling height, the
dimensions of the room, and the number of fittings can help you determine the a beam angle that
will direct light precisely where it’s needed. Using a combination of beam angles can also help to
build layers of light by adding visual interest and creating pockets designed for specific tasks, such
as reading areas.

In a typical home, a standard, medium-sized beam angle of around 40 degrees for ceiling fixtures is
generally all that is needed to properly light a room. This number will fluctuate based on ceiling
height and the number of other fixtures in a given area.

For living rooms and lounge areas that don’t require as much light, a wider beam angle of around
60 degrees might be all that you need for your overhead lamps.
 In areas with higher ceilings, such as in stairwells, a narrower beam angle will likely be necessary
to properly illuminate the target area. For ceilings 3 metres or higher, a beam angle of 25 degrees or
narrower is recommended.

When it comes to commercial lighting, efficiency, effective task lighting, and aesthetics are often
the most important factors when selecting beam angle. Narrower beam angles are the most popular
for commercial use because businesses typically have different lighting needs and higher ceilings
than residential buildings.

Choosing a Beam Angle for Commercial Settings

Like choosing a beam angle for residential use, ceiling height, room dimensions, and the number of
fixtures are the most important considerations when choosing a beam angle for commercial settings.
But when you’re choosing a beam angle for commercial use, you also need to consider what exactly
you will be lighting.

Here are a few examples:

1. In a retail setting, showcasing the merchandise with flattering light is key. This means using a
variety of beam angles to decrease shadows and limit glare so consumers can easily see the
merchandise, while also drawing attention to displays and sales. For example, a jewelry store might
choose a narrow beam angle, around 8-10°, for the inside of their display case to make their products
pop. This narrow beam angle will add a dazzling sparkle and attract customer attention. Meanwhile,
a clothing retailer might opt for a 20-30° beam angle, or even 36-60° for shop windows.
2. In an office setting, a wide beam angle that disperses light evenly combined with narrow beam
angles for personal task lighting is necessary for reducing glare and creating an ideal workspace for
employees.
3. A warehouse or distribution centre, again, has different needs, with high ceilings and aisle width
dictating the beam angle required to effectively light the area and create a safe work environment.
Specific beam angles are not necessarily limited to residential or commercial applications. Often,
they can be effective and important in both types of locations.

Factors to be considered while choosing a lamp for indoor apllications

1. Purpose and Functionality:

 Task Requirements: Understand the specific tasks performed in the space (reading, working on a
computer, cooking, etc.) to determine the appropriate light levels and color temperatures.

2. Space Planning:

 Room Size and Layout: Consider the dimensions, shape, and layout of the space to determine the
number and placement of luminaires.

3. User Needs:
 Occupant Preferences: Consider user preferences and comfort to create a pleasant and visually
comfortable environment.

4. Architectural Features:

 Highlighting Features: Use lighting to accentuate architectural features, artwork, or focal points
within the space.

5. Color Rendering:

 Color Rendering Index (CRI): Choose light sources with high CRI to accurately render colors,
especially in spaces where color discrimination is critical (e.g., retail or art galleries).

6. Lighting Control:

 Dimming and Control Systems: Incorporate dimming controls and automation to adjust lighting
levels based on the time of day, task, or user preferences.

7. Energy Efficiency:

 LED Technology: Opt for energy-efficient lighting technologies, such as LEDs, to minimize energy
consumption and reduce environmental impact.

8. Glare Control:

 Direct and Indirect Lighting: Use a combination of direct and indirect lighting to minimize glare
and provide a comfortable visual environment.

9. Light Distribution:

 Uniformity: Aim for uniform light distribution to avoid dark spots or areas with excessive
brightness.

10. Daylight Integration:

 Natural Light: Integrate natural light where possible and supplement it with artificial lighting to
create a balanced and dynamic lighting environment.

11. Maintenance:

 Luminaire Accessibility: Consider ease of maintenance and lamp replacement when selecting
luminaires.

12. Regulatory Compliance:

 Local Codes and Standards: Adhere to building codes and lighting standards applicable to the
region to ensure compliance and safety.

13. Cost Considerations:

 Budget Constraints: Consider budget constraints while selecting fixtures and lighting systems.

14. Adaptability:

 Adaptable Design: Design lighting schemes that can adapt to changing needs or functions of the
space.

15. Lighting Zones:

 Zoning: Divide the space into lighting zones with separate controls to allow for flexibility in lighting
levels.

16. Security and Safety:

 Emergency Lighting: Include emergency lighting systems to ensure safety during power outages.

17. Sustainability:

 Environmental Impact: Consider sustainable practices, such as using recycled materials or fixtures
with minimal environmental impact.

18. Human Centric Lighting:

 Circadian Rhythms: Explore lighting solutions that support circadian rhythms and promote well-
being.

19. Aesthetic Considerations:

 Fixture Design: Consider the aesthetics of lighting fixtures to complement the overall design and
style of the space.

20. Future Expansion:

 Scalability: Design the lighting scheme with scalability in mind, allowing for easy expansion or
modification.
 The factors which designer should consider in choosing a lamp are:

1. Consideration of luminous efficacy. Luminous efficacy is ratio of lumen output from the
lamp to the electrical power (in watt) input to the lamp. The required Illuminance must be
provided by the lamp in conjunction with the lighting economically.
2. Consideration of the life of the lamp must be done by the designers. They should think what
may be the difficulties to replace burned out lamps and whether group replacement of the
lamps is the better choice economically or not.
3. The lumen maintenance of the lamp is an important factor. Question can arise if it is
important to have a certain minimum level of Illuminance at all time.
4. Again another important consideration is color, the factor of appearance. Although all the
lamps listed produce “white” light, their CCT and CRIs differ.
5. Designers should consider the importance of the colors of the seeing task and its surroundings
to be faithfully reproduce.
6. Auxiliary equipments required along with the lamps make a big question. As we have seen,
all gas discharge light sources require ballast, where as incandescent lamps do not. The types
of ballast used can affect lamp output, life, starting reliability, system efficiency and occupant
comfort.
7. Designers should think about what may be the other miscellaneous, i.e. whether any other
factors are present in the particular environment or not, temperature is a problem or not and
whether the area must be free from stroboscopic effects or not, electromagnetic interference
disturb the activities going on in the space, the fumes are present which could produce
corrosion or an explosive atmosphere etc

Residential Lighting:

Residential lighting design involves creating a lighting scheme that enhances the functionality,
aesthetics, and comfort of a home. Here are key considerations and steps for residential lighting
design:

1. Understand User Needs:

 Task Analysis:
 Identify the activities that take place in each room (e.g., reading, cooking, relaxing) to
determine the appropriate lighting levels.

2. Layered Lighting:

 Ambient Lighting:
 Provides overall illumination for a room.
 Examples: Ceiling fixtures, recessed lights, chandeliers.
 Task Lighting:
  Focuses on specific areas where activities occur.
 Examples: Under-cabinet lighting, desk lamps, pendant lights.
 Accent Lighting:
 Highlights architectural features, artwork, or decorative elements.
 Examples: Track lighting, wall sconces, picture lights.

3. Color Temperature:

 Warm vs. Cool Light:

 Choose color temperatures based on the room's function.
 Warm tones (2700K-3000K) for bedrooms and living areas.
 Cool tones (3500K-5000K) for task-oriented areas like kitchens and workspaces.

4. Fixture Selection:

 Aesthetic Considerations:
 Choose fixtures that complement the home's interior design style.
 Consider the scale of fixtures in relation to the room size.
 Energy Efficiency:
 Opt for energy-efficient LED fixtures to reduce electricity consumption and maintenance.

5. Zoning and Controls:

 Create Zones:
 Divide the space into lighting zones with separate controls for flexibility.
 Examples: Dimmers, smart lighting controls.

6. Natural Light Integration:

 Window Treatments:
 Use curtains or blinds that allow for natural light control.
 Consider the orientation of windows for maximizing daylight.

7. Specialized Rooms:

 Kitchen:
 Task lighting for countertops and preparation areas.
 Pendant lights over islands.
 Under-cabinet lighting for task illumination.
 Living Room:
 Ambient lighting for general illumination.
 Floor and table lamps for task and accent lighting.
 Wall sconces or picture lights for artwork.
 Bedroom:
 Soft ambient lighting for a relaxed atmosphere.
 Bedside reading lamps or wall-mounted fixtures.
 Bathroom:
 Bright task lighting for grooming activities.
 Dimmable ambient lighting for a spa-like atmosphere.

8. Outdoor Lighting:

 Safety and Security:

 Illuminate pathways, entrances, and driveways for safety.
 Use motion-sensor lights for added security.
 Aesthetic Appeal:
 Highlight landscaping features or architectural elements with outdoor lighting.

9. Smart Lighting:

 Home Automation:
 Integrate smart lighting systems for remote control and automation.
 Program lighting scenes for different activities or times of day.

10. Adaptability:

 Flexible Design:
 Plan for adaptability as needs and preferences change over time.
 Consider movable fixtures or outlets for flexible lighting arrangements.

11. Regulations and Codes:

 Compliance:
 Ensure compliance with local building codes and regulations.
 Use certified fixtures to meet safety standards.

12. Maintenance:

 Accessible Fixtures:
 Choose fixtures that are easy to access for maintenance, especially in areas with high ceilings.
A designer must consider a variety of key characteristics when developing their lighting plan
including lamp life, system efficiency, lumen maintenance, color rendering and appearance, daylight
integration and control, light distribution, points of interest, cost, system control and flexibility

Lighting Design Considerations for the Educational Spaces

For educational facilities, creating an environment that encourages enthusiasm, alertness, and visual
comfort is a necessity to provide students with a quality learning experience. There are many factors
that affect the overall ambience of the space, like location, infrastructural design, and available
facilities. However, among all these, one of the most influential aspects is the lighting design of the
space.

The installation of lighting fixtures is done in a way to ensure that the students, teachers, and other
occupants feel comfortable while encouraging health and performance. Apparently, achieving the
right intensity of illumination in institutional facilities isn’t as easy as it sounds. Various
considerations are required to create ideal lighting conditions that foster a learning experience. For
example, considering the space design, understanding the purpose and requirement of illumination
in a particular area like a classroom, entrance hall, etc. Similarly, the choice of the luminaire, such
as different types of LED lighting solutions, also impacts the look and feel of the space.

Important Considerations for Lighting Design in Educational institutes

Lighting design considerations that help lighting professionals achieve the desired illumination.

Consider the Space Functionality

The first and foremost step in implementing lighting design is to carefully examine the lighting
requirements in the different spaces. For instance, areas like entrance halls will require brighter
lighting to help occupants have smoother in-and-out movements. Classrooms are the places where
students will spend most of their time throughout the day; thus, they must be lit with luminaires that
prevent exhaustion and eye strain while studying. Evaluating lighting requirements area-wise will
help to choose the right kind of fixture as well as optimise energy consumption.

Choose the Right Type of Luminaire

There are plenty of lighting fixtures available in the market and thus choosing the one to meet
illumination requirements in educational facilities can be a tough call. In fact, the real challenge is
to choose a lighting source that not only provides optimal lighting conditions but also helps to save
on electricity expenditures. For this purpose, most lighting professionals recommend the use of
modern LED commercial lights, as they are quite reliable options when it comes to efficiency and
performance. From recessed luminaires to suspended ceiling lights, choosing LED fixtures create
a comfortable and vibrant environment in schools, colleges, and other institutions.

Incorporate Natural Lighting

The use of natural light is always a recommendation from experts, especially when it comes to
ensuring the well-being of the occupants. According to various studies, it has been proven that
exposure to daylight contributes to the higher academic performance of children. It also keeps
children attentive and engaged during sessions. Thus, a balance between both natural and artificial
sources of lighting must be maintained while designing the layout of educational centres.

Color Temperature

Colour temperature is an essential characteristic of lighting fixtures that affects the visual experience
of the occupants The choice of colour temperature largely depends on the type of environment and
mood to be created. Such as warmer colour temperatures (around 1700 - 2700 Kelvin) are suitable
for installation in places where a cosy environment is needed. However, for institutional centres,
cool white light (around 4000 Kelvin) is preferred to ensure that students stay active, alert and
focused.
The above-mentioned are some of the major considerations that must not be overlooked to improve
the productivity and concentration of the students. Besides, certain other factors, like flickers in
fixtures and glare from bright areas, must be minimized to prevent visual discomfort and its adverse
effect on the well-being of children.

Hospital Lighting

Hospital lighting is an essential aspect of healthcare facilities that affect the well-being and
performance of patients, staff, and visitors. Hospital lighting design should consider the specific
needs and preferences of different spaces and users, as well as the energy efficiency and
sustainability of the lighting system

Hospital lighting is defined as the artificial illumination of healthcare facilities, such as hospitals,
clinics, nursing homes, etc. Hospital lighting can be divided into two main categories: interior
lighting and exterior lighting.

Interior lighting refers to the lighting of indoor spaces where medical activities and services are
performed or provided, such as patient rooms, operating rooms, examination rooms, waiting areas,
corridors, etc. Interior lighting should create a comfortable, safe, and functional environment for
patients and staff, as well as a welcoming and pleasant atmosphere for visitors.

Exterior lighting refers to the lighting of outdoor spaces around the healthcare facility, such as
parking lots, entrances, facades, etc. Exterior lighting should enhance the visibility, security, and
aesthetics of the facility, as well as comply with local codes and regulations

Main Purpose and Objectives of Hospital Lighting

The main purpose of hospital lighting is to support the delivery of quality healthcare by improving
both the patient experience and the staff’s ability to provide the required level of care. Some of the
specific objectives of hospital lighting are:

 To provide adequate and appropriate illumination for various tasks and activities performed
by medical staff and patients;
 To simulate natural daylight and circadian rhythms to support patients’ sleep, mood, and
recovery;
 To use ambient lighting to relax and reassure patients and visitors;
 To create a healing environment that promotes well-being and comfort for patients and staff;
 To reduce energy consumption and maintenance costs by using energy-efficient and durable
lighting solutions;
 To comply with energy legislation and support sustainability targets;
 To enhance the architectural design and identity of the healthcare facility.
Required Illuminance Levels for Hospital Lighting
Illuminance is a measure of how much light falls on a surface. It is expressed in lux (lx), which is
equal to one lumen per square meter.

Lumen is a measure of how much light is emitted by a light source. Different hospital areas require
different illuminance levels depending on their function and usage. The following table shows some
examples of recommended illuminance levels for various hospital areas according to international
standards.

Hospital Area Recommended Illuminance Level (lx)

Operating room 1000 – 3000

Examination room 500 – 1000

Patient room 100 – 300

Waiting area 200 – 300

Corridor 100 – 200

 Hospital Area Recommended Illuminance Level (lx)

Reception 300 – 500

Parking lot 20 – 50

Types of Luminaires for Hospital Lighting

A luminaire is a device that distributes light from one or more light sources. It consists of a housing,
a lamp holder, a reflector, a diffuser, a ballast, a driver, etc. Different types of luminaires are used
for different hospital areas depending on their characteristics and performance. Some of the common
types of luminaires for hospital lighting are:

 Recessed luminaires: These are luminaires that are mounted into a ceiling or wall cavity so
that only the light-emitting part is visible.

 They are suitable for spaces where a clean and unobtrusive appearance is desired, such as
patient rooms, corridors, waiting areas, etc.
 Surface-mounted luminaires: These are luminaires that are attached directly to a ceiling or

wall surface.

 They are suitable for spaces where recessed mounting is not possible or where additional
illumination is needed, such as examination rooms, operating rooms, reception areas, etc.
 Pendant luminaires: These are luminaires that are suspended from a ceiling by a cord or
chain.
  They are suitable for spaces where a decorative or accent effect is desired or where direct
illumination is needed over a specific area, such as waiting areas, entrance halls, dining areas,
etc.
 Track luminaires: These are luminaires that are mounted on a track system that allows them

to be moved or adjusted along the track.

 They are suitable for spaces where flexible and directional illumination is needed or where
multiple tasks or activities are performed, such as examination rooms, operating rooms,
laboratories, etc.
 Mobile luminaires: These are luminaires that are mounted on a movable base or stand that

allows them to be moved or adjusted around a space.

 They are suitable for spaces where temporary or additional illumination is needed or where
precise illumination is required over a specific area or object, such as examination rooms,
operating rooms, dentistry, etc.

Industrial Lighting

The Importance of Lighting Design in Industrial Spaces

Lighting is one of the most important elements of any industrial facility, whether it’s a warehousing
or factory environment. At most industrial sites there are various high risk tasks that involve working
with heavy machinery, raw materials, corrosive chemicals, and high spaces. A large number of
workers are often working on different tasks at the same industrial site. Thus, proper industrial
lighting application design in an industrial space is vital to enhance visibility, safety, and overall
productivity.
Light Fixtures for industrial lighting application facilities typically require higher lumen outputs,
occupancy controls, and environmental durability. Previously, the most common lighting fixtures in
industrial settings have been fluorescent and high intensity discharge (HID) lights. Recently, light-
emitting diode (LED) fixtures have arrived as a more cost-effective and energy efficient lighting
source for both low bay and high bay applications. The benefits of industrial led lighting include
being highly efficient, using over 50% less energy, and longer lasting. LED lighting in industrial
spaces can reduce operational costs and energy saving.

Analyzing the importance of industrial led lighting and how to achieve it through identifying:

1. Considerations for Lighting Designs

2. Common Lighting Design Mistakes

It is important to note that every industrial facility is different so there is no one-size-fits-all solution.

Considerations for Lighting Designs

The best lighting for any space is integrated into the architecture of the space to enhance and
highlight the prominent areas of the space for activity to occur. When you are creating a lighting
design for an industrial space, you should keep it simple and consider five factors:

1. Foot Candle Requirements (Amount of Light Needed)

2. Visual Comfort
3. Fixture Classifications
4. Lighting Audit
5. Utilization of Lighting Controls
 Amount of Light Needed - Lighting in any space can be measured in “foot-candles,” or the number
of lumens per square foot. In order to determine the number of lumens per square foot you must
factor in the height of the ceiling where the lights will be installed and the type of work being done
in the facility. Working with large items requires less precise lighting while working with small
items requires a brighter setup. Many warehouse or distribution facilities should require an average
of 30 foot-candles.

Visual Comfort - To provide visual comfort within an industrial space it is important to consider
the luminance ratios, color rendering, and color temperature (CCT). Luminance ratio is the ability
to see detail due to the contrast between the task detail and its background. The greater the contrast,
the easier it is to see the task. Color rendering impacts the accuracy of contrast and visual clarity. In
order to read labels clearly and properly identify safety colors used to highlight possible hazardous
situations in a warehouse the Color Rendering Index (CRI) should be above 80 for optimal light
color. The right color temperature of industrial lighting can heavily impact the overall atmosphere
of a space, as well as increase worker productivity. Color temperature is measured in Kelvin and
gauges how “white” emitted from an LED light appears. The lower the number of Kelvin degrees,
the yellower and warmer the color of the lighting appears. The higher the number of Kelvin degrees,
the bluer and cooler the lighting appears.

Lighting Fixture Consideration - It is important to understand the application of each type of

lighting fixture in order to select the correct fixture for the space. In classified areas of an industrial
space, where there is exposure to flammable vapors, combustible dust, or ignitable fibers, the correct
hazardous location lighting is crucial. In general, industrial high-intensity-discharge (HID) light
fixtures are generally divided into two categories, high-bay and low-bay areas.

In a high-bay area, the spacing-to-mounting-height ratio is 1.0 or less, and the mounting height
is not less than 25 feet.

In a low-bay area, the spacing-to-mounting-height ratio is more than 1.0, and the mounting
height is less than 25 feet.

Lighting Audit - It is crucial before installing any new lighting design to perform a lighting audit
assessment of the industrial space. A lighting audit assessment will be able to determine the energy
currently being used from the facility’s existing lighting and where there is need for improvement.
Through the audit we can determine if parts of the building require more lighting, which parts must
be lit at the same time, and efficient lighting options that can be installed throughout the space.

Utilization of Lighting Controls - Natural light can also help boost workers’ energy and overall
mood which can enhance production. Daylight Harvesting Sensors work to retain the same level of
brightness in an area by decreasing the LED light output and augmenting it with natural light.
Daylight Harvesting Sensors can be combined with Occupancy Sensors, which use infrared light to
detect if a space is unoccupied and accordingly automatically turn off or dim the lights. Occupancy
Sensors can even turn the lights on automatically upon detecting an occupant in the space, providing
additional convenience and security. By using these devices to detect more daylight, the less
electricity you will use ultimately saving you both energy and money.
Common Lighting Design Mistakes

Poor lighting in an industrial space can lead to poor working performance, headaches, errors, or even
injury. Some common lighting design mistakes that can result in poor lighting include:

1. Under-Illuminating
2. Glares and Shadows
3. Improperly Mounted Lighting Fixtures

Under-Illuminating - Poor lighting in an industrial space can be a safety hazard and lead to
incidents and injuries. When there is insufficient lighting in an industrial space, the light is not being
dispersed evenly and can make parts of the building appear darker, causing workers’ eyes to over
compensate. This is considered a health hazard as too little light strains the workers’ eyes which can
lead to headaches and negatively affect the quality of work, specifically where precision is required,
and overall productivity. Under-illuminating an industrial space can also give it a “cave appearance”
if all lighting fixtures are facing directly downward, leaving ceilings and high walls in the dark.

Glares and Shadows - Glare and shadow are one of the most common mistakes in lighting design
for industrial lighting performance. Glares are a result of improper direct lighting or reflections that
can lead to eye-strain, headache, decreased visibility and other discomforts that can negatively
impact the workers.

Improperly Mounted Lighting Fixtures - Lighting fixtures must be properly secured so that they
do not give way or fall over at any point. Improperly installed lighting can also create issues
regarding uneven light, which ultimately alters your original design. It is also important to mount
lighting fixtures far enough apart to prevent overcrowding and a higher energy bill.

Good lighting design is crucial for creating a functional, comfortable, and attractive commercial
space. The right lighting can improve visibility and safety, enhance productivity, create atmosphere,
and highlight key features.

Industrial Lighting:

Manufacturing Floors:

Illuminance: Varies based on tasks, e.g., 500 lux

Color Temperature: 4000K-5000K

Warehouses:

Illuminance: 150-300 lux

Color Temperature: 4000K-5000K

Fixture Types:
Manufacturing Floors: High-bay lighting, task lighting for workstations

Warehouses: High-bay lighting, aisle lighting

Types of lighting schemes

 Theater Lighting

Just like sound, the waves can be chaotic or ordered, random or thoughtful. And with creative
forethought, those wavelengths and their combinations can be creatively arranged to enhance moods.
The performance of light, just like music and sound, can be an art form.

Importance of Stage Lighting

 Lights allow us to see. Visible wavelengths of light are required for us to see.
 Lights, especially stage lights, allow us to create a mood or craft an atmosphere for a concert or
performance. There are no hard-and-fast rules to create mood. It’s a creative process that hopefully
supports a story or song.
 Lights need to enhance and balance all the components of a stage performance. Where is the focus
on the stage? What should be highlighted? What should be de-emphasized? Consider all the pieces
and their priorities when creating a composition and painting the stage with light.
 Stage lighting design can create plausibility or reality to draw an audience into a time period and out
of the hall or auditorium where they presently reside. A play or performance set in the distant past
can use dim stage lighting to mimic the time period when interiors were illuminated by candles.
 Light systems can reinforce the mood or action of a performance. Whether it’s music, a story, a
dramatic interpretation — good stage lighting can elevate the performance through the use of color,
angles, intensity, and effects.
 Light effects can sculpt actors and musicians and make them seem larger-than-life, drawing them
into the foreground and setting them apart from a two-dimensional stage.

Stage Lighting Fixtures:

Ellipsoidal — Ellipsoidal Reflector Spotlight (ERS), is a light used to highlight certain subjects or
stage pieces with a relatively narrow beam angle. This light is best used for when you want to draw
attention to a person by using multiple units. ERS stage lights always have adjustable focus and can
have gobos placed in them to project patterns or logos.

PAR — Short for parabolic reflectors, these are lights used as wash fixtures. These lights can cover
large parts of the stage to fill in gaps that the spotlights do not cover or to wash the entire stage.
These light fixtures typically do not have any sort of zoom or focus option, but come in a variety of
lens types to get different beam angles. This is the most common type of stage light fixture you will
see, because it is generally the most cost effective while providing the most coverage.
Fresnel— These stage light fixtures are the happy medium between a PAR and an ERS. They have
a zoom function but not a focus and usually cast a much “softer” light than ERS light fixtures. This
type of light also comes in handy when you cannot hang a fixture in an optimum location and need
adjustable optics to help achieve the look you want.

Moving Head— These light fixtures come in a variety of different flavors and designs, such as a
spot, wash, beam, and hybrid. Each of these names refers to the beam angle range of the light fixture.
Beam is the narrowest, spot is a little wider, wash is the widest, and hybrid could be any combination
of those three. These lighting units also have color capability, movement, gobo patterns, and a long
list of other functions. As the most versatile stage lighting option, they allow you to really take a
show or performance to a whole new level.

Swimming pool Lighting

Swimming is a fun and healthy activity that many people enjoy in the summer. However, to have a
comfortable and safe swimming experience, you need to have a good lighting environment for your
pool. Lighting can affect your mood, visibility, and well-being when swimming. Therefore, you
should choose the best lighting devices for your pool that have high lighting efficacy, excellent glare
control, strong anti-corrosion, and safe installation solution.

Why Lighting Matters for Swimming Pools

Lighting is an essential factor that affects your swimming pool experience. It can create different
atmospheres, enhance safety, and improve visibility. However, not all lighting is suitable for
swimming pools. You need to consider several aspects when choosing the right lighting for your
pool, such as:

The time of day you swim

Many swimmers may not have time to swim during the day due to work or school commitments.
Therefore, they need adequate lighting at night to enjoy their swimming activity.

The humidity and chlorine levels in the air

The swimming pool environment is more humid than other indoor spaces, which can damage some
lighting devices. Moreover, the chlorine used to disinfect the pool water can evaporate into the air
and corrode some metal components of the lighting devices. Therefore, you need to choose lighting
devices that are waterproof and anti-corrosive.

The reflection and refraction of light by water

Water can bend and bounce light in different directions, which can cause glare and discomfort for
swimmers. Therefore, you need to choose lighting devices that have low glare and can direct light
to the main area of the pool.

The architectural design and structure of the pool

Some pools may not have strong walls around them to support lighting devices, so you need to install
them on the ceiling. However, this can pose a risk of falling or breaking if the lighting devices are
too heavy or made of glass. Therefore, you need to choose lighting devices that are lightweight and
durable, and provide safety chains or ropes to prevent accidents.

How to Choose the Best Lighting Devices for Your Swimming Pool
There are many types and brands of lighting devices available in the market, but not all of them are
suitable for your pool. Here are some features that you should look for when choosing lighting
devices for your pool:

High lighting efficacy

This means that the lighting device can produce more light with less energy consumption. This can
help you save money on electricity bills and reduce environmental impact. A high lighting efficacy
device can also provide enough brightness and uniformity for your pool.
Excellent glare control

This means that the lighting device can reduce or eliminate the glare caused by the reflection and
refraction of light by water. Glare can make your eyes uncomfortable and even affect your balance
and coordination. A low glare device can also create a more pleasant and relaxing atmosphere for
your pool.

Strong anti-corrosion

This means that the lighting device can resist the corrosion caused by the chlorine and humidity in
the air. Corrosion can damage the performance and appearance of the lighting device and shorten its
lifespan. An anti-corrosive device can also ensure the safety and durability of your lighting device.

Safe installation solution

This means that the lighting device can be installed securely and safely on the ceiling or walls of
your pool. A safe installation solution can prevent the lighting device from falling or breaking and
injuring swimmers or damaging the pool. A safe installation solution can also include safety chains
or ropes to provide extra protection.