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Polytechnic University of The Philippines

Sto. Tomas Campus

Electronics Engineering Program

ECEN 306: Methods of Research

Scientific Literature Review

Seat Number: 7,13,14,39, 41

Submitted by

Cajayon, Louis Andrie A.

Casao, Walter James L.

Chavez, John Lennard C.

Masa, Anthony T.

Molino, Maricar M.

Submitted to

Dr. Robert G. de Luna, PECE

Course Instructor
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Abstract

The quick development of technology has made the life of people simpler yet it
has posed great difficulties over the control of electronic waste (e-waste) that is mostly
found in developed nations such as the Philippines. The concern of this research work
is to evaluate the various aspects regarding e-waste such as improper disposal, poor
technological infrastructure, and lack of proper enforcement of relevant provisions which
are harmful to both environment and human health. The document categorizes into four
chapters highlighting the various changes over history practices regionally and globally
and the need to improve existing practices as hazardous material increases in quantity
and is hazardous in nature. The potential of smart waste segregation systems using IoT,
AI, and robotics in the transformation of e-waste management is also discussed. Few
critical gaps are identified such as limitation in scalability, inefficiencies and complexities
in waste types are highlighted and the integration of advanced technology for improved
real time sorting and hence recycling was proposed. Finally, e-waste management
principles of the developed world are encouraged for practice to avoid environmental
degradation and health issues while promoting the circular economy.

Introduction

Worldwide the use of technology is booming and has changed daily activities,
making things easier and more connected. Although this is a prerequisite, the major
impact in terms of environmental problems was caused by the lack of e-waste
management and other problems with the environment. E-waste refers to abandoned
electronic devices and parts, many of which contain dangerous substances such as
lead, mercury, and cadmium materials. The improper disposal of such materials can
lead to major health and environmental hazards, for instance, the contamination of
groundwater, air pollution, and ecological damage over a long time.

With this as a general problem, the significance of e-waste segregation


technology has emerged in this domain. In terms of e-waste segregation, the reusable
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or recyclable materials are extracted and only the hazardous chemicals are properly
disposed of in products. However, it is one of the problems raised by such things as
ignorance from the presidency, insufficient infrastructure, and weak implementation of
policies with respect to functional segregation systems. The core issue of this research,
thus, is how to find out e-waste segregation issues and the possible solutions to them
Specifically, we aim to explore the potential for a smart e-waste management system,
incorporating a smart segregator to streamline collection, sorting, and recycling.
Through an in-depth study of these systems, their effects can emerge. This research
regards the sustainable practices of waste management, which is not only a move
towards environmental protection but also a very important thing on public health and
creating a circular economy.

Literature Review

E-waste, also known as Electrical and Electronics Equipment (EEE), is


characterized as "products with circuity or electrical components that have a power or
battery supply" [16]. In other terms, it refers to any electrical and electronic equipment
that has outlasted its usefulness and is no longer wanted or effective. Old smartphones,
broken televisions, outdated computers, and other electrical equipment that have been
damaged or replaced with newer parts are all examples. Household appliances, small
and large enterprises, PC manufacturers, institutions, and other industries contribute to
domestic E-waste [31].

Global Status of E-Waste Management in Developing Countries


E-waste has become a critical issue over the world as a result of rapid
advancements in technology that have increased the manufacturing and consumption of
electronic devices. As the number of electronic products increases, so does the amount
of electronic waste (e-waste). In 2022, the globe generated a record 62 billion kilos of
e-waste, with an average of 7.8 kilograms per person. Despite its recyclable potential,
fewer than 22% of the e-waste was appropriately managed. The global collection and
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recycling rate for e-waste has not kept up with this concerning increase, which
highlights the critical need for more effective and common recycling techniques [11].
This demonstrates the disparity between the increasing volume of e-waste and the
insufficient capacity to manage it effectively.
Despite improvements in e-waste management systems, certain countries
continue to face significantly more difficult issues. Despite advances in infrastructure,
expertise, and regulations, many countries are still struggling to manage the increasing
quantity of electronic waste. In Asia, countries such as China, India, Japan, and
Indonesia generate the most e-waste, with China alone creating 12,000 million
kilograms [11]. Individual recyclers and illegal dismantling companies frequently engage
in informal e-waste recycling in China, purchasing used items and dismantling or
repairing them for the secondary market [14]. The livelihood and local economy of
provinces like Guiyu depend heavily on e-waste recycling, making a formal ban an
impractical solution [32].
According to studies, the issue of e-waste generation in Southeast Asia,
particularly the Philippines, is becoming more complex. The Philippines is third in the
area for e-waste development, producing a staggering 540 million kg per year 12. The
importation of used and discarded electronics from industrialized countries presents
significant impact, difficulty in dealing with this expanding amount, complicating
electronic waste management. These imported goods frequently end up in informal
recycling facilities, where dangerous processes are utilized to recover valuable
materials. The Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) has reported that this
activity is common, with over 2,300 registered and unregistered junk shops operating in
Metro Manila alone. Informal recyclers, unlike their formal counterparts, frequently use
unlawful methods to recover metals like copper and aluminum, such as open burning of
e-waste, particularly wires and cables, creating significant health and environmental
dangers [19].
The country's infrastructure for managing e-waste is still inadequate. Despite
having 119 registered treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities in 2011, only 23
are actively participating in e-waste management, with only one located in South
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Central Mindanao [15]. Manual sorting and disassembly, which are typical in many
recycling operations, involves removing dangerous components such as batteries and
dismantling devices into parts. While cost-effective, this technology carries considerable
health and environmental concerns since workers are exposed to harmful chemicals like
lead and mercury.

Health and Environmental Risks of Improper E-waste Disposal

Electronic waste (e-waste) is becoming a major global issue, owing to its serious
consequences for human health and the environment. Given the risks connected with
inappropriate disposal, the importance of effective e-waste handling and recycling, as
well as the associated recycling methods, is emphasized. The rapid growth of waste
treatment in developing nations, in particular, has resulted in a demand for
biodegradable material collection systems that cause the least amount of pollution to
the environment [1]. The study highlights the growing e-waste problem in these places,
which needs ecologically friendly recovery methods. Similarly, the issue of
environmental and health risks resulting from inappropriate e-waste disposal is
addressed, giving a vision of international collaboration, green manufacturing
techniques, and regulatory framework revisions as answers to the problem [2]. The
environmental and health concerns of poor e-waste management in Bangladesh are
also discussed, with the most major issues being polluted air, water, and soil, as well as
suggestions to policymakers to implement safe and effective methods for recycling [3].

The harmful consequences of e-waste, particularly PCBs, are explored, as are


recycling methods for extracting metals from it; also, a comparison of recycling in Egypt
with international norms is performed, and recommendations for improvements are
given [4]. The most recent study on sustainability and stakeholder involvement are the
most notable. The health and environmental issues associated with electronic waste are
highlighted, as well as its potential to effect policy adjustments toward more sustainable
frameworks, pushing for innovation and waste reduction strategies [5]. E-waste repair
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vendors in Tanzania are being studied largely via a sustainability perspective, with a
focus on identifying problems associated with stakeholder participation [6].

Social and environmental inequities in e-waste disposal are most visible in


low-income communities. The situation of the e-waste problem in Ghana is evaluated,
which demonstrates that the most impacted communities are the ones that have been
receiving trash from the industrialized states, therefore advocating the formation of a
comprehensive set of policies to deal with these [7]. Furthermore, there is more data on
the security hazards of e-waste, as well as the extent to which Bangladesh may use
e-waste as a source of energy through efficient management while also addressing
health and environmental issues [8]. A comprehensive assessment of global experience
with the environmental and public health impacts of e-waste, particularly in developing
countries, is also provided [9].

Case Studies on Smart Waste Segregation System Management

After examining global e-waste management and the accompanying


environmental and health risks it is evident that immediate action is required. Improper
e-waste disposal may lead to serious consequences for the environment and human
health. As a result, innovative solutions, such as automated waste segregation, are
crucial to mitigate these dangers and increase recycling efforts. Many smart waste
management systems, originally designed for general waste, could be adapted for
e-waste management. As e-waste grows globally, particularly in developing nations
such as the Philippines, improving existing waste management systems is critical to
addressing the unique issues posed by electronic waste.

Automatic separating waste systems, especially those based on IoT, have proven
effective for speeding up waste classification and increasing recycling efficiency. For
example, the "Automatic Waste Segregator" automates waste sorting through real-time
IoT monitoring. However, its high power consumption prevents large-scale adoption,
and while it works well for normal waste, it was not originally designed to manage
e-waste, which requires specific handling due to its hazardous components [17].
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According to one study, improving the system to handle e-waste could increase its
versatility and turn it into a feasible option for electronic waste management. Similarly,
another study on automatic sorting systems for dry waste, such as metals, plastics, and
paper, showed high sorting efficiency but noted that these systems weren't intended for
handling e-waste [18].

Technological developments in waste separation systems have substantially


improved sorting efficiency. Multiple studies have found that, while current methods are
effective for basic waste categories such as recyclables and organic waste, they still
have accuracy and scalability issues. For instance, a study on the YOLOv5 model
showed that it is effective in classifying e-waste due to its low false negative rate and
excellent detection capabilities, but it struggles when waste is either too distant or too
close to the camera [10]. Expanding waste categories to include hazardous and
electronic waste could improve system efficiency and recycling capabilities. While
metal-sorting systems have shown success, they often face difficulties when dealing
with non-metallic materials such as plastics and paper. This highlights the importance of
advanced sorting technologies, such as multi-modal sensors and machine learning
algorithms, for improving effectiveness across a wider range of trash types. Despite
advancements in automated sorting of dry waste such as plastics and metals,
challenges remain with larger waste objects and nonmetallic materials. Incorporating
greater sensors and improving algorithms could help address these constraints, making
systems more adaptive and effective across various types of waste streams [20][21].

Deep learning technologies have emerged as a viable approach to improve


separating waste accuracy. Studies show that deep learning algorithms can improve
sorting precision, particularly for recyclable items. However, these systems have limits
in terms of scalability, sensing capability, and dealing with complex waste types.
Integrating deep learning and robotic sorting systems could help to automate waste
segregation, reducing the need for manual labor and increasing efficiency. This
approach is especially beneficial for e-waste recycling, where real-time sorting is
needed to treat complex electronic materials. AI and robotic sorting technologies have
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the potential to provide more effective, automated solutions for e-waste management,
addressing the challenges posed by its complex components and the need for accurate,
real-time sorting [22][26]. Furthermore, advancements in deep learning object detection,
particularly in areas such as speed-accuracy, tiny and 3D object detection, multi-modal
approaches, and few-shot learning, show great promise for significantly improving
waste segregation systems in the future [27][28]. A mobile robotic waste collection
system has also been proposed; however, its limited payload capacity and inability to
recognize certain e-waste categories highlight the need for further optimization [12].

Despite significant advancements in waste sorting technologies, more


optimization is required, particularly for nonmetallic and mixed waste. Current metal
sorting systems are efficient, but dealing with other types of waste presents challenges.
While AI and deep learning technologies have immense possibilities for their
implementation in real-time, large-scale waste sorting operations remain a significant
challenge. According to research, addressing these challenges—particularly improving
nonmetallic material sorting and real-time processing—will be essential for future
advancements in waste segregation. CNN-based systems integrated with robotic
technologies could provide more efficient and scalable solutions for e-waste recycling.
This approach would improve system performance, reduce the need for manual labor,
and improve overall sorting efficiency [23][24][25][29][30].

Conclusion

The growing volume of electronic garbage (e-waste) is a major concern around


the world, particularly in developing countries like the Philippines, where the rate of
e-waste creation is surpassing the capacity to manage it. This assessment identifies
numerous major issues, including limited infrastructure, poor policy enforcement, and
the predominance of informal recycling techniques. Despite efforts to address e-waste
through technical breakthroughs, present segregation and recycling methods are
insufficient, with many countries, including the Philippines, still struggling to handle the
growing e-waste issue.
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Several potential gaps have been discovered in existing research and


technology. These include the development of more energy-efficient systems, the ability
to scale them better, the increased attention to the e-waste or non metallic components,
advanced technologies and cost-effective sensors, end to end AI-assisted solutions for
real time sorting tasks, and integration of accuracy and efficiency into recycling
activities.These gaps emphasize current technologies' limits and the need for additional
research and innovation in e-waste treatment to accommodate the increasing amount
and intricacy of electronic waste.

This assessment influences the direction of our research by emphasizing the


importance of developing a smart e-waste management system to address these
limitations. Our proposed system seeks to increase sorting technologies' efficiency,
scalability, and energy consumption while also combining sophisticated AI for real-time
sorting. This method aims to improve recycling operations while also lowering the health
and environmental risks associated with improper e-waste disposal, helping to the
achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.
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