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UNIT-4 Notes

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14 views5 pages

UNIT-4 Notes

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naikvinnu173
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UNIT-4

Cellular Digital Packet Data CDPD,cdpd architecture, cdpd security,


Mobitex- Mobitex architecture, Mobitex security architecture,Security Issues,Gateway,
Security model.

Introduction:

As we know AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) cellular network has been developed for
voice communication in 1980s. Due to long established setup times and modem handshaking
requirement packet data communication was not supported by AMPS. In order to support packet
data, CDPD has been introduced in 1993.

Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) was developed by IBM (along with a consortium of
Regional Bell Operating Companies) and other organizations to leverage the existing installed
base of AMPS cellular equipment in the United States to provide low-cost, packet-switched data
services.CDPD was first offered in 1994 by Bell Atlantic Mobile.

CDPD stands for Cellular Digital Packet Data. Though it has its own infrastructure it utilizes
vacant AMPS assigned channels or gaps between the channels for packet communication. CDPD
architecture is explained below. It co-exist with AMPS network architecture. Hence it supports
both data and voice communication.

CDPD technology features

Following are the features of CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data).


• Communication between BS (Base station i.e. MDBS) and MS (i.e. M-ES) is full duplex.
• It utilizes or seizes 30 KHz channel from existing AMPS/GSM networks for transmitting data
at 19.2 Kbps. The net data rate is 9.2 Kbps due to large amount of overhead.
• It utilizes same frequency band as used by AMPS i.e. 824 MHz and 894 MHz for uplink and
downlink. Both uplink and downlink are separated using FDMA.
• There are two types of handsets or phones available viz. single mode and dual mode. In single
mode phone can initiate data call or voice call. In dual mode phone can switch between data call
and voice call due to simultaneous registration on both AMPS and CDPD networks.
• It utilizes DSMA (Digital Sense Multiple Access) technique. In this technique CDPD mobile
checks for flag bit in downlink channel which informs whether uplink slot is idle or busy. If idle,
it utilizes for transmission. If busy, it waits for random period instead of transmitting in the next
time slot.
• It supports different types of services and has access to internet backbone.

CDPD network architecture

Fig-1: CDPD network architecture

The figure depicts CDPD network architecture. As shown it consists three major system
elements M-ES, MDBS and MD-IS. Moreover CDPD co-exist with AMPS network and hence
will have fall back to AMPS for voice call. Figure shows AMPS-BS and AMPS-MSC which are
part of AMPS network connected with PSTN for voice connectivity.

There are three CDPD interfaces viz. E-interface, I-interface and A-interface. E-interface exists
between CDPD and fixed network external to CDPD. I-interface exists between two CDPD
networks. A-interface exists between BS and MS. It is also known as Air interface.

Let us understand network elements used in CDPD architecture.


M-ES: It functions similar to subscriber or mobile unit used in any cellular system. It requires
SIM for operation which can be housed in laptop, mobile or PDA. It interfaces with radio
equipment at 19.2 Kbps. Each M-ES has unique NEI (Network Equipment Identifier) which is
associated with its home MD-IS.
MDBS: It functions similar to Base Station. It broadcasts available channels for M-ES. It takes
care of radio activities such as channel allocation, usage etc. These MDBSs co-exist with AMPS
Base Stations and hence share the same antenna and site together.
MD-IS: It provides connectivity with internet and PSDN. It has functionalities of both frame
relay switch and packet router. It does buffering of packets routed for M-ES. It also supports
roaming management as it contains registration directory.

How CDPD Works


Cellular Digital Packet Data makes use of idle times between calls in cellular phone
network channels for interleaving packets of digital data. In other words, CDPD
makes use of the «bursty» nature of typical voice transmission on the AMPS cellular
system. Voice communication has gaps or pauses where packet data can be
inserted and transmitted without interfering with the communication taking place
between customers.

Although CDPD supports data transmission rates of 19.2 Kbps and higher, actual
data throughput is usually around 9.6 Kbps. This is because of the large overhead
added by CDPD to each data block transmitted. This overhead is designed to ensure
that communications are reliable and to maintain synchronization between the
modems at each end of the transmission. In addition, a color code is added to every
data block to detect interference resulting from transmissions on the same channel
from neighboring cell sites.
Cellular Digital Packet Data makes use of idle times between calls in cellular phone network
channels for interleaving packets of digital data. In other words, CDPD makes use of the
«bursty» nature of typical voice transmission on the AMPS cellular system. Voice
communication

CDPD uses the Reed-Solomon forward-error-correcting code to encode each block or burst of
data sent, and includes built-in RC4 encryption to ensure security and privacy of the transmitted
data. CDPD is also based on the industry standard Internet Protocol (IP), allowing data to be
transmitted to and from the Internet.

A typical implementation of CDPD consists of three components:

 Mobile-End System (M-ES): A user device such as a laptop equipped with a cellular
modem. This system communicates in full-duplex mode with a Mobile Data Base Station (MDBS)
using the Digital Sense Multiple Access protocol, which prevents collisions of data streams from
multiple Mobile-End Systems.
 Mobile Data Base Station (MDBS): A telco device for receiving and transmitting CDPD
data.
 Mobile Data Intermediate System (MDIS): Provides the central control for a CDPD
network.
CDPD is typically used to provide wireless access to public packet-switched networks such as
the Internet so that mobile users can access their e-mail and other services. Multiple users can
share the same channel; the user’s modem determines which packets are destined for the user’s
machine. CDPD also supports IP multicasting and is an open standard based on the Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model for networking.

CDPD advantages and disadvantages

Following are the advantages of CDPD:


• Utilizes existing channels of the AMPS network and hence easy to install and start using the
existing channels if not in use.
• It has cellular like architecture and hence can support larger capacity due to ease in upgrading
the network.
• There is no delay in establishing data call as CDPD phone is already registered with the CDPD
network.
Following are the disadvantages of CDPD:
• There is no mesh connectivity in CDPD. Hence M-ES and M-ES can not communicate directly.
Communication between them occurs via MDBS.
• CDPD cell size is limited to less than 10 miles.

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