Group 2 Literature Review
Group 2 Literature Review
Group 2 Literature Review
Submitted by
Masa, Anthony T.
Molino, Maricar M.
Submitted to
Course Instructor
4
Abstract
The quick development of technology has made the life of people simpler yet it
has posed great difficulties over the control of electronic waste (e-waste) that is mostly
found in developed nations such as the Philippines. The concern of this research work
is to evaluate the various aspects regarding e-waste such as improper disposal, poor
technological infrastructure, and lack of proper enforcement of relevant provisions which
are harmful to both environment and human health. The document categorizes into four
chapters highlighting the various changes over history practices regionally and globally
and the need to improve existing practices as hazardous material increases in quantity
and is hazardous in nature. The potential of smart waste segregation systems using IoT,
AI, and robotics in the transformation of e-waste management is also discussed. Few
critical gaps are identified such as limitation in scalability, inefficiencies and complexities
in waste types are highlighted and the integration of advanced technology for improved
real time sorting and hence recycling was proposed. Finally, e-waste management
principles of the developed world are encouraged for practice to avoid environmental
degradation and health issues while promoting the circular economy.
Introduction
Worldwide the use of technology is booming and has changed daily activities,
making things easier and more connected. Although this is a prerequisite, the major
impact in terms of environmental problems was caused by the lack of e-waste
management and other problems with the environment. E-waste refers to abandoned
electronic devices and parts, many of which contain dangerous substances such as
lead, mercury, and cadmium materials. The improper disposal of such materials can
lead to major health and environmental hazards, for instance, the contamination of
groundwater, air pollution, and ecological damage over a long time.
or recyclable materials are extracted and only the hazardous chemicals are properly
disposed of in products. However, it is one of the problems raised by such things as
ignorance from the presidency, insufficient infrastructure, and weak implementation of
policies with respect to functional segregation systems. The core issue of this research,
thus, is how to find out e-waste segregation issues and the possible solutions to them
Specifically, we aim to explore the potential for a smart e-waste management system,
incorporating a smart segregator to streamline collection, sorting, and recycling.
Through an in-depth study of these systems, their effects can emerge. This research
regards the sustainable practices of waste management, which is not only a move
towards environmental protection but also a very important thing on public health and
creating a circular economy.
Literature Review
recycling rate for e-waste has not kept up with this concerning increase, which
highlights the critical need for more effective and common recycling techniques [11].
This demonstrates the disparity between the increasing volume of e-waste and the
insufficient capacity to manage it effectively.
Despite improvements in e-waste management systems, certain countries
continue to face significantly more difficult issues. Despite advances in infrastructure,
expertise, and regulations, many countries are still struggling to manage the increasing
quantity of electronic waste. In Asia, countries such as China, India, Japan, and
Indonesia generate the most e-waste, with China alone creating 12,000 million
kilograms [11]. Individual recyclers and illegal dismantling companies frequently engage
in informal e-waste recycling in China, purchasing used items and dismantling or
repairing them for the secondary market [14]. The livelihood and local economy of
provinces like Guiyu depend heavily on e-waste recycling, making a formal ban an
impractical solution [32].
According to studies, the issue of e-waste generation in Southeast Asia,
particularly the Philippines, is becoming more complex. The Philippines is third in the
area for e-waste development, producing a staggering 540 million kg per year 12. The
importation of used and discarded electronics from industrialized countries presents
significant impact, difficulty in dealing with this expanding amount, complicating
electronic waste management. These imported goods frequently end up in informal
recycling facilities, where dangerous processes are utilized to recover valuable
materials. The Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) has reported that this
activity is common, with over 2,300 registered and unregistered junk shops operating in
Metro Manila alone. Informal recyclers, unlike their formal counterparts, frequently use
unlawful methods to recover metals like copper and aluminum, such as open burning of
e-waste, particularly wires and cables, creating significant health and environmental
dangers [19].
The country's infrastructure for managing e-waste is still inadequate. Despite
having 119 registered treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) facilities in 2011, only 23
are actively participating in e-waste management, with only one located in South
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Central Mindanao [15]. Manual sorting and disassembly, which are typical in many
recycling operations, involves removing dangerous components such as batteries and
dismantling devices into parts. While cost-effective, this technology carries considerable
health and environmental concerns since workers are exposed to harmful chemicals like
lead and mercury.
Electronic waste (e-waste) is becoming a major global issue, owing to its serious
consequences for human health and the environment. Given the risks connected with
inappropriate disposal, the importance of effective e-waste handling and recycling, as
well as the associated recycling methods, is emphasized. The rapid growth of waste
treatment in developing nations, in particular, has resulted in a demand for
biodegradable material collection systems that cause the least amount of pollution to
the environment [1]. The study highlights the growing e-waste problem in these places,
which needs ecologically friendly recovery methods. Similarly, the issue of
environmental and health risks resulting from inappropriate e-waste disposal is
addressed, giving a vision of international collaboration, green manufacturing
techniques, and regulatory framework revisions as answers to the problem [2]. The
environmental and health concerns of poor e-waste management in Bangladesh are
also discussed, with the most major issues being polluted air, water, and soil, as well as
suggestions to policymakers to implement safe and effective methods for recycling [3].
vendors in Tanzania are being studied largely via a sustainability perspective, with a
focus on identifying problems associated with stakeholder participation [6].
Automatic separating waste systems, especially those based on IoT, have proven
effective for speeding up waste classification and increasing recycling efficiency. For
example, the "Automatic Waste Segregator" automates waste sorting through real-time
IoT monitoring. However, its high power consumption prevents large-scale adoption,
and while it works well for normal waste, it was not originally designed to manage
e-waste, which requires specific handling due to its hazardous components [17].
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According to one study, improving the system to handle e-waste could increase its
versatility and turn it into a feasible option for electronic waste management. Similarly,
another study on automatic sorting systems for dry waste, such as metals, plastics, and
paper, showed high sorting efficiency but noted that these systems weren't intended for
handling e-waste [18].
the potential to provide more effective, automated solutions for e-waste management,
addressing the challenges posed by its complex components and the need for accurate,
real-time sorting [22][26]. Furthermore, advancements in deep learning object detection,
particularly in areas such as speed-accuracy, tiny and 3D object detection, multi-modal
approaches, and few-shot learning, show great promise for significantly improving
waste segregation systems in the future [27][28]. A mobile robotic waste collection
system has also been proposed; however, its limited payload capacity and inability to
recognize certain e-waste categories highlight the need for further optimization [12].
Conclusion
Citations
18 Pai, R. R., Bangera, P. J., Shaikh, M. M., P, P., & Shetty, R. P. (2021). Design
and development of an automatic dry waste segregator for household and
institutional wastes. Materials Today: Proceedings, 52.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.487\
19 Ronald Gem Celestial. (2018, February 23). E-waste management in the
Philippines. ResearchGate; unknown.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323356709_E-waste_management_in_
the_Philippines
20 Joshua, M., Anthony, A., Ama, D., & Arvin, J. (2020, May 18). Automated Waste
Segregation System using Trained Optical and Material Sensors with User
Communication... ResearchGate; unknown.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342747452_Automated_Waste_Segreg
ation_System_using_Trained_Optical_and_Material_Sensors_with_User_Comm
unication_Capabilities
21 Dudhal, S. M., Jonwal, B. S., & Chaudhari, H. P. (2014, April 8). WASTE
SEGREGATION USING PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER [Review of
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