ELECTRICAL MACHINE I

ENEE 202

Lecture :3 Year : II
Tutorial :1 Part : I
Practical : 3/2

Course Objectives:
The objective of this course is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding
of various aspects in the field of electrical machine like constructional details, operating
principle, performance characteristics and control of electric machines such as
transformers, DC generators, DC motors and three phase induction machines.

1 Magnetism and Magnetic Circuits (4 hours)

1.1 Review of magnetic field and electromagnet
1.2 Magnetic hysteresis: B-H curve and B-H loop with DC excitation
1.3 Magnetic hysteresis with AC excitation
1.4 Magnetic circuit: Series and parallel circuit with air gaps
1.5 Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction: Statically induced EMF and
dynamically induced EMF
1.6 Force on current carrying conductor

2 Transformer (14 hours)

2.1 Transformer, its different parts and their functions
2.2 Transformer types: Core and shell types
2.3 Working principle and EMF equation
2.4 Ideal and practical transformer
2.5 Mutual inductance and coupled circuit model
2.6 No load and load operation, equivalent circuits and phasor diagrams
2.7 Transformation of impedances, voltage regulation
2.8 Capacity of transformers
2.9 Exciting current harmonics
2.10 Transformer inrush current
2.11 Losses and efficiency of 1-phase transformer, all day efficiency
2.12 Tests: Polarity test, open circuit test, short circuit test, Sumpner’s test
2.13 Instrument transformers: Potential transformer (PT) and current transformer
(CT) and their applications
2.14 Auto transformer: Construction, working principle and Cu saving
2.15 Three phase transformers: Introduction, types of connections, Scott-T
connection
 2.16 Introduction of three winding transformer
2.17 Parallel operation of transformer: 1-phase and 3-phase
2.18 Introduction of three winding transformer
2.19 Parallel operation of transformer: 1-phase and 3-phase

3 DC Generator (8 hours)
3.1 Introduction of DC machine and its construction
3.2 Armature windings (lap and wave winding)
3.3 Working principle, commutator action, EMF equation
3.4 Method of excitation: Separately and self-excited, types of DC generator
3.5 Characteristics of series, shunt and compound generator, and applications
3.6 Voltage build up process
3.7 Armature reaction
3.8 Commutation: Interpoles and compensating windings
3.9 Losses, efficiency and voltage regulation

4 DC Motors (7 hours)
4.1 Working principle, back EMF and torque equation
4.2 Types of DC motor, characteristics of DC motors and their applications
4.3 Losses and efficiency
4.4 Starting of DC motors: 3 point and 4 point starters for shunt motor
4.5 Speed control of DC motor: Series, shunt, and reversing the direction of
rotation
4.6 Testing of DC machine: Retardation test and Swinburne’s test for shunt
motor

5 Three-Phase Induction Machines (12 hours)

5.1 Three phase induction motor
5.1.1 Introduction, constructional details, rotor types- squirrel cage and
phase wound
5.1.2 Operating principle: Rotating magnetic field, synchronous speed,
slip
5.1.3 Analysis of standstill condition: Equivalent circuit, starting torque
equation
5.1.4 Analysis of running condition: Equivalent circuit, running torque
equation
5.1.5 Torque-slip characteristics and effect of rotor resistance
5.1.6 Power stages in three phase induction motor, losses and efficiency
5.1.7 Testing of three phase induction motor: No-load test and Block rotor
test
 5.1.8 Methods of starting: Direct on-line method, primary resistor method,
auto-transformer starter, star-delta starter, rotor rheostat starter
5.1.9 Speed control methods for three phase induction motor: Primary
voltage control method, frequency control method, Cascade
connection method and rotor rheostat method
5.2 Three phase induction generator
5.2.1 Induction generator: Operating principle, T-S characteristic for
generating mode, requirements of excitation capacitor, voltage
build-up process
5.2.2 Operation: Isolated and grid connected

Tutorial (15 hours)

1. Problems on series and parallel magnetic circuit
2. Problems on no load, load operation, open circuit test, short circuit test,
evaluation of equivalent circuit parameter, voltage regulation, efficiency of a
single-phase transformer
3. Problems on emf and efficiency calculation for different types generator
4. Problems on back emf, speed control and efficiency for shunt and series
motors
5. Problems on slip, starting current, load current, starting torque, maximum
torque, external resistance, mechanical power developed. rotor efficiency
and overall efficiency of three phase induction motor

Practical (22.5 hours)

1. Magnetic circuits: Draw B-H curve for two different samples of iron core and
compare their relative permeabilities
2. Two winding transformers: Perform turn ratio test, open circuit (OC) and short
circuit (SC) test, determine regulation and efficiency at full load and examine
exciting current waveform and harmonics
3. DC generator: Draw open circuit characteristic (OCC) of a DC shunt
generator and calculate maximum voltage built up, critical resistance, critical
speed of the machine and load characteristic of shunt generator
4. DC motor: Perform speed control of DC Shunt motor by armature control
method and field control method and draw Torque-Speed characteristic curve
of DC shunt generator
5. Three phase Induction motor: Perform the no-load test and blocked rotor test
of three phase induction motor, draw torque-slip characteristics of three phase
induction motor and observe the effect of rotor resistance on torque-speed
characteristics
Final Exam
The questions will cover all the chapters in the syllabus. The evaluation scheme will be
as indicated in the table below:
Chapter Hours Marks distribution*
1 4 6
2 14 18
3 8 12
4 7 9
5 12 15
Total 45 60
* There may be minor deviation in marks distribution.

References
1. Nagrath, I. J., Kothari, D.P. (2017). Electric Machines (5th edition). McGraw-
Hill.
2. Chapman J. S. (2004). Electric machinery fundamentals. McGraw-Hill.
3. Guru, B. S., Hiziroglu, H.R. (2001). Electric machinery and transformers
(Vol. 726). Oxford University Press.
4. Bimbhra, P. S. (2010). Electrical machinery. Khanna Publishers.
5. Ghosh, S. (2012). Electrical machines. Pearson Education India.
6. Bakshi, U. A., Bakshi, M. V. (2020). Electrical Machines-I. Technical
Publications.