J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No.

6B

Nrdwfa'od,pum;ESifh pHbmompum;EIid f;,SOfavhvmjcif;

Ä
tdtdaxG;
pmwrf;tusOf;
þpmwrf;onf Nrdwfa'owGif aeYpOfajymqkdok;H pGJaeaom a'od,pum;ESifh
pHpum;wkdY\ wlnDrI? uGmjcm;rIrsm; od&Sdap&ef &nf&G,fNyD; avhvmwifjy
xm;ygonf/ Nrdwfa'od,pum; avhvm&mwGif bmomaA'\ ynm&yfcJG
jzpfaom tw¬aA'\ teuft"dyÜm,fukd t"duxm;um avhvmwifjy
xm;ygonf/ Nrdwfa'od,pum;ESifh pHpum;wkdY wpfxyfwnf;wlnaD eaom
a'od,rsm;? teufwl ½kyfoGifuJG a'od,pum;rsm;omru wlnDrI
qufpyfrIwkdYjzifh wifpm;xm;aom a'od,pum;rsm;? Nrdwfa'owGif
aysmufuG,fvkeD;yg;jzpfaeaom pum;vkH;rsm;ukdvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f
avhvmwifjyxm;ygonf/ þpmwrf;onf a'od,pum;ukd qufvuf
avhvmvkdolwkdYtwGuf wpfpdwfwpfa'o taxmuftyHh jzpfrnf[k
,kHMunfrdygonf/

ed'gef;
weoFm&Dwkdif; NrdwfNrdKUwGif aexkdifMuaom NrdwfolNrdwfom;tcsif;csif;
ajymqkdqufqH&mwGif tm;vkH;em;vnfaom jrefrmpum;jzifh ajymqkdMuonf/
okYd aomf rl&if;pHpum;ESifh tenf;i,f uGjJ ym;rI &Syd gonf/ Nrdwfa'od,pum;onf
jrefrmbmompum;\ xl;jcm;xif½Sm;onfh toGifuJGjrefrmpum; jzpfonf/
Nrdwfa'owGif toGifuGJjrefrmbmompum;ukd ajymqkdaeMujcif;onf vrf;yef;
qufoG,fa&; cufcJjcif;? awmifukef;awmifwef;rsm; umqD;aejcif;? jrpfacsmif;rsm;
wnf½Sdaejcif;wkdYaMumifh a½S;uyif pHpum;udk tokH;jyKaeaomfvnf; pum;oH
uJGjym;rI &Sdaeygonf/ ,cktcg a&'D,kd? ½kyfjrifoHMum;? ½kyf½Sif? tifwmeuf
ponfh pufrIenf;ynm zGHUNzKd;wkd;wufvmaomtcg ododomom pHpum;
vTrf;rkd;rI ½Sdvmygonf/ xkdYtwl pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;? EkdifiHa&; ponfwkdYaMumifh
pHpum;ysHESHUvmum a'od,pum;rsm;\ rlvoHrsm; aysmufuG,fvmygonf/
rsufarSmufacwf Nrdwfa'owGif pHpum;vTrf;rkd;rI tm;aumif;vmonfhtwGuf
vli,frsm;onf em;vnfvG,faom wifpm;xm;onfh pum;rsm;om ajymqkd
Ä
a'gufwm? vufaxmufuxdu? jrefrmpmXme? Nrdwfwuúodkvf
532 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

vmMuonfukd avhvmawGU½Sd&ygonf/ xkdYaMumifh Nrdwfa'od,pum; raysmuf

rysuf qufvufxdef;odrf;apvkdaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh NrdwfaeYpOfokH;pum;ESifh
pHbmompum;\ uGmjcm;rIrsm;ukd tw¬aA'½IaxmifhrS avhvmwifjyxm;ygonf/

1/ avhvm&onfh &nf½G,fcsuf
þpmwrf;onf pHpum;ESifhrwl uJGjym;pGm ajymqkdokH;EIef;aeaom
Nrdwfa'od,pum;ukd pdwf0ifpm;ESpfoufonfhtwGuf avhvmazmfxkwfxm;jcif;
jzpfygonf/ Nrdwfa'o tusKd;jzpfapvkdaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh a&;om;xm;jcif;
jzpfonf/

1? 1/ avhvmrIe,fy,f owfrSwfjcif;
weoFm&Dwkdif;twGif;rSmyif aexkdif&ma'ouJGjym;rIaMumifh a'od,pum;
uJGjym;rI &Sdygonf/ xm;0,fpum;? Nrdwfpum;? ykavmpum;? uRef;pkpum;
omru NrKdUay:wGif ajymqkdaompum;? awmbufwGif ajymqkdaompum;?
ponfjzifh tenf;i,f uGJjym;rI &Sdygonf/ Nrdwfa'owGif ykavm? xm;0,f?
uRef;pk? weoFm&DwkdYrS vma&mufaexkdifMu&m a'od,pum;wkdYrSmvnf;
tenf;i,f uGmjcm;rI &SdMuygonf/ Nrdwfa'owGif wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; awGUqkH
pum;ajym&mwGif Nrdwfa'od,pum;ukd tokH;jyKajymqkdMuonf/ okdYaomf ½kH;?
Xme? ausmif;? aps; ponfh vltrsm;ESifh qufoG,f&ma'orsm;wGif pHpum;
uko
d m ajymqkMd uonf/ þpmwrf;ukd okawoejyKolonf NrdwfNrKdUwGifaexkid fpOf
a'od,pum;rsm;ukd a0g[m&pm&if;rsm; aumuf,ljcif;? awGUqkHar;jref;jcif;?
a&Smifwcifar;jref;jcif;rsm; tBudrfBudrfjyKvkyfí vkdtyfaom tcsuftvufrsm;?
trsKd;tpm;rsm; cJGjcm;um avhvmxm;ygonf/

1? 2/ Nrdwfa'o orkid f;tusOf;

NrdwfNrKdUonf jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEkdifiHawmf\ awmifbufpGef;wGif
wnf½Sdygonf/ NrdwfNrKdUonf a&ywfvnf0ef;&Haeaom uRef;aygif;(800)ausmf
wnf½Sdaom uRef;NrKdUav; jzpfygonf/ weoFm&Dwkdif;a'oBuD;wGif xm;0,fNrKdU?
NrdwfNrKdU? weoFm&DNrKdUwkdY wnf½Sdygonf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 533

Nrdwf[lonf-
xkdif;pum; rm&dwfrS qif;oufvmonf[k rSwfom;&ygonf/ 1 xkdif;wkdYu
rdrdwkdY Mum;&onfh toHukdvkdufí Nrdwfukd rm&dwf[k ac:[efwlygonf/ ]rm} rSm
]jrif;}? ]&dwf} rSm ]csnf? csnfwkdif} jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh rm&dwfonf jrif;c,fwkdif
(jrif;csnfwkdif)[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/
jrefrmEkdifiHawmifbufpGef;wGif&Sdaom NrKdUjzpfNyD; tpGeftzsm;tNrdwfwGif
½SdaomaMumifh (bdwf) Nrdwf[k ac:onf/ rm&dwfukd t*FvdyfwkdY odrf;ykduf
NyD;aemuf NrdwfNrKdUukd rm*GD; (Mergui)[k ac:onf/ t*FvdyfwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHokdY
0ifa&mufpOf &ckdifjynfe,fbufrS 0ifa&mufvmNyD; &ckdifbmomjyefrsm;\
toHxGuftwkdif; Nrdwfukd rm*GD; (Mergui)[k ac:jcif; jzpfonf/ bdwfonf
toHxGuftmvkyfpum;jzpfNyD; ,ckacwf jrefrmtpkd;&vufxufwGif ]Nrdwf}
(Myeik) [k w&m;0ifowfrSwfvkdufaMumif; avhvmod½Sd&ygonf/

1? 3/ a'od,pum;[lonf
]]a'od,pum;onf oD;jcm;bmompum; r[kwfbJ rlv
bmompum;ESihf toGifuJGjym;aom pum;wpfck jzpfygonf/
yifrbmompum;\ toGifuJGrsm;teuf wpfckukd pHpum;
tjzpf owfrSwx
f m;NyD; useftoGifuGrJ sm;ukd a'od,pum;[k
owfrSwfxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/}}2
pHpum;qkdonfrSm bmompum;wpfckukd ajymqkdtokH;jyKolrsm;u
pHtjzpf vufcHowfrSwfxm;aom pum;jzpfygonf/ 3 bmompum;wkdif;wGif
a'od,pum; rsm;pGm&SdouJhokdY jrefrmbmompum;wGifvnf; a'od,pum;
rsm;pGm&Sdygonf/ jrefrmbmompum;wGif ]&ckdif? xm;0,f? Nrdwf? tif;om;?
awmif½kd;} ponfjzifh ae&ma'oukdvkdufí uJGjym;onfh toGifuJG a'od,pum;
rsm;pGm &Sdygonf/

1
BuD;pdef? OD;? 1291? 17/
2
armifarmifOD;? 2009? 3/
3
atmifjrifhOD;? a'gufwm? 2003? 34/
534 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

a'od,pum;onf ]a'otvkduf ajymqkdokH;EIef;aompum;} jzpfonf/

]ae&ma'o? yx0D0iftaetxm;? vlrItqifhtwef; 1 uJGjym;jcm;em;rIwkdYaMumifh
pum;oH 2 ? a0g[m& 3 ? tokH;tEIef;? o'´g 4 ponfwkdYonf uJGjym;aeaom
bmompum;wpfck\ toGifuJG jzpfonf/5 Nrdwfa'owGif jrefrmpum;ajymonf[k
owfrSwfxm;aomfvnf; &efukefwkdif;a'oBuD;ESifh tvSrf;uGma0;jcif;? yx0D0if
taetxm;wkdYaMumifh tcsdefumvMumjrifhaomtcg Nrdwfa'owGif ajymqkd
aeaom pum;rsm;onf pHpum;ESifhrwl? a'od,pum; jzpfonf/ Nrdwfa'od,
pum;onf toGifuJGjrefrmpum; jzpfygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh Nrdwfa'owGif
ajymqkdaeaom pum;rsm;onf a'ouGmjcm;rIaMumifh uJGjym;aom a'od,pum;
wpfck jzpfygonf/6

2/ pHbmompum;ESifh uGJjym;aom Nrdwfa'od,pum;rsm;

NrdwfNrKdUonf jrefrmpum;ukd ajymqkdMuaomfvnf; tcsKdUaom pum;oHrsm;?
a0g[m&rsm;onf ajymqkdokH;EIef;&mü uGJjym;rI tweftoifh ½Sdygonf/ NrdwfNrKdUwGif
aexkdifaom vlrsKd;pktm;vkH;onf Nrdwfa'od,pum;ukd ajymqdkMuonf/
Nrdwfa'od,pum;ukd pHbmompum;ESifh EIdif;,SOfMunfh&m tcsKdUpum;oH? tcsKdU
a0g[m&rsm;onf pHpum;ESifh uGJjym;rI½Sdonfukd avhvmawGU½Sd&ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
Nrdwfa'od,pum;wGif a'oqkdif&m oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm; xif[yfvsuf½Sdonfukd
txift½Sm; awGUjrif&ygonf/

2? 1/ teufwl ½kyfoGifuGJ a'od,pum;rsm;

bmompum;wpfrsKd;wnf;ukd okH;pGJonfh pum;wlpktwGif;ü bmom
pum; toGifuGJrsm;pGm ½Sdygonf/ xkdokdY uGJjym;&jcif;onf bmompum;
okH;pGJol\ ae&ma'o? yx0D0iftaetxm;t& bmompum;toGifuGJ&jcif;

1
Social class
2
speech
3
lexis
4
grammar
5
wif{? OD;? 2009? 3/
6
Regional dialect
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 535

jzpfonf/ Nrdwfa'owGif teuft"dyÜm,fwl ½kyfoGifuGJ a'od,pum;rsm;pGm

awGU½Sd&ygonf/
pHpum; Nrdwfa'od,pum;
uav;arG; om;arG;
qHyifn§yf acgif;n§yf
tokbykdY romcs
acgif;oGif; wvm;oGif;
trav; trda0;
&mbm aumfbwf
txufom; yk*Hom;
tenf;i,f wwpfi,f
trsm;BuD; wykHBuD;
pyg;vkH; aumufoD;
ykpGefi,f a*G;
rD;yltkd; a<utkd;
txufqif xrDcg;wif? xrDukwif
tNrD; zifarG;
zufvkH; ykdufacgif;tkH;
rD;ysuf rD;ao
pGefvTwf iSufvGwf
tqlcHonf qJonf
abmyif rifwH
aumfbwf oJpuúL
536 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

1/ om;arG;
pHpum;wGif ]uav;arG;} onfukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]om;arG;} [k ajymqkd
okH;EIef;onf/ uav;arG;zGm;vmjcif;ukd ]uav;arG;} [k ajymqkdjcif;onf
omrefokH;jzpfNyD; om;arG;onf[k ajymqkdjcif;onf 0daoooabm ouf0if
aeonfukd awGU&onf/

2/ romcs
pHpum;wGif ]tokbykdY} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]romcs} [k
ajymqkdMuonf/ tokbykdY [laom pum;onf t,OfokH;pum;jzpfNyD; romcs
[laom pum;onf rESpfvkdrI? ½kdif;onfh taiGUtouf xif[yfapaom
pum;jzpfygonf/

3/ wvm;oGif;
pHpum;wGif ]acgif;oGif;} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]wvm;oGif;}
[k okH;EIef;onf/ ]acgif;oGif;} [laom pum;onf omrefokH;pum;jzpfNyD;
]wvm;oGif;} [laom pum;onf tav;teufoabmjzifh wifpm;ajymqkdjcif;
jzpfonf/

4/ trda0;
pHpum;wGif pkd;&drfjcif;? xdwfvefYjcif;aMumifh EIwfrS &Gwfqkdwwfaom
tmar!dwfpum; ]trav;} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]trda0;} [k okH;EIef;avh
&Sdygonf/ a'od,taiGUtouf ay:vGifaom tmar!dwftokH;tEIef; jzpfygonf/

5/ aumfbwf
pHpum;wGif ]&mbm} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]aumfbwf} [k ajymqkdonf/
pHbmompum;wGif aumfbwfonf oH? opfom;wkdYukd acsmrGwfatmifjyK&mwGif
okH;onfh tjym;tcsyfom jzpfonf/ okdYaomf Nrdwfa'owGif ]&mbm} ukd ]aumfbwf}
[kom ac:qkdNyD; ]&mbmjcpfonf} ukd ]aumfbwfjcpfonf} [kvnf;aumif;?
]&mbmtap;} ukd ]aumfbwfa*s;} [kvnf;aumif;? ]&mbmtjym;} ukd
]aumfbwfjym;} [kvnf;aumif; ac:a0:jcif;onf a'otvdkuf uJGjym;aom
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 537

teufwl ½kyfoGifuJGpum; jzpfygonf/ pHpum;wGif ajymqkdtokH;jyKaeaom

]aumfbwf} ukd NrdwfwGif ]oJpuúL} [k ac:aMumif; od&Sd&ygonf/

6/ yk*Hom;
pHpum;wGif txufbufwGif aexkdifol ]txufom;} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif
]yk*Hom;} [k ac:onf/ Nrdwfa'oonf jrefrmEkdifiHawmifbufpGef;wGif wnf½Sd
aomaMumifh &efukef? rEÅav;? ppfukdif; ponfh NrdwfNrKdUtxufbufwGif
aexkdifolwkdYukd ]yk*Hom;} [k NcKHikHac:a0:aMumif; avhvmod½Sd&ygonf/
Nrdwfa'owGif ajymqkdokH;EIef;aeaom teufwl ½kyfoGifuJGpum;vkH;
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf wpfpdwfwpfykdif;t&aomf vnf;aumif;? eD;eD;pyfpyfaomf
vnf;aumif; pHbmompum;ESifh teufwlaom pum;vkH;rsm;jzpfaMumif; awGU½Sd
&ygonf/

2? 2/ rsKd;jyuJjG ym;aom a'od,pum;rsm;

pHpum;ESifhrwl uGJjym;aom rsKd;jypum;vkH;tok;H tEIef;rsm;ukd Nrdwfa'od,
pum;wGif pdwf0ifpm;zG,f awGU&onf/
pHpum; Nrdwfa'od,pum;
xrD(1)xnf xrD(1)vkH;
uGrf;(1),m uGrf;(1)vuf
xrif;(1)yef;uef rif;(1)Zef
'l;&if;oD;(1)rTm Z&if;oD;(1)tdrf
oD[kdVfaph(1)xkyf c½koD;(1)MuKyf
a&oefY(1)bl; a&oefY(1)ykdif;
uRJ½kdif;(1)bl; uRJ½kdif;(1)ykH;
xrif;(1)bl; rif;(1)ykH;
(qef)EkdYqD(1)bl; (qef)EkdYZef(1)ykH;
538 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

1/ xrD(1)vk;H
pHpum;wGif ]xrD (1)xnf}? ]xrD (1)uGif;} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]xrD
(1)vkH;} [k ac:Muonf/ tac:ta0: qef;opfrI½Sdonfukd avhvmawGU&Sd
&onf/ xrDtpESpfbufukd yl;ícsKyfvdkufaomtcg tuGif;t0kdif;oP²mef
jzpfvmonfhtwGuf xrD(1)uGif;[k pHbmompum;ajymolwkdYu okH;EIef;ajymqkd
Muonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh xrDukd rsKd;jypum; ]xnf} ESifhomwGJí (1)xnf?
(2)xnf[k okH;avh½SdMuygonf/ Nrdwfa'owGifrl xrDukd rsKd;jypum; ]vkH;} ESifh
wGJpyfum xrD(1)vkH;[k okH;EIef;ajymqkdjcif;onf vkH;0ef;onfhoabm
oufa&mufrI r&SdonfhtwGuf wGJpyfrI qef;opfaMumif; od&onf/ xrDESpfpukd
yl;í csKyfvdkufaomtcg tuGif;t0kdif;oP²mef wnf&SdaomaMumifh xrDukd
(1)vk;H [k wifpm;um ac:a0:Muonf/ pHbmompum;ESifh rwluGJjym;aom rsKd;jy
tokH; jzpfygonf/

2/ uGrf;(1)vuf
pHpum;wGif ]uGrf; (1),m} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]uGrf; (1)vuf} [kom
okH;EIef;ajymqkdMuygonf/ Nrdwfa'owGif rsKd;jypum;vkH; ]uGrf; (1)vuf} [k
pHpum;ESifh uGJjym;pGm okH;EIef;xm;onfh tokH;xl;jcm;rIukd awGU½Sd&ygonf/

3/ Z&if;oD;(1)tdrf
pHpum;wGif ]'l;&if;oD; (1)rTm} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]Z&if;oD; (1)tdrf} [k
okH;EIef;ajymqkdonf/ pHbmompum;wGif 'l;&if;oD;ESifhywfoufí rsKd;jypum;vkH;
NcKHikHac:a0:aomfvnf; Nrdwfa'owGif wpfrTmESifh wpftdrf [lí cJGjcm;okH;EIef;
xm;onf/ tom;yg'l;&if;oD;tajrmif;vkdufukd ]wpfrTm} [k ac:NyD; tcGHyg
tcGufuav; ESpfcGuftkyfum tcef;i,fozG,f trTmygaom 'l;&if;oD;ukd
]wpftdrf} [k ac:onf/ tdrfozG,f jzpfaeaom 'l;&if;oD;trTmukd (1)tdrf [k
wifpm;ac:a0:xm;jcif;onf wlnDrIukdqufpyfum wifpm;okH;EIef;aom a'od,
rsKd;jypum;vkH; tokH;tEIef; jzpfygonf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 539

4/ c½koD;(1)MuKwf
pHbmompum;wGif ]oD[kdVfaph (1)xkyf}ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]c½koD;
(1)MuKwf} [k okH;EIef;Muonf/ pHbmompum;wGif MuKwf qkdonfrSm tzkH;
ygaom cGuftkyfwpfrsKd;jzpfí a½TMuKwf? aiGMuKwf[k okH;EIef;ygonf/ Nrdwfa'owGif
xlxyfaomt&mjzifh oyf&yfpGm xkwfykd;xm;jcif;ukd ]MuKwf} [k ac:ygonf/
Oyrm - ykZGefajcmuf0,f&m ]aocsmxkwfay;? vufaqmifay;rvkdY}[k ajym&m
]MuKwfeJY aocsmxnfhay;r,f} [k ajymavonf/ MuKwfqkdonfrSm yvyfpwpf
tMunfAl;? azmhAl;? puúLAl;ponfwkdYudk qkdvkdaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ xkdYaMumifh
(1)xkyfukd (1)MuKwf[k ac:a0:jcif;onf xl;jcm;aom a'od,tokH;jzpfonfukd
avhvmawGU½Sd&ygonf/
pHbmompum;ajymolwkdYESifh ul;vl;qufoG,frI jrefqefvmonfESifhtrQ
pHbmompum;½Sd pum;vkH;rsm;vTrf;rdk;vmonfukd avhvmawGU½Sd&ygonf/
Nrdwfa'o½Sd rsKd;jypum;vkH;tokH;rsm;ukd avhvmMunfh&mwGif trsm;tm;jzifh
pHbmompum;ESifh wlnDrI½Sdonfukd awGU½Sd&ygonf/ tcsKdUaom rsKd;jypum;vkH;
wkdYonfom pHbmompum;ESifhrwl uGJjym;aeaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ uJGjym;
aeaom rsKd;jypum;vkH;rsm;ukd avhvmMunfh&m pum;vkH; wifpm;rI qef;opfrI
½Sdjcif; jzpfaMumif; avhvmawGU½Sd&ygonf/

2? 3/ uG,faysmufvkeD;yg;jzpfaeaom a'od,pum;rsm;
bmompum;onf ajymif;vJwwfaom oabm½Sdonf/ Nrdwfa'od,
pum;okH;wkdYonf acwfumvtavsmuf ajymif;vJoGm;onfrsm; ½SdouJhokdY
,aeYwkid f rajymif;vJbJ qufvufwnf½Sad eaom pum;okH;rsm;vnf; ½Sdygonf/
acwfumvtavsmuf bmomjcm;pum;rsm;? Aef;pum;rsm;? twkdaumuf
tokH;rsm; 0ifa&mufvmaomtcg a½S;vlBuD;wkdY ajymqkdokH;EIef;cJhMuaom tac:
ta0:wkdYukd ,aeYacwfvli,fwkdY rodMuawmhay/ xkdYaMumifh aysmufuG,fvkeD;yg;
jzpfaeaom a'od,ppfppfrsm;vnf; rsm;pGm ½Sdygonf/
pHpum; Nrdwfa'od,pum;
nKdUousnf; rdr½kduf½kd;
jrif;cGm&Guf a,mu©ra&aMumuf&Guf
540 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

b0jrifhonf csD;cHus,f
vkHcsnf oavmif
csKdif; vufuwD;
ESmap;onf aqmif;ajy;oifh
wl pm;ay:wH
rdwf acR;ysKd;oD;
ydkufqH aMu;jym;
a,mufsm;vsm ua'G;avmif
½kyf½Sif "mwf½SifyGJ
aywH rsOf;jcm;wH
ykqdef uyfyg;
½kwfw&uf zwfwvwf
rsufESmokwfy0g zm;Oykdif;
oufwH yZif;a&aomuf
ykwfoifnKd zGwfowfacgif;BuD;
wHawG; aiG&,fZdrf
yJjym; awmifuGm
&Suf tefZ&,fjzpf
t&Suf& Oa&mifuef;
twif;tusyfvkyf OZkrcwf
avmbBuD; jrif;acgpD;
t½IH;ay; tkef;a&csnftkd;uGJ
teD;tem; a*gpuef
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 541

rsufpd½Iyf okdif;wuf
wpfcgwpf&H yef;Mum;yef;Mum;
rD;acsmif; bm;acsmif;
w½kwfujym; bmbm
vuform; Adoum

1/ rdr½kduf½kd;
pHpum;wGif ]nKdUousnf;} (ajcovkH;½kd;)ukd Nrdwfa'o½Sd a½S;jrefrmwkdYu
]rdr½kduf½kd;} [k ac:onf/ ]ndKUousnf;} onf ckdufrd½kdufrdvQif tvGefemwwf
aomaMumifh om;orD;wkdYukd ½kdufESufqkH;r&mwGif ajcovkH;\ ta½SUbuft½kd;ukd
rdcifjzpfol r½kduf&ufonfhtwGuf trd r½kduf&ufaomt½kd; ]rdr½kduf½kd;} [k
wifpm;um ac:a0:jcif; jzpfonf/ qufpyfwifpm; ajymqkdokH;EIef;jcif;jzpf&m
pum;vkH; qef;opfí ESpfoufrIukd jzpfapygonf/

2/ a,mu©ra&aMumuf&Guf
pHpum;wGif ]jrif;cGm½Guf} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]a,mu©ra&aMumuf&Guf} [k
a½S;jrefrmwkYd u ajymqkod Hk;pJGMuonf/ rnfonfhteuft"dyÜm,fESifh rnfokYd ac:a0:
okH;pGJrSef; rodEkdifaom ayg&mPpum; jzpfonf/ ,cktcg ]jrif;cGm½Guf} ukd
]½kd;i,f½Guf} [k ac:a0:vmMuonf/ t½kd;ao;aomtyifrS aygufaom t&Guf
jzpfí tyif\ t&G,ftpm;ukdMunfhNyD; ac:a0:vmMuonf/ ]a,mu©r
a&aMumuf&Guf}onf ,cktcg aysmufuG,fvkeD;yg; jzpfaeaom tokH;tEIef;
jzpfygonf/

3/ csD;cHus,f
pHpum;wGif ]b0ifjrifhonf} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]csD;cHus,f} [k ajymqkd
okH;pJGMuonf/ vltrsm;\ csD;jr§ifhajr§mufpm;jcif;? rdom;pk\ ajr§mufpm;jcif;cH&í
rdrdukd,fukd pdwfBuD;0ifum armufarmufrmrm BuD;BuD;us,fus,f ajymqkd
wwfolukd ]csD;cHus,f} [k ajymqkdMuonf/
542 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

4/ oavmif
pHpum;wGif ]vkHcsnf} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]oavmif} [k ajymqkdokH;pJG
Muonf/ ,cktcg ]oavmif} [laom pum;ukd ac:a0:okH;pJGjcif; r½SdawmhbJ
trsKd;om;0wfvkHcsnf? ykqkd;[kom ac:a0:Muygonf/ ]oavmif} [laom
pum;onf aysmufuG,fvkeD;yg; jzpfaeaom a'od,pum; jzpfygonf/

5/ vufuwD;
pHpum;wGif ]csKdif;} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]vufuwD;} [k
ajymqkdokH;EIef;cJhMuonf/ ]vufuwD;} [laom pum;onf tvGefa½S;usaom
pum;tokH;tEIef; jzpfonf/ ,ckacwfwGif ]vufuwD;} pum;okH;ukd tokH;rjyK
awmhbJ ]csKdif;} [kom ac:a0:Muonf/ vufuwD;onf wdrfjr§KyfaysmufuG,faeNyD
jzpfaom ayg&mPpum; jzpfygonf/

6/ aqmif;ajy;oifh
pHbmompum;wGif ]ESmap;onf} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif
]aqmif;ajy;oifh}[k ajymqkdokH;pJGMuonf/ a½S;jrefrmBuD;wkdYu aqmif;OD;umv
&moDOwktul;tajymif;wGif tat;rd? ESmap;a&m*g jzpfwwfonfukd qufpyf
wifpm;um ]aqmif;ajy;oifh} [k ac:a0:cJhMuonf/ ,cktcg xkdpum;onf
wdrfjr§KyfaysmufuG,faeNyDjzpfaom ayg&mPpum; jzpfygonf/ ,cktcg ]ESmap;onf}
[kom ajymqkdokH;EIef;Muawmhonf/

7/ pm;ay:wH
pHpum;wGif ]wl} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]pm;ay:wH} [k okH;EIef;Muonf/
xrif;? acgufqJG ponfwkdY ,liifpm;&aom tacsmif;twHukd ]pm;ay:wH} [k
ac:aMumif; teuft"dyÜm,fukd qufpyfNyD;rS teufazmf,l&onf/ ,aeYacwf
vli,fwkdYurl ]wl} [kom ajymqkdokH;EIef;vmMuonfukd avhvmawGU½Sd&ygonf/

8/ acR;ysKd;oD;
pHbmompum;wGif yltdkufaom&moDwGif cE¨mukd,ftESHY rsufESm? ausm
ponfwkdYwGif xGufavh½Sdonfh tzki,frsm; ]rdwf} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 543

]acR;ysKd;oD;} [k ac:Muonf/ acR;oD;acR;aygufrsm; acR;rsm;ysKd;&mrS t>ywfvkduf

xGufvmaom tzki,fukd ]acR;ysKd;oD;} [k wifpm;ac:a0:Mujcif; jzpfonf/

9/ aMu;jym;
pHbmompum;wGif ]ykdufqH} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]aMu;jym;}
[k ac:a0:Muonf/ a½S;acwfaiGaMu;okH;pGJrIwGif ig;jym;? q,fjym; ponfh
aMu;jym;ta<uaphwkdYukd tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/ Nrdwfa'owGif a½S;,cifu tokH;jyK
cJhMuaom aMu;jym;taphukd wifpm;um ,aeYwkdif ]ykdufqH}ukd ]aMu;jym;} [k
qufvufajymqkdMuonf/ ]aMu;jym;r½Sd&if rsufESmi,f&w,f} ]aMu;jym;r½Sdbl;}
ponfjzifh ajymqkdMuonf/ a½S;jrefrmBuD;wkdY ajymqkdaompum;ukd qufvuf
xdef;odrf;xm;aMumif; avhvmawGU½Sd&onf/

10/ Adwum
pHbmompum;wGif ]vuform;} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif
]Adwum} [k ajymqkdokH;pJGMuonf/ pHbmompum;wGif taqmuftOD;qkdif&m
aqmufvkyrf Iynmukd ]Adokum} [k ac:onf/ a&S;u Nrdwfa'owGif taqmuftOD;
aqmufvkyfol tif*sifeD,m ray:ao;yg/ tdrfwpftdrfvkH;ukd vuform;rsm;
uom tptqkH; BuD;Muyfaqmufvkyfay;Mu&onf/ vuform;twwfynmjzifh
tdrfaqmufvkyfay;olukd Adokum > Adóum > Adwum [k ac:a0:Muonf/
vuform;ESifh Adokum teufwefzkd;csif; rwlnDyg/ txl;jyKwifpm;rI
tm;aumif;aMumif; awGU&onf/ ]Adwum} [laom pum;onf a½S;vlBuD;wkdY
ajymqkdaompum;ukd ,aeYwkdif qufvuftarGqufcHaMumif; od&onf/
Nrdwfa'od,pum;rsm;wGif uG,faysmufvkeD;yg;jzpfaom a'od,pum;
rsm;pGm ½Sdygonf/ a'od,pum;rsm;ukd raysmufysufatmif xdef;odrf;
apmifha½Smufjcif;onf bmompum; raysmufysufatmif xdef;odrf;apmifha½Smufjcif;yif
jzpfonf/ bmompum;xdef;odrf;jcif;onf ,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfukd xdef;odrf;&m
a&mufygonf/
544 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

2? 4/ aeYpOfokH; a'od,pum;rsm;
edpö"l0taMumif;t&mtrsKd;rsKd;twGuf ac:a0:okH;EIef;aeMuaom aeYpOfokH;
a'od,pum;rsm;ukd pdwf0ifpm;zG,f awGU&onf/ a'od,pum;wkdYonf av,l
avodrf; uGmjcm;rIaMumifh ½kwfw&uf em;rvnfEkdifay/ a'od,pum;ESifh
xdawGUrIrsm;vmaomf qkdvkd&if;oabmukd em;vnfvmaponf/ aeYpOfokH;
Nrdwfa'od,pum;okH;wkdYonfvnf; pHbmompum;ESifh wlnDrI? uJGjym;rIwkdY
½Sdonfukd od½Sdvmapygonf/
pHpum; Nrdwfa'od,pum;
ukd,fyl taumifyl
ukd,fpm;vS,f rsufESmvTJ
tvGefaumif; tm;aumif;
ESpfq,f eJq,f
a*:jym; opfrIdufcyf
oDv½Sif rd½Sif
reufjzef rkd;vif;
vrf;xGufonf vrf;vnfxGufonf
i,f av;
qm iwf
auR; ay;pm;
ac:oGm;onf ac:aqmifonf
½SOfhudkuf ½SOfhayguf
jyeftrf;aiGvdkonf aMu;jym;(pl;)
yef;uefjym; Zefjym;
yef;uefvkH; [if;pm;
r*FvmyGJ tdrfwufyGJ
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 545

ajc<uc ajcuawmhc
pOfhESD;wkH; ig;opfwkH;
pdwfwkdvG,f tm;qwf
t&rf;cspfp&maumif; rsufcspf&Sd

1/ taumifyl
pHpum;wGif ]ukd,fylonf} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]taumifyl} [k ac:a0:
Muonf/ tzsm;½Sdí cE¨mukd,fwpfukd,fvkH;ylonfukd pHbmompum;wGif
]ukd,fylonf}[k okH;EIef;NyD; Nrdwfa'owGif ]taumifyl} [k okH;EIef;Muonf/
pHpum;ajymoltzkdY vlukd ]taumif} [k okH;EIef;xm;jcif;onf ½kdif;onfh taiGU
touf xif[yfapaom pum;jzpfonf/ okdYaomf a'ocHwkdYu ½kd;om;yGifhvif;aom
p½kdufukd od½Sdvmaomtcg ½kd;½Sif;aomoabmjzifh ajymonfh pum;jzpfaMumif;
od½dSvmapygonf/

2/ rsufESmvTJ
pHpum;wGif ]ukd,fpm;vS,f} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]rsufESmvTJ} [k okH;EIef;
Muonf/ Nrdwfa'owGif ]rsufESmvTJ} [laom pum;\t"dyÜm,frSm rdrdaqmif&Guf
&rnfh wm0efukd wpfpkHwpfOD;tm; ,kHMunfpGm vTJtyfaqmif&Gufaponf[k
qkdvkdonf/ pHbmompum;wGif ]rsufESmvTJ} [laom pum;rSm vspfvsL½Ionf?
uG,fvGefonf[k teuf&onf/ a'ouGmjcm;jcif;aMumifh teuf&if;rS yGm;vmaom
pum;rsm; jzpfygonf/

3/ tm;aumif;
pHpum;wGif ]tvGefaumif;} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]tm;aumif;} [k okH;EIef;
Muonf/ ]tm;} ukd ]tvGef} [laom teufjzifh okH;onf/ bmompum;onf
qufoG,frIMum;cHjzpf&m aeYpOfESifhtrQ bmompum;ukd tokH;jyKqufoG,f
Muonf/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; awGUqkHvQif tm;vS(tvGefvS)? tm;acsm(tvGefacsm)?
tm;aumif;(tvGefaumif;) ponfjzifh tjyeftvSef y#doE¨m&pum;tjzpf
ajymqkdavh½Sdaom a'od,pum; jzpfygonf/
546 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

4/ opfru
Id fcyf
pHpum;wGif aumf&cyf&aomt&m ]a*:jym;} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif
]opfrIdufcyf} [k okH;EIef;Muonf/ opf&Guf? trIduf ponfwkdYukd aumfcyf&onfh
t&mukd tpJGjyKí ]opfrIdufcyf} [k okH;[efwlonf/ ]a*:jym;} [laom pum;
tokH;tEIef;xuf ]opfrIdufcyf} [laom pum;tokH;tEIef;u teuft"dyÜm,f
av;eufrI ykdaponf/

5/ rd½Sif? zGm;½Sifr
pHpum;wGif ]oDv½Sif} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]rd½Sif? zGm;½Sifr} [k okH;EIef;
Muonf/ 0wfaMumifukdy,fí acgif;wkH;wkH;um ajreDqdk;aom t0wfukd
0wfvsuf oDvapmifhol trsKd;orD;ukd NrdwfwGif ]rd½Sif? zGm;½Sifr} [k
ac:a0:aMumif; od&Sd&ygonf/ uJGjym;aom a'od,pum; jzpfonf/

6/ r,m;½Sif
pHpum;wGif ]tdrfaxmif½Sdaoma,musfm;} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]r,m;½Sif}
[k okH;EIef;Muonf/ r,m;½Sdaom a,mufsm;? ykdif½Sif½Sdaom a,mufsm; [laom
t"dyÜm,fjzifh Nrdwfa'od,pum;wGif ]r,m;½Sif} [k okH;EIef;aMumif; awGU&onf/

7/ vif½Sif
pHpum;wGif ]tdrfaxmif½SiftrsKd;orD;} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]vif½Sif} [k
okH;EIef;Muonf/ a,mufsm;(vif)½Sdaom rdef;r? ykdif½Sif½Sdaom rdef;rjzpfí
Nrdwfa'od,pum;wGif ]vif½Sif} [k okH;EIef;aMumif; awGU&onf/

8/ Akduf½iS f
pHpum;wGif ]ukd,f0efonf} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]Akduf½Sif} [k okH;EIef;
Muonf/ y#doaE¨½Sdaeol? ukd,f0efaqmifaeolukd Nrdwfa'od,pum;wGif
]Akduf½Sif} [k ac:a0:aMumif; awGU&onf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 547

9/ rke½fY Sif
pHbmompum;wGif ]rkefYonf} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]rkefY½Sif} [k okH;EIef;
Muonf/ rkefYrsm;ukd jyKvkyfa&mif;csol (aps;onf)rkefYonfukd Nrdwfa'od,
pum;wGif ]rkefY½Sif} [k okH;EIef;ac:a0:onf/
xdkodkY ]rd½Sif? vif½Sif? r,m;½Sif? Adkuf½Sif? rkefY½Sif} [k ]½Sif} [laom
tokH;ESifh wJGpyfum ykdif½Sif(ykdifqkdif)onfh teufjzifh wifpm;okH;EIef;xm;onf/
pHbmompum;ESifh tokH;rwl? wrlxl;jcm;jcif;onf toGifuGJa'od,pum;\
vu©Pmwpf&yf jzpfonf/

10/ rkd;vif;
pHpum;wGif ]reufjzef} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]rdk;vif;} [k
okH;EIef;Muonf/ pHpum;wGif ]rkd;vif;} [laom pum;onf ]eHeufykdif;} ukd
qkdvkdjcif; jzpfonf/ Nrdwfa'owGif ]rkd;vif;} ukd ]aemufwpfaeY} [laom
teufjzifh okH;EIef;onf/ xdkYaMumifh wpfaeYukefqkH;NyD; aemufwpfaeYukd
]reufjzef} [k rokH;bJ ]rkd;vif;} [kom ajymqkdMuonf/ Oyrm ]reufjzef
usLwkd&D&,f &Sdw,faemf} [k ajym&m ausmif;om;ausmif;olwkdYu ]rdk;vif;vm;
q&mr} [k jyefar;onf/ ]rkd;vif; r[kwfbl;? aeYv,fav} [k a'otokH;ukd
rodbJ jyefajym&m uav;wkdY&Sif;jyrS a'od,pum;okH;jzpfaMumif; em;vnf
vmonf/ reufjzefukd ]rdk;vif;}? obufcgukd ]rkd;vif;aemuf&uf} [k
ac:a0:aMumif; odvm&ygonf/

11/ vrf;vnf
pHpum;wGif ]vrf;xGufonf} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]vrf;vnfonf} [k
okH;EIef;Muonf/ [kdem;'Dem; avQmufoGm;onfukd Nrdwfa'od,pum;wGif
]vrf;vnfxGufonf} [k ajymjcif;onf a,bl,sqefaom pum;jzpfonf/

12/ i,f
pHpum;wGif ]av;} [laom pum;vkH;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif rokH;bJ ]i,f}
[kom okH;EIef;onfukd xl;jcm;pGm awGU&onf/
548 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

pHpum; Nrdwfa'od,pum;
om;av; om;i,f
nDrav; nDri,f
um;av; um;i,f
acsmacsmav; acsmacsmi,f
aumif;aumif;av;ay; aumif;aumif;i,fay;
vSvSav;jyifay; vSvSi,fjyifay;
enf;enf;av; ab;wkd;ay; enf;enf;i,f ab;wdk;ay;
cPav;apmifh cPi,fapmifh
BuD;BuD;av; ay;yg BuD;BuD;i,f ay;em;
"m;ao; "m;yg;i,f
xdkYaMumifh Nrdwfa'owGif pHbmompum;wGifajymonfh ]av;} [laom
pum;ukd ]i,f} [k tokH;jyKxm;aMumif; avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/ ]i,f} ukd
i,f&G,faom ao;i,fonfh oabmtjyif aemufquftjzpf xnfhokH;avh
&Sdygonf/ pum;tokH;tEIef;vSyNyD; pHbmompum;ESifh rwluGJjym;onfh ESpfoufzG,f
aumif;aom a'od,tokH;tEIef; jzpfygonf/

13/ iwf
pHpum;wGif ]qmonf} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]iwfonf} [k ajymqkdMuonf/
]iwf} [laom pum;onf pHbmompum;wGif teufESpfcGxGufaom pum;
jzpfonf/ ]tpm;taomuf tvGeftuRH pm;onf/ pm;p&m aomufp&m
r&Sdjzpfonf} [laom oabmoufa&mufapaomaMumifh tokH;enf;onf/
Nrdwfa'od,pum;wGif tpm;taomufqmonfukd ]iwf} [k wGifwGifus,fus,f
okH;EIef;aMumif; awGU&onf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 549

14/ ay;pm;
pHpum;wGif pm;p&may;onf? xrif;auR;onf? rkefYauR;onfukd
]auR;onf} [kom ajymqdMk uonf/ Nrdwfa'owGif tpm;taomufpm;aponfukd
]ay;pm;} [lí okH;EIef;avh½o
Sd nf/ rdrdauR;csifonfh tpm;tpmukday;í pm;aponfh
teufjzifh ajymqkdaMumif;? ajymqdkaompum;ukd teuft"dyÜm,fjyef,l&onf/
pHbmompum;wGif ]ay;pm;onf} [k qkdygu a,mufsm;ESirfh def;r r*Fvmaqmifonf
[laomteufoabm oufa&mufapygonf/

15/ ac:aqmifonf
pHpum;wGif ]ac:oGm;onf} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]ac:aqmifonf}
[k okH;EIef;Muonf/ ]oGm;} [laom pum;ae&mwGif ]aqmif} [laom pum;ukd
okH;EIef;xm;jcif;onf ,Ofaus;odrfarGUonfh[ef ay:vGifaponfhtjyif ESpfoufrI
ukdyg jzpfapaom pum;tokH;tEIef; jzpfygonf/

16/ carmuf
pHpum;wGif ]OD;xkyf} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]carmuf} [k okH;EIef;Muonf/
pHbmompum;wGif 0g;ESifhjyKvkyfxm;onfh OD;acgif;wGif aqmif;aomt&mukd
carmuf[k ac:onf/ Nrdwfa'owGif vQmxkd;OD;xkyf? qkdifu,fOD;xkyf ponfjzifh
OD;xkyfrSeforQukd ]carmuf} [kom ac:onf/ yk*HacwfuAsmt& OD;xkyf (okdY)
carmuf [laom pum;onf a&S;jrefrmBuD;wkdY ajymqdkcJhaompum; jzpfNyD;
Nrdwfa'owGif ,aeYwkdif bmompum;tarGcH qufvufxdef;odrf;ajymqkdaeaMumif;
avhvmod&Sd&ygonf/

17/ ½SOafh yguf

pHpum;wGif o&ufoD;? 'l;&if;oD;wkdY 0if;rSnfhvmaomf ½SOfhuav;
wkdYonf tyifxufwGif vma&mufukdufazmuf pm;aomufMuonfukd ]½SOfhukdufonf}
[k ajymavh&Sdonf/ Nrdwfa'owGif ]½SOfhukdufonf} [k rokH;bJ ]½SOfhaygufonf}
[k okH;EIef;Muonf/ pHpum;wGif ]&SOfh? acG;? usm;} ponfh owå0gwkdYaemufwGif
]ukduf} [laom pum;ukd ykHaowJG&kd;wJGpOftwkdif; wGJzufokH;EIef;avh &Sdonf/
550 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

Nrdwfa'owGifrl pHbmompum;&Sd wGJ&kd;wJGpOftwkdif; rwGJbJ ]&SOfhayguf} [k

okH;EIef;xm;ykHrSm qef;opfrI&Sdonf[k qkdEkdifygonf/

18/ aMu;jym;(pl;)
pHpum;wGif ]jyeftrf;aiGvkdonf} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]aMu;jym;pl;onf} [k
okH;EIef;Muonf/ jyeftrf;&rnfhaiG rtrf;EdkifonfhtwGuf wpfzufwGif ta<u;
wifoGm;onfukd epf0ifoGm;onfhoabmjzifh Nrdwfa'od,pum;wGif ]aMu;jym;pl;}
[k okH;EIef;aMumif; awGU&onf/ pum;vkH;a&G;cs,frI qef;opfNyD; pHpum;ESifhrwl?
wrlxl;jcm;onfh toGifuGJpum;wpfck jzpfygonf/
NrdwfaeYpOfokH;pum;rsm;onf NrdwfolNrdwfom;wkdY\ pdwu f ;l ? tawG;tac:
aumif;rGefrI? ykHaqmifcdkif;EIdif;jcif; tm;aumif;rIwkdYukd awGUjrifapaom vSy
qef;opfonfh a'od,pum;okH;rsm;? toGifuJGrsm;jzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/
a'ouGmjcm;jcif;aMumifh teuft"dyÜm,fwkdY uGmjcm;rI&SdaMumif; aeYpOfokH;pum;vkH;rsm;
yGm;rsm;jcif;onfvnf; bmompum; zGHUNzKd;wkd;wufrIukd taxmuftyhhH jzpfap
ygonf/

2? 5/ tpm;taomufqkid f&m a'od,pum;rsm;

Nrdwfa'owGif tpm;taomufqkdif&m a'od,pum;wkdYonf pHbmom
pum;ESifh uGJjym;rI&SdaMumif; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/
pHbmompum; Nrdwfa'od,pum;
yifv,fpm a&pm
aMu;tdk;qDcsuf tkd;csuf
oabFmoD;axmif;(,kd;',m;) &Srf;axmif;
xrif;aMumf rif;qDavmf
Muufa&cGHaMumf Muufom;a&aMumf
tcsOf[if; aomufpm;[if;
qDjyef[if; [if;pyf
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 551

wkdYp&m yd&Sm(vQm)
a&aEG;Murf; a&ylMurf;
aq;ukvm;r aiGva&mif
yifyGm; vkH;aph
rkefYvifr,m; rkefYcGufom;
rkefYvufaqmif; rkefYzavmif;
iSufaysmoD;rkefY rkefYapmifNcKH
rkefYMumaph rkefYpmO
omul yifyGm;
rkefYzufxkyf rkefYurJEkdY
aumufn§if;cGufaMumf rkefYcGm
aumufn§if;acgysOf aumufn§if;ausmufysOf
rkefYzwfokyf rkefYwDavmf
acgufqGJaMumf^okyf acgufqJGavmf
qefjyKwf rif;jyKwf
vufzuf&nf(ESyfa&) zufqD
iSufaysmaygif; aysmoD;ysm;ytkef;
iSufaysmoD;aumufn§if;xkyf rkefYrD;wkdif
zufxkyf jyef&Suf
acgufqJGjyKwf aumfrD
0ufom;aumufn§if;xkyf azmif;qef
552 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

1/ a&pm
pHbmompum;wGif ]yifv,fpm} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]a&pm} [k okH;EIef;
Muonf/ yifv,frS&aom a&xGuftpm;tpm ig;? ykZGef? uif;rGef ponfh
tpm;tpmwkdYukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]a&pm} [k ac:onf/ pum;vkH;a&G;cs,frI wdus
aumif;rGefaom a'od,pum;vkH; jzpfygonf/

2/ tkd;csuf
pHpum;wGif ]aMu;tdk;qDcsuf} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]tdk;csuf}
[k vG,fvifhwul ac:qkdokH;EIef;Muonf/ aMu;tkd;rS ]aMu;}? qDcsufrS ]qD} ukd
jr§Kyfum ]tkd;csuf} [k pum;ukd csKHUí ajymqkdaomfvnf; t"dyÜm,frSm raysmuf
rysuf ay:vGifrI ½dSygonf/ pum;ukd csKHUjcif;? csJUjcif;onf jrefrmbmompum;\
oGifjyifvu©Pmwpfck jzpfygonf/

3/ ½Srf;axmif;
pHpum;wGif ],kd;',m;oabFmoD;axmif;} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif
]½Srf;axmif;} [k ac:onf/ NrdwfwkdYu ,kd;',m;vlrsKd;ukd ]½Srf;} [k ac:onf/
xdkYaMumifh ,kd;',m;tpm;tpm oabFmoD;axmif;ukd ]½Srf;axmif;} [k ac:jcif;
jzpfonf/ a'otavsmuf tac:ta0: uJGjym;jcif;om jzpfonf/

4/ rif;qDavmf
pHpum;wGif ]xrif;aMumf} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]rif;qDavmf}
[k ajymqkdMuonf/ ]xrif;} ukd ]rif;} [k ajymjcif;? ]xrif;qDaMumf} ukd
]rif;qDavmf} [k ajymjcif;onf a'od,pum;\ xl;jcm;csufyif jzpfygonf/
a&SUAsnf; [xkd;oHudk jzKwfí ajymqkdwwfMuonf/ ]rif;qDavmf} [laom
tokH;onf a'od,taiGUtouf ay:vGifapaom tokH; jzpfygonf/

5/ Muufom;a&aMumf
pHpum;wGif ]Muufa&cGHaMumf} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif
]Muufom;a&aMumf} [k ac:a0:Muonf/ uRJ? EGm;ta&cGHukd uRJom;a&? EGm;om;a&
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 553

ponfjzifh ac:MuonfhtwGuf ]Muuf} ukdvnf; qufpyfac:a0:[ef wlygonf/

ykodrf? [oFmwe,fwGifvnf; ]Muufom;a&aMumf} [k ac:qkdMuonf/

6/ aomufpm;[if;
pHpum;wGif ]tcsOf[if;? csOf&nf[if;} [laompum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif
]aomufpm;[if;} [k ac:a0:Muonf/ toD;t&Guf? tom;? ig;wkdYjzifh [if;&nf
aomuf&ef csufjyKwfxm;aom ][if;&nf} ukd qrf;pm;? aomufpm;&onfukd
tajccHí ]aomufpm;[if;} [k vG,fvifw h ul ac:qkjd cif; jzpfonf/ pHpum;xuf
ydkí teuft"dyÜm,f av;eufrIykdonfukd awGU&ygonf/

7/ yd½Sm(vQm)
pHpum;wGif ]wkdYp&m} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]yd½Sm} [k okH;EIef;
ac:a0:Muonf/ ig;yd&nfESifh wGJzufwkdYpm;&aom wkdYp&mtpkHtvifukd ]yd½Sm} [k
pum;ukd csKHUí ajymqkdjcif; jzpfonf/ ]ig;yd} ukd ]yd}? ]ig;yd&nf} ukd ]yd&nf}?
]wkdYp&m} ukd ]yd½Sm} [k pum;csKHUí ajymjcif;onf Nrdwfa'o\ yifukd[ef wpfck
jzpfygonf/

8/ a&ylMurf;
pHpum;wGif ]a&aEG;Murf;} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]a&ylMurf;}
[k okH;EIef;Muonf/ ]yl} ESifh ]aEG;} onf teufeD;pyfrI&Sdaomfvnf; teufcsif;
xyfwlrusyg/ aEG;aomtaetxm; r[kwfaom yGufyGufqlaeaom a&ukd
vufzufajcmufcwfvdkufjcif;ukd NrdwfwGif ]a&ylMurf;} [k ac:onf/ ylaEG;aom
prf;acsmif;ukd a&ylprf; [k ac:jcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/ ]a&ylMurf;} [laom Nrdwfa'od,
pum;tac:ta0:u ykdí tokH;tEIef;rSefuefonf[k avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/

9/ aiGva&mif
pHpum;wGif ]aq;ukvm;r} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]aiGva&mif} [k ac:onf/
pHbmompum;wGif tokH;wGifaeaom ]aq;ukvm;r} [laom pum;onf
rnfonfhteufukdpGJí ac:rSef;rod&yg/ okdYaomf NrdwfwGif ]aq;ukvm;r}\
MunfvifoefY&Sif;jzLpifaom toGiftjyifukd va&mif\ jzLpifoefY&Sif;jcif;
554 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

toGiftjyifESifh xyfwljyKum ]aiGva&mif} [k wifpm;ac:a0:aom tokH;tEIef;

jzpfygonf/

10/ vkH;aph
pHpum;wGif ]yifyGm;} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]vkH;aph} [k
ac:Muonf/ a&pdrfí yGm;rsm;vmaom trJtaphtvkH;ukd pHbmompum;wGif
]yifyGm;} [k ac:aomfvnf; Nrdwfa'owGif ]vkH;aph} [k pdwful;xif&m trnfay;
wifpm;ac:a0:aom tokH;tEIef; jzpfonf/

11/ rkezfY avmif;

pHpum;wGif rkefYvufaqmif;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif rkefYzavmif;[k ac:onf/
rkefYzavmif;[k ac:&jcif;rSm wd&pämefzm;aumifrjzpfcif zm;avmif;av;rsm;
a&ul;aeaom ykHoP²mefESifh wlaomaMumifh rkefYzavmif;[k wifpm;ac:a0:
Muonf/ teuft"dyÜm,f av;eufrI&SdNyD; wifpm;rI qef;opfaMumif; avhvm
od&Sd&ygonf/

12/ rkeafY pmifNcKH

iSufaysmoD;rkefYukd Nrdwfa'owGif rkefYapmifNcKH[k ac:onf/ iSufaysmoD;ESifh
aumufn§if;ukd qvl&GufESifhxkyfum aygif;xm;aom rkefY jzpfonf/ rkeYf\
ykHoP²mefrSm ukd,fay:wGif apmifNcKHxm;ouJhokdY jzpfaeaomaMumifh rkefYapmifNcKH[k
wifpm;ac:a0:onf/ qufpyfawG;,lum ykHazmf,l&onfh rkefYtrnf jzpfygonf/

13/ rkecfY Gufom;

rkefYvifr,m;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif rkefYcGufom;[k ac:onf/ rkefYukd
cGufom;av;rsm;jzifh xnfhum jyKvkyfaomaMumifh rkefYcGufom;[k ac:qkdjcif;
jzpfonf/ a'owpfckESifhwpfck rkefYtrsKd;tpm; tac:ta0:onf pdwful;xif&m
qufpyfwifpm;owfrSwfavh&SdaMumif; A[kokwjzpfzG,f od&Sd&ygonf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 555

14/ rkepfY mO
rkefYESpfom;ukd Mumapht&G,fvkH;um NyKwfNyD; xef;vsuf&nf? tkef;EkdY&nf
a&mum tkef;oD;jzL;í pm;&aom rkefYukd rkefYMumpd[k ac:onf/ NrdwfwGif
rkefYt&G,ftpm;rSm pmuav;Ot&G,f &SdaomaMumifh rkefYpmO[k ac:Muonf/
a'otavsmuf rkefYjyKvkyfykH tenf;i,fom uGmjcm;NyD; trSwfonmay;ykHvnf;
qef;jym;aMumif; od&Sd&ygonf/
tpm;taomufqkdif&m a0g[m&wkdYudk avhvm&mwGif ]rkefYurJEkdY}?
]rkefYzufavmif;} ponfh pum;wkdYonf pHpum;ESifh uJGjym;aom pum;jzpfí
qufpyfum t"dyÜm,fazmf,l&onf/ ]a&pm}? ]tkd;csuf}? ]yd½Sm} ponfwkdYonf
a&SUAsnf;ukdjzKwfí ajymavh&Sdaomfvnf; tcsif;csif; em;vnfvufcHum tokH;jyK
ac:a0:aom pum;rsm; jzpfygonf/ olYt&yf? olY"avh tac:ta0:wkdYonf
pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;ygonf/

2? 6/ toD;tESq
H kdif&m a'od,pum;
pHbmompum;ESifh rwluGjJ ym;aom Nrdwfa'od, toD;tESq
H dik f&ma0g[m&
pum;wkdYukdvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/
pHbmompum; Nrdwfa'od,pum;
oD[kdVfoD; c½koD;
vdar®mfoD; csOfoD;
oD;arT;iSufaysmoD; qGJtHoD;
'l;&if;oD; Z&if;oD;
uRJaumoD; wmtdk;oD;
oabmFoD; ½Sdef;cdkoD;
qD;jzLoD; oQm;oD;
z&JoD; pdefcGm;oD;
zD;Murf;iSufaysmoD; bDvm;oD;
556 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

ocGm;arT; awmif,mcGm;oD;
ESif;oD; a&arT;oD;
uepkdoD; prf;aZmhoD;
uefpGef;O arsmufacgif;oD;
ysm;vdar®mf(tao;) NcKHcsOfoD;
rmvumcsOfoD; carmif;csOfoD;
rusnf;oD; r*sJoD;
apmif;vsm;oD; apmif;yg;oD;

1/ c½koD;
pHpum;wGif ]oD[kdVfoD;} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]c½koD;} [k ac:Muonf/
c½k\ auG;auG;0kdif;0kdif;oP²mefukd wifpm;um oD[kdVfoD;ukd ]c½koD;} [k
ac:jcif; jzpfonf/ ykHoP²mefwlnDrIukd wifpm;xm;aom a'od,pum;
jzpfonf/

2/ csOfoD;
pHpum;wGif ]vdar®mfoD;} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]csOfoD;} [k
ac:Muonf/ csOfonfht&om&Sdonfh toD;jzpfí ]csOfoD;} [k t&omukd
tpGJjyKwifpm;xm;aom pum; jzpfonf/ t&omwlnDrIukd qufpyfum wifpm;
ajymqkdonfh a'od,pum; jzpfonf/

3/ qGJtHoD;
pHpum;wGif ]oD;arT;iSufaysmoD;} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif
]qGJtHoD;}(qiftHoD;)[k ac:Muonf/ pHpum;wGif oD;arT;iSufaysmoD;ukd qif\
tpG,fESifh ykHoP²mefwlnDrIukd qufpyfwifpm;xm;um qifpG,fiSufaysmoD;[k
ac:a0:ouJhokdY Nrdwfa'owGif qif\tpG,f(tH)ESifh ykHoP²mefwlnDrIukd wifpm;um
]qGJtHoD;} [k NrdwftoHxGuftwkdif; ac:a0:xm;aom a'od,pum; jzpfygonf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 557

4/ wmtk;d oD;
pHpum;wGif ]uRJaumoD;} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]wmtkd;oD;}
[k ac:Muonf/ Nrdwfa'owGif uRJaumoD;\ toGifykHoP²mefonf twmtkd;
ESifhwlaom toD;jzpfaomaMumifh (twmtkd;oD;)[k ykHoP²mef wlnDrIukd
qufpyfum wifpm;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/

5/ Z&if;oD;
pHpum;wGif ]'l;&if;oD;} [laom pum;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]Z&if;oD;} [k
ac:Muonf/ pHbmompum;twkdif; ac:jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; ae&ma'o
uGmjcm;rIaMumifh av,lavodrf;? pum;oHwkdYt& a0g[m& tenf;i,f uGJjym;
oGm;jcif; jzpfonf/ 'l;&if;oD;ukd Z&if;oD;[k ] ' > Z } toHajymif;í
ajymqkdjcif; jzpfygonf/
pHpum;wGif pum;vkH;zefwD;&mwGif rlvteufESifh eD;pyfatmif pum;vkH;
zefwD;avh &Sdonf/ a'od,pum;trsm;pkonf pum;vkH;zefwD;&mwGif wlnDrI?
qufpyfrIjzifh wifpm;um ac:a0:aom pum;tokH;tEIef;rsm;jzpfaMumif; avhvm
awGU&Sd&ygonf/ pHbmompum;ESifh av,lavodrf; tenf;i,f uGJjym;aom
a'od,pum;rsm;udk awGU&ouJhokdY teuft"dyÜm,f qufpyfrI rxif½Sm;aom
a'od,ppfppfrsm;ukdvnf; awGU&Sd&ygonf/

2? 7/ yef;qkdif&m a'od,pum;
Nrdwfa'owGif yef;ESifhywfoufaom a'od,pum;rsm; avhvmawGU&Sd
&ygonf/
pHbmompum; Nrdwfa'od,pum;
qdyfzvl;yef; ½kd;eDyef;
oZifyef; ZAlyef;
pdefyef;eD ½kH;a':jyefyef;
aZmfpdrf;yef; anmifa&tkd;yef;
pHy,fyef; rvdyef;
558 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

pBuFmyef; uvyfpBuFmyef;
ca&yef; c&m;yef;
pdefyef;uav; a'gif;pkwfyef;
EG,facgif;avmif;yef; ykH;yef;
pHum;pdrf;yef; 'wfumyef;
xyfw&myef; &Srf;yef;? ukvm;yef;
vDvDyef; r*Fvmyef;
yk@m&dyfyef; ewfyef;
okH;a&mifjc,fyef; ajcmufvrnKd;yef;

1/ ½kd;eDyef;
pHpum;wGif tqdyfajyaomyef;yif ]qdwfzvl;yef;} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif
]½kd;eDyef;} [k ac:onf/ xl;axGwifpm;okH;xm;jcif;rsKd; r[kwfbJ yef;yGifht½kd;rS
eDjref;onfukdMunfhí ta&mifeD;pyfrIukd qufpyfum ]t½kd;eDyef;}? ]½kd;eDyef;} [k
ac:Mujcif; jzpfonf/

2/ ZAlyef;
pHpum;wGif ]oZifyef;} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ZrÁL'DygwpfuRef;vkH;wkdif
yef;&eHY*kPfowif; arT;ysHUaomyef;tjzpf ]ZAlyef;} [k tav;tjrwfwifpm;
ac:a0:xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ ,aeYacwf vli,fwkdYu pHpum;twkdif; ]oZifyef;}
[k ac:qkdMuonf/ ]ZAlyef;} [laom pum;onf wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,faeNyD
jzpfaom a'od,pum; jzpfonf/

3/ ½kH;a':jyefyef;
pHpum;wGif ]pdefyef;eD} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif a&S;vlBuD;wkdYu ]½kH;a':jyefyef;}
[k ac:onf/ a&S;tcgu ta0;wpfae&mü trIxrf;aeaom cspfolarmifonf
rdef;uav;twGuf tvGrf;ajyvufaqmiftjzpf vrf;wGifyGifhaeaom teDa&mif
tqif;&Sdonfh yef;ukd cl;íay;onf/ xkdtcg rdef;uav;u cspfolay;aom
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 559

yef;cufukd tvGrf;ajy rdrdtdrfa&SUwGifpkdufonf/ xkdyef;trnfukd rodaomfvnf;

cspfolarmif ½kH;tjyef vufaqmifay;aom yef;jzpfí ]½kH;a':jyefyef;} [k wifpm;
ac:a0:onf/ ,aeYacwf vli,frsm;u xkdyef;ukd ]pdefyef;eD} [kom odMuonf/

4/ anmifa&tk;d yef;
pHpum;wGif ]aZmfpdrf;yef;} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]anmifa&tkd;yef;} [k
ac:avh &Sdygonf/ anmifa&tkd;yef;[k ac:&jcif;rSm bk&m;apwDykxkd;rsm;wGif
rsm;aomtm;jzifh uyfvSLylaZmfavh&SdaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ aZmfpdrf;yef;ukd
uyfvSL&m tdrfukd at;csrf;aponf[k ,lqMuonf/ a&rSefrSefvJay;ygu
pdrf;vef;um tjrpfwG,fvmonfhtxd a&&Snf uyfvSLxm;EkdifaomaMumifh
jzpfonf/ bk&m;anmifa&tkd;wGif tpOfawGUjrif&aom yef;jzpfaomaMumifh
anmifa&tkd;yef;[k ac:&jcif; jzpfonf/

5/ rvdyef;? vdyef;
pHpum;wGif ]pHy,fyef;} ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]rvdyef;} [k ac:onf/ rvd > rvd,f
[laom pum;onf rGefbmomrS toGifajymif;arG;pm;xm;aom pum;
jzpfygonf/ ]rvdyef;} [laom pum;onf Nrdwfa'owGif a&S;vlBuD;wkdY
ajymqkdaom pum; jzpfonf/ ,aeYacwf vli,fwkdYu ]pHy,fyef;} [kom
ac:a0:Muonf/

6/ uvyfpBuFmyef;
pHpum;wGif ]pBuFmyef;} [k ac:aom yef;ukd Nrdwfa'owGif ]uvyf
pBuFmyef;} [k ac:onf/ pBuFmESifh toGifykHoP²mefwlaomaMumifh ]pBuFmyef;}
[k pHbmompum;twkdif; ac:a0:jcif; jzpfonf/ okdYaomf pBuFmyef;onf
ca&yef;? pHy,fyef;wkdYuJhokdY BuKd;jzifh oDavhr&Sd/ bk&m;uyfvSL ylaZmfaom
uvyfjzifhom ylaZmfaom yef;jzpfaomaMumifh ]uvyfpBuFmyef;} [k ac:onf/

7/ ykH;yef;
pHpum;wGif acgif;avmif;ykHoP²mef t0ga&mifyef;yGifhukd ]EG,facgif;avmif;yef;}
[k ac:onf/ Nrdwfa'owGif ]EG,facgif;avmif;yef;} ukd ]ykH;yef;} [k ac:onf/
560 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

yef;yGifht½kd;av;ukd rIwf&m ylazmif;av;rsm;xGufvmonfhtwGuf ]ylazmif;yef;?

ykH;yef;} [k ac:jcif; jzpfonf/
a&S;vlBuD;wkYd tokH;jyKcJhaom yef;qkdif&ma'od,pum;wkdYonf acwfumv
MumvmonfESihftrQ aysmufuG,frI &Sdvmygonf/ a&S;u tac:ta0: tokH;
tEIef;rsm; aysmufuG,fvmNyD; ,cktcgwGif pHbmompum;twkdif; ac:a0:
okH;EIef;rI trnfrSnfhac:rIrsm; &Sdvmonfukd awGU&Sd&onf/

NcKHiHo
k kH;oyfcsuf
jrdwfa'owGif aeYpOfajymqkdokH;EIef;aeaom pum;oHwkdYonf ae&m
a'oukd vkdufí uGJjym;oGm;aom toGifuGJjrefrmpum;yif jzpfygonf/
jrdwfa'owGif jrefrmpum;ukd ajymqkdaeaomfvnf; pum;oHrsm;rSm xl;jcm;rI
&Sdygonf/ pHpum;ESifh wpfxyfwnf;wlnDaom? uJGjym;aom a'od,pum;rsm;
awGU&Sd&ygonf/ uJGjym;aom a'od,pum;rsm; avhvm&m teufwl ½kyfoGifuJG
a'od,pum;rsm; rD;yl(a<utkd;)? rD;ysuf(rD;ao)[k okH;EIef;aMumif; awGU&
ygonf/ xrDwpfxnf(xrDwpfvkH;)? uGrf;wpf,m(uGrf;wpfvuf)? oD[kdVfoD;
wpfxkyf(c½koD;wpfMuKyf)? xrif;wpfbl;(rif;wpfykH;) [laom rsKd;jyuJGjym;aom
a'od,pum;rsm; xl;jcm;ykH awGU&onf/ jrif;cGm&Guf(a,mu©ra&aMumuf&Guf)?
½kwfw&uf(zwfwvuf)? ESmap;(aqmif;ajy;oifh) [laom aysmufuG,fvkeD;yg;
jzpfaom yk*Hacwf tokH;tEIef;rsm;? ydkufqH(aMu;jym;)? OD;xkyf(carmuf)?
vuform;(Adoum) [lí a&S;jrefrmBuD;wkdY ajymqkdaom a'od,pum;rsm;ukd
,aeYwkdif okH;pJGaeaMumif; avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/ a&S;jrefrmwkdY ac:a0:ajymqkdaom
rdef;uav; trnfa&SUquf ]tkd0f? tkdY} pum;ukd NrKdUESifha0;aom aus;vuf
a'owGif ajymqkdaeaMumif; od&ygonf/ aq;ukvm;r(aiGva&mif)? yifyGm;
(vkH;aph)? rkefYzufxkyf(rkefYurJEdYk )? rkefYvufapmif;(rkefYzavmif;) ponfjzifh wlnDrI?
qufpyfrIt& wifpm;xm;aom rkefYtrnfrsm;ukd pdwf0ifpm;zG,f avhvmawGU&Sd
&ygonf/ oabFmoD;axmif;(&Srf;axmif;)? acgufqJGjyKwf(avmfrD)? 0ufom;
aumufn§if;xkyf(azmif;qef) ponfjzifh arG;pm;,liifokH;pJGxm;aom tpm;taomuf
trnfrsm;ukd avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/ pHa'o rkefYjyKvkyf&m xef;vsuf? Nrdwfa'o
rkefYjyKvkyf&m "edcsKd&nfcJ [k tokH;jyKavh &Sdygonf/ "ed&nfukd tcsOfazmufí
&aom ytkH;&nfukd AmeDumtjzpf tpm;taomufxnfhoGif;tokH;jyKouJhokdY
"ed&nfcsKdcJukd usKdcsufum tpm;taomufwGif ysm;&nfxnfhoGif; tokH;jyKavh
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 561

&Sdygonf/ "ed&nfonf ysm;&nfuJhokdY csKdaomaMumifh ysm;&nf[k ac:onf/

Nrdwfa'o xl;jcm;aom a'oxGuftpm;taomufqkdif&m a'od,pum;rsm;
tjzpf avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/
uRJaumoD;(wmtkd;oD;)? z&JoD;(pdefcGm;oD;) ponfjzifh teuf tquftpyf
azmf,lEkdifaom a'od,pum;rsm;? oabFmoD;(&Sdef;ckdoD;)? zD;Murf;iSufaysmoD;
(bDvm;oD;) ponfjzifh teufqufpyfr&aom a'od,pum;rsm;vnf; wGifwGif
us,fus,f tokH;jyKaeaMumif; od&Sd&ygonf/
taMumif;t&m ykHoP²mef wlnDrI? qufpyfrIt& wifpm;ac:a0:aom
yef;ESifhywfoufaom a'od,pum;wkdYudkvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f avhvmawGU&Sd
&ygonf/
Nrdwfa'owGif a&S;okH;pum;ukd touft&G,fBuD;&ifhaom rdtkdztkd
rsm;om ajymqkdMuNyD; vli,frsm;tMum;wGif ajymqkdrI enf;yg;vmygonf/
a&S;vlBuD;wkdY ajymqkdaom a'od,pum; tawmfrsm;rsm; wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,f
vkeD;yg; jzpfvmygonf/ pHpum; vTrf;rkd;rItm;aumif;avav a'od,pum;
ppfppfwkdY raES;rjref aysmufuG,favav jzpfrnf[k xifjrifrdygonf/

ed*;kH
a'od,pum;onf bkd;bGm;pOfquf ajymqkdvmMuaom ,Ofaus;rI
tarGtESpfwpf&yf jzpfygonf/ Nrdwfa'od,pum;ukd avhvmjcif;onf
jrdwfa'o\ ,Ofaus;rI wpfpdwfwpfa'oukd avhvm&m a&mufayonf/
NrdwfolNrdwfom;wkdY ajymqkdokH;EIef;aeMuaom a'od,pum;vkH;wkdY\ teufxl;ukd
acwfumv ajymif;vJvmaomtcg acwfvli,fwkdY rodMuawmhonfrsm; ½Sdvm
Muygonf/ xkdYaMumifh þpmwrf;onf bmompum;,Ofaus;rI tarGtESpfrsm;
qufvuf xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufapouJhokdY Nrdwfa'o tusKd;jyKpmwrf;
jzpfygonf/
562 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B

aemufqufwJG
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pOf trnf touf tvkyftukdif

1/ a':at;Munf (85)ESpf tdrfaxmifOD;pD;
2/ OD;ausmfom (65)ESpf tvkyform;
3/ OD;wifOD; (60)ESpf qkdifu,fu,f&D
4/ a':Or®maomif; (45)ESpf uxdu
5/ a':eDeDpkd; (45)ESpf aps;onf
6/ rrD;rD; (28)ESpf uGrf;oD;ESifh oD[kdVfaphyJG½kH
7/ rjynfhNzKd;OD; (27)ESpf olemjyK
8/ armifpkd;axG; (23)ESpf r[musrf;jyK
9/ reE´mNzKd; (22)ESpf r[mausmif;ol
10/ r0ifh0gzl; (22)ESpf r[mausmif;ol
11/ raomfZifjrifhjrwf (20)ESpf *kPfxl;wef;ausmif;ol
12/ armiftmum (17)ESpf yxrESpfausmif;om;
13/ roEÅmaxG; (17)ESpf yxrESpfausmif;ol
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6B 563

usrf;uk;d pm&if;

jrefrmbmom
ausmfatmifpHxm;q&mawmf? ('kwd,)/ (1966)/ a0g[m&w¬yumoeDusrf;/ 'kwd,tBudrf/
&efukef? v,fwDy@KdifykHESdyfwkduf/
cifcif,k? a'gufwm/ (2004)/ NrdwfESifh ykavma'od,pum;rsm; EIdif;,SOfavhvmcsuf/
Nrdwfwuúokdvf/
cifat;? a'gufwm/ (2004)/ tw¬aA'ed'gef;/ &efukef? ynmwefaqmifykHESdyfwkduf/
ZifrSDpH/ (2016)/ a½S;acwfokH; Nrdwfa'od,pum;ukd pHbmompum;ESifh EIdif;,SOfavhvmcsuf/
Nrdwfwuúokdvf/
wif{? (OD;)/ (1975)/ jrefrmbmompum;\a'od,pum;rsm; avhvmrI/
jzLpifazG;? a':/ (2018)/ Nrdwfa'orS rkefYa0g[m&\trnfrsm;ukd Oypmwifpm;rIjzifh
avhvmjcif;/ Nrdwfwuúokdvf/
armifa½T? armif/ (1975)/ tajcjyNrdwfrSwfwrf;tusOf;/ &efukef? orD;ESifhom;ykHESdyfwkduf/
armifarmifOD;/ (2009)/ &rnf;oif;NrKdUe,f a'od,pum;avhvmcsuf/ &efukefwuúokdvf?
jrefrmpmXme/
NrdwfNrKdUav;uRef;qDrD;odrfawmfBuD;orkdif;tusOf;csKyf/ NrdwfNrKdY/
jrefrmpmtzGJU/ (1991)/ jrefrmtbd"mef/ yxrtBudrf/ &efukef? jrefrmpmtzGJUOD;pD;Xme/
atmifjrifhOD;? (a'gufwm)/ (2003)/ vlrIbmomaA'rdwfquf/ &efukefwuúokdvf?
jrefrmpmXme/

t*Fvdyfbmom
Myeik University, (2009). Research Journal. Vol.1, No.1, Myeik University of Education.