2

Kw¤úDUvi msMVb
f~wgKv
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ Ask mywbw`©ó wbqg Abyhvqx ci¯ú‡ii m‡_ hy³ _v‡K| Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ Ask‡K
cvi¯úwiK ms‡hvM Øviv mshy³ Kiv Ae¯’v‡KB Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMVb ejv nq| Kw¤úDUvi msMVb ej‡Z mvaviYZ
Gi nvW©Iq¨vi msMVb‡KB eySvq| GB BDwb‡U Kw¤úDUvi msMVb, Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ Ges BbcyU I AvDUcyU
wWfvBm m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

D‡Ïk¨
GB BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb-
ο Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMVb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb,
ο gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii KvR m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb,
ο Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb ¯§„wZ I mnvqK ¯§„wZ m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©b Ki‡eb,
ο i¨vg I ig m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb,
ο Kw¤úDUv‡ii BbcyU I AvDUcyU wWfvBm¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

1 nvW©Iq¨vi msMVb I gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMVb m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb,

gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb,

gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii KvR m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ Ask mywbw`©ó wbqg Abyhvqx ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| Kw¤úDUv‡ii wefbœ Ask‡K
cvi¯úwiK ms‡hvM Øviv mshy³ Kiv Ae¯’v‡KB Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMVb ejv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMVb ej‡Z mvaviYZ
Gi nvW©Iq¨vi msMVb‡KB eySvq| Kw¤úDUvi msMV‡bi cÖavb Ask¸‡jv n‡”Q-
1. BbcyU BDwbU - †hLvb w`‡q Z_¨, DcvË ev WvUv cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
2. AvDUcyU BDwbU - †hUv djvdj cÖ`k©b K‡i|
3. MvwYwZK I hyw³ wbY©q †K›`ª - †hLv‡b MvwYwZK I hyw³ wb‡`©kvejx m¤úvw`Z nq|
4. ¯§„wZ †K›`ª - †hLv‡b Z_¨ ev WvUv msiw¶Z _v‡K|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMVb ej‡Z mvaviYZ Gi nvW©Iq¨vi msMVb‡KB eySvq|
wbqš¿b †K›`ª Ges MvwYwZK I hyw³ wbY©q †K›`ª GKmv‡_ GKUv gvB‡µvwPc (Microchip) Gi wfZ‡i cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq
Ges Zv‡K ‡K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwbU ev CPU (Central Processing Unit) ejv nq| GUv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii
Brain-I ejv nq| AZGe Kw¤úDUvi msMV‡bi wPÎwU `vovq wbgœiƒcÑ

wbqš¿Y BDwbU CPU

MvwYwZK/hyw³ AvDUcyU BDwbU

BbcyU BDwbU
BDwbU

¯§„wZ djvdj cÖ`k©b

Z_¨/DcvË/WvUv
cÖ`vb

cÖ_g w`‡Ki Kw¤úDUv‡i †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwbU I ¯§„wZ wfbœ wfbœ fv‡e _vK‡Zv| ms‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g G `ywU
As‡ki g‡a¨ Z_¨ wewbg‡qi KvR Pj‡Zv| wKš‘ mgwš^Z (Integrated Circuit) eZ©bx Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j eZ©gv‡b
cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv‡Z †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwbU A_©vr wbqš¿Y BDwbU Ges MvwYwZK/hyw³ BDwbU¸‡jv GKB
ms‡M gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡i _v‡K| d‡j AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡i †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwbU ej‡Z gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi‡KB

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-20

 Kw¤cDUvi wk¶v

eySvq| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii ¶gZv I ˆewk‡ó¨i Dci Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¶gZv I ˆewkó¨ wbf©i K‡i| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii
cÖavb KvR¸‡jv n‡jv-
1. BbcyU I AvDUcyU Ask¸‡jvi ms‡M Kv‡Ri mgš^q mvab Kiv|
2. MvwYwZK/hyw³i KvR Kiv|
3. Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ‡Z mwÂZ †cÖvMÖvg wbe©vn Kiv|
4. ¯§„wZ I MvwYwZK/hyw³ As‡ki Z_¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi KvR Ges Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki mv‡_ Z_¨ wewbg‡qi KvR wbqš¿Y
Kiv|
GB mg¯Í KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii wfZ‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq eZ©bx _v‡K| Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ KvR¸‡jv
m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii wfZ‡ii msMVb‡K Avevi wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv nq|
1| wbqš¿Y Ask
2| MvwYwZK/hyw³ Ask
3| ¯§„wZ

wbqš¿Y BDwbU t gvby‡li †eªBb †hgb gvby‡li ˆ`wnK mg¯Í Kvh©vejx cwiPvjbv K‡i, wbqš¿Y BDwbU †Zgwb
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i mKj cÖKvi ¯^qswµq c×wZi KvR cwiPvwjZ K‡i| A‡bK¸‡jv RwUj B‡j±ªwbK eZ©bxi
mvnv‡h¨ wbqš¿Y BDwbU MwVZ| wbqš¿Y BDwbU cÖ_‡g cÖvß Z_¨ cix¶v K‡i †`‡L Ges wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
ms‡KZ ‰Zwi K‡i| Gici cÖ‡qvRbxq As‡k Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ wbe©vn ms‡KZ cÖ`vb K‡i|
MvwYwZK/hyw³ BDwbU t gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii MvwYwZK/hyw³ Ask wnmve RvZxq Z_¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi KvR K‡i| wewfbœ
cÖKvi B‡j±ªwbK eZ©bxi mvnv‡h¨ gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii MvwYwZK/hyw³ Ask MwVZ| MvwYwZK/hyw³ As‡k wZb cÖKv‡ii
KvR m¤úvw`Z nq|
1. MvwYwZK KvR t †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM BZ¨vw` G Kv‡Ri AšÍf©~³| Avevi msL¨vi g‡a¨ †KvbwU †QvU, †KvbwU
eo, bv mgvb BZ¨w` hvPvB K‡i †`Lvi Rb¨ we‡qv‡Mi mvnv‡h¨ `yBwU msL¨vi ZzjbvI MvwYwZK Kv‡Ri AšÍf©~³|
2. hyw³g~jK KvR t hyw³i wfwˇZ cÖvß wb‡`©k Abyhvqx KvR m¤úv`b Kiv Ges wm×v‡šÍ DcwbZ nIqv G As‡ki
KvR| G As‡k KvR m¤úvw`Z nIqvi g~j wfwË nj Ges, A_ev, bv, bZzev BZ¨vw` hyw³g~jK wb‡`©k|
3. Z_¨ cwiPvjbv t Z_¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ Z_¨ ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i †Kvb †Kvb †iwRóªvi k~b¨ K‡i †`IqvB G As‡ki
cÖavb KvR| ‡iwRóªv‡i msiw¶Z evBbvix msL¨v‡K ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i Wv‡b ev ev‡g ïaygvÎ 1 weU ¯’vb ch©šÍ miv‡bv hvq|

‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ 2.1

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii KvR n‡jv
(K) Z_¨ cÖ`vb Kiv (L) Z_¨ MÖnY Kiv
(M) Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY Kiv (N) djvdj cÖ`k©b Kiv
2| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi msMVb‡K Kqfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq
(K) 2 fv‡M (L) 3 fv‡M
(M) 4 fv‡M (N) 5 fv‡M

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-21

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

2 Kw¤cDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ t cÖavb ¯§„wZ

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZi cÖKvi‡f` m¤ú‡K© Rb‡Z cvi‡eb,

cÖavb ¯§„wZ m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Ávb AR©b Ki‡eb,

i¨vg I ig m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©b Ki‡eb|

Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ
Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi|
1. cÖavb ¯§„wZ ev cÖv_wgK ¯§„wZ (Main Memory)
2. mnvqK ¯§„wZ (Auxiliary Memory)
GB cv‡V cÖavb ¯§„wZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi, h_v- 1. cÖavb ¯§„wZ ev cÖv_wgK ¯§„wZ I 2. mnvqK ¯§„wZ

cÖavb ¯§„wZ (Main Memory)

cÖavb ¯§„wZi ms‡M ‡K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwb‡Ui mivmwi ms‡hvM _v‡K| GRb¨ cÖavb ¯§„wZ‡K cÖv_wgK ¯§„Z ev
Af¨šÍixY ¯§„wZI ejv nq| cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ Z_¨ mg~n‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb ¯§„wZ‡Z ivLv nq| hZ¶b
cÖwµqvKi‡Yi KvR P‡j ZZ¶Y Z_¨¸‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb ¯§„wZ‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i| †h‡nZy wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi †cÖvMÖvg I Z_¨ cÖavb ¯§„wZ‡Z _vK‡Z nq, GRb¨ cÖavb ¯§„wZ h‡_ó eo nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| ZvQvov
Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbR¯^ wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ c×wZMZ wKQy †cÖvMÖvgI GLv‡b ivL‡Z nq| cÖavb ¯§„wZi cÖwZwU ¯’vb wPwýZ nq
msL¨v Øviv Ges GB msL¨v‡K ejv nq ¯§„wZ ¯’v‡bi wVKvbv ev Address|
cÖavb ¯§„wZi cÖwZwU ¯’vb wPwýZ nq msL¨v Øviv Ges GB msL¨v‡K ejv nq ¯§„wZ ¯’v‡bi wVKvbv|

cÖavb ¯§„wZi cÖKvi‡f`

Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨env‡ii Rb¨ K‡qK ai‡bi cÖavb ¯§„wZ ev cÖv_wgK ¯§„wZ Av‡Q| †m¸‡jv wbgœiƒc-
1. Pz¤^Kxq †Kvi ¯§„wZ (Magnetic Core Memory)
2. Pz¤^Kxq ey`ey` ¯§„wZ (Magnetic Bubble Memory)
3. Aa©cwievnx ¯§„wZ (Semiconductor Memory)
4. cvZjv c`©v ¯§„wZ (Thin Film Memory)
5. PvR© Kvcj ¯§„wZ (Charge Couple Memory)
Z‡e Kg bvMvj mgq Ges e„nr Z_¨ aviY ¶gZv m¤úbœ ¶z`ªvKvi cÖavb ¯§„wZ D™¢ve‡bi cÖ‡Póv GLbI Ae¨vnZ
i‡q‡Q| µvBI‡RwbK ¯§„wZ (Cryogenic Memory), Av‡jvK ¯§„wZ (Light Memory), mvi‡dm Av‡KvwóK ¯§„wZ
(Surface Acoustic Memory) K‡qKwU bZzb cÖavb ¯§„wZi D`vniY|
Pz¤^Kxq †Kvi ¯§„wZ t Kw¤úDUvi D™¢ve‡bi cÖ_g w`‡K Pz¤^Kxq †Kvi ¯§„wZB wQj GKgvÎ cÖavb ¯§„wZ| GRb¨ GLbI
A‡b‡K cÖavb ¯§„wZ‡K †Kvi ¯§„wZ e‡j _v‡Kb| Avjwc‡bi gv_vi gZ AvK…wZ wewkó GK GKwU †Kvi nj Pz¤^Kxq
c`v_© Øviv ˆZwi AvswUi gZ GK GKwU ejq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb ¯§„wZ‡Z GiKg K‡qK nvRvi †Kvi _vK‡Z cv‡i|
Pz¤^Kxq †¶Î Øviv GK GKwU †Kv‡i wØZxwqK weU (0 A_ev 1) i¶Y m¤¢e| †Kv‡i m„ó Pz¤^Kxq †¶‡Îi w`K wbf©i
K‡i †Kv‡ii g‡a¨ ¯’vwcZ Zvi w`‡q cÖevwnZ we`y¨r cÖev‡ni Dci| hw` †Kv‡ii Af¨šÍixY Zvi w`‡q GKw`‡K we`y¨r
cÖev‡ni Rb¨ m„ó Pz¤^Kxq †¶Î‡K weU 0- i¶‡Yi Ae¯’v aiv nq, Zvn‡j wecixZ w`‡K cÖevwnZ cÖev‡ni Rb¨ D‡ëv

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-22

 Kw¤cDUvi wk¶v

Pz¤^Kxq †¶Î‡K weU-1 i¶‡Yi Ae¯’v aiv n‡e (wPÎ - 2.2.1)| Kw¤úDUvi ¯§„wZ‡Z e¨env‡ii Rb¨ K‡qK nvRvi
†Kvi‡K Zvi w`‡q mshy³ Ki‡Z Ges †mRb¨ A‡bK iKg msMV‡bi D™¢e n‡q‡Q|

weU 0-i¶Y weU 1-i¶Y

wPÎ 2.2.1 t Pz¤^Kxq †Kvi ¯§„wZi weU i¶Y
Aa©cwievnx ¯§„wZ t eZ©gv‡b gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi ev cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUv‡i Aa©cwievnx ¯§„wZ e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
Pz¤^Kxq †Kv‡ii Zzjbvq Aa©cwievnx ¯§„wZ A‡bK †QvU I m¯Ív| Aa©cwievnx c`v_© w`‡q ˆZwi e‡jB G‡K Aa©cwievnx
¯§„wZ e‡j| eûj e¨eüZ `yB ai‡bi Aa©cwievnx ¯§„wZi GKwU nj A¯’vqx ¯§„wZ ev i¨vg (RAM = Random
Access Memory) Ges AciwU nj ¯’vqx ¯§„wZ ev ig (ROM = Read Only Memory)|
i¨vg (RAM) t Kw¤úDUv‡ii gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ hy³ GKvwaK wPc mgš^‡q i¨vg GjvKv MwVZ| i¨vg n‡”Q
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kg© GjvKv| i¨v‡g me ai‡bi Z_¨ †jLv I cov hvq| i¨v‡g Z_¨ Rgv _v‡K B‡j±ªwbK c×wZ‡Z, d‡j
i¨v‡gi me Z_¨ A¯’vqxf‡e _v‡K| GRb¨ i¨vg‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii A¯’vqx ¯§„wZ ejv nq| †Kvb Kvi‡Y we`y¨r P‡j †M‡j
ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii myBP eÜ Ki‡j i¨vg †_‡K me Z_¨B gy‡Q qvq| ZvB i¨vg‡K †fvjvUvBj ejv nq| GRb¨ KvR
Kivi mgq wKQy¶Y ci ci Z_¨ msi¶Y (Save) Ki‡Z nq| msi¶Y Kiv Z_¨ Rgv nq mnvqK ¯§„wZ‡Z|
i¨vg `yB ai‡bi| DRAM (Dynamic RAM) I SRAM (Static RAM)| cª_g w`‡K wcwm‡Z DRAM e¨eüZ
n‡Zv, eZ©gv‡b Dfq cÖKvi RAM-B e¨eüZ n‡”Q|
wmwcBD AwZ mn‡R `ªyZ mivmwi i¨vg †_‡K Z_¨ wb‡Z cv‡i| ‡cÖvMÖvg ,WvUv I Z_¨ i¨vg †_‡K wb‡q wmwcBD
djvdj ˆZwi K‡i msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ Avevi i¨v‡g cvVvq| Acv‡iU‡ii wb‡`©k †c‡j i¨vg †m¸‡jv AvDUcyU wWfvB‡m
†cÖiY K‡i Ges bZzb Z_¨ avi‡Yi Rb¨ ˆZwi nq| GRb¨ i¨v‡gi mvB‡Ri Dc‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR Kivi ¶gZv
cÖKvk cvq| i¨v‡gi aviY ¶gZv †ewk n‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR Kivi ¶gZv I `¶Zv e„w× cvq| Kv‡Ri MwZ
evov‡bvi Rb¨ i¨vg K¨vk (RAM Cash) e¨envi Kiv nq| i¨vg K¨vk i¨v‡gi Ask we‡kl|
ig (ROM) t ig n‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbR¯^ ¯§„wZ †K›`ª| Kw¤úDUvi ig †_‡K †KejgvÎ Z_¨ co‡Z cv‡i Ges
†mB Abyhvqx KvR K‡i| i‡gi ¯§„wZ‡Z msiw¶Z †Kvb Z_¨ Kw¤úDUvi gy‡Q †dj‡Z cv‡i bv ev cwieZ©b Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| GRb¨ ig‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯’vqx ¯§„wZ ejv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii ig hZ †ewk n‡e Kw¤úDUvi ZZ KwVb
Kvh©cÖwµqv AwZ `ªyZ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ 2.2

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ
(K) `yB cÖKvi (L) wZb cÖKvi
(M) Pvi cÖKvi (N) cuvP cÖKvi
2| i¨vg Kq ai‡bi
(K) GK (L) `yB
(M) wZb (N) Pvi

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-23

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

3 Kw¤cDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ t mnvqK ¯§„wZ

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

Kw¤úDUv‡ii mnvqK ¯§„wZ m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍwiZ Ávb AR©b Ki‡eb|

Kw¤úDUv‡ii mnvqK ¯§„wZ

Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb ¯§„wZ ev Af¨šÍixY ¯§„wZ Z_¨‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e msi¶Y Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvQvov cÖavb ¯§„wZi aviY
¶gZv Kg| GRb¨ Z_¨‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ mnvqK ¯§„wZ e¨eüZ nq| GwU GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨
Kw¤úDUv‡i ¯’vbvšÍi‡hvM¨| mnvqK ¯§„wZi aviY ¶gZv cÖavb ¯§„wZi aviY ¶gZv A‡c¶v eû¸Y †ewk| ïaygvÎ
e¨enviKvixB mnvqK ¯§„wZ‡Z bZzb Z_¨ wjL‡Z I cyivZb Z_¨ gy‡Q w`‡Z cv‡i| ¯^qswµqfv‡e GB ¯§„wZ n‡Z †Kvb
Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq bv| Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb ¯§„wZ‡Z cÖwµqvKiYK…Z Z_¨ mnvqK ¯§„wZ‡Z ¯’vqxfv‡e msi¶Y Kiv nq|
d¬wc wW¯‹ (Floppy Disc), nvW© wW¯‹ (Hard Disc), wmwW (CD = Compact Disc), †PŠ¤^K wdZv (Magnetic
Disc), †PŠ¤^K Wªvg (Magnetic Drum) BZ¨vw` D‡j- L‡hvM¨ mnvqK ¯§„wZ|

mnvqK ¯§„wZi aviY ¶gZv cÖavb ¯§„wZi aviY ¶gZv A‡c¶v eû¸Y †ewk| d¬wc wW¯‹, nvW© wW¯‹, wmwW, †PŠ¤^K
wdZv, †PŠ¤^K Wªvg BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mnvqK ¯§„wZ|

d¬wc wW¯‹ t 1973 mv‡j d¬wc wW‡¯‹i cÖPjb ïiy nq| GwU wW‡¯‹U (Diskette)
bv‡gI cwiwPZ| aviY ¶gZv Abyhvqx d¬wc wW¯‹ `yB ai‡bi| mvaviY d¬wc wW‡¯‹i
aviY ¶gZv 720 n‡Z 800 wK‡jvevBU ch©šÍ Ges nvB †WbwmwU d¬wc wW‡¯‹i
aviY ¶gZv 1.2 n‡Z 1.4 †gMvevBU ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| d¬wc wW¯‹ mvaviYZ †mvqv
cuvP Bw A_ev 3.5 Bw gv‡ci GKwU cøvwó‡Ki PvKwZi gZ †`Lvq| Kw¤úDUv‡i
d¬wc wW¯‹ cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡ek gyL ev wW¯‹ WªvBf _v‡K| d¬wc wW¯‹ c¨v‡K‡U Zz‡j
ivLv hvq Ges GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv hvq| ZvQvovI d¬wc wW‡¯‹i
mvnv‡h¨ GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Kv‡Ri wKQ~ Ask Kwc K‡i †mB AskUzKy Ab¨
Kw¤úDUv‡i wb‡q m¤úv`bv Kiv hvq| wPÎ 2.3.1 t d¬wc wW¯‹

nvW© wW¯‹ t AmsL¨ d¬wc wW‡¯‹i ¶gZv m¤úbœ wW¯‹B nj nvW© wW¯‹| nvW© wW¯‹‡K
GKwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii Z_¨ fvÛvi ejv hvq| mvaviYZ Kw¤úDUv‡ii wfZ‡i
¯’vqxfv‡e nvW© wW¯‹ ewm‡q †i‡L KvR Ki‡Z nq| Avevi Kw¤úDUv‡ii eB‡iI
nvW© wW¯‹ †i‡L KvR Kiv hvq| aviY ¶gZv‡f‡` eZ©gv‡b evRv‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi
nvW©wW¯‹ cvIqv hvq| AvRKvj nvW©wW¯‹ ¯’vbvšÍi‡hvM¨| d¬wc wW‡¯‹i b¨vq GKwU
Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©wW¯‹ WªvB‡f nvW©wW¯‹ XywK‡q KvR K‡i Zv Ab¨ GKwU
wPÎ 2.3.2 t nvW© wW¯‹
Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©wW¯‹ WªvB‡f XywK‡q Aewkó KvR m¤úv`b Kiv hvq|

wmwW t d¬wc wW¯‹ I nvW© wW‡¯‹i b¨vq K¤ú¨v± wW‡¯‹ wewfbœ ai‡bi Z_¨ msi¶Y
Kiv hvq Ges Gi aviY ¶gZvI AZ¨vwaK| wmwW cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i wmwW
WªvBf _v‡K| wmwWi eo myweav nj Gi mvnv‡h¨ ïaygvÎ Z_¨ wjLv I cov hvq bv
eis Gi mvnv‡h¨ Mvb †kvbv Ges wewfbœ iKg wPÎ cÖ`k©b Kiv hvq| AvRKvj wmwW
i‡g eû Z_¨‡K GKmv‡_ Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|

wPÎ 2.3.3 t wmwW WªvBf

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-24

 Kw¤cDUvi wk¶v

Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ
¯§„wZ

cÖavb ev cÖv_wgK ¯§„wZ mnvqK ¯§„wZ

i¨vg ig d¬wc wW¯‹

nvW© wW¯‹
K¤ú¨v± wW¯‹
Pz¤^Kxq †Kvi ¯§„wZ ‡PŠ¤^K wdZv
Pz¤^Kxq ey`ey` ¯§„wZ ‡PŠ¤^K Wªvg
Aa©cwievnx ¯§„wZ
cvZjv c`©v ¯§„wZ
PvR© Kvcj ¯§„wZ

‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ 2.3

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| wb‡Pi †KvbwU mnvqK ¯§„wZ
(K) RAM (L) ROM
(M) nvW©wW¯‹ (N) †KvbwUB bq

2| nvW©wW¯‹ nj
(K) cÖavb ¯§„wZ (L) mnvqK ¯§„wZ
(M) RAM (N) ROM

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-25

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

4 BbcyU I AvDUcyU BDwbU

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

BbcyU BDwbU m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb,

AvDUcyU BDwbU m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

BbcyU BDwbU
Z_¨ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ †hgb gvby‡li †PvL, Kvb, bvK, wRnŸv, Z¡K BZ¨vw` Av‡Q Z`ªyc Kw¤úDUv‡iiI wewfbœ h‡š¿i
mvnv‡h¨ Z_¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| Kw¤úDUv‡i ‡`qv GB Z_¨ nj BbcyU Ges †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ cÖ`vb
Kiv nq Zv‡`i‡K ejv BbcyU wWfvBm (Inpute Device)| BbcyU wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g †cÖwiZ Z_¨ we`y¨r Zi‡½
iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨šÍixY ¯§„wZ‡Z hvq Ges †mLv‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbR¯^ fvlvq cÖwµqvKi‡Yi KvR
m¤úbœ nq| wb‡gœ eûj e¨eüZ BbcyU wWfvBm¸‡jvi eY©bv Kiv nj|
†h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv‡`i‡K BbcyU wWfvBm e‡j|
1| Kx-‡evW© (Keyboard) t UvBc ivBUvi m`„k Kx-‡ev‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i me‡P‡q †ewk DcvË cÖ‡ek
Kiv‡bv nq| UvBc ivBUv‡ii mv‡_ Kx-‡ev‡W©i cÖavb cv_©K¨ nj Gi mvnv‡q¨ ïay A¶i web¨vm Kiv nq bv,
cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj wb‡`©k Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq| GRb¨ Kx-‡evW© n‡”Q me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ BbcyU wWfvBm|
Kx-‡ev‡W©i †h mg¯Í †evZv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ A¶i web¨vm Qvov Ab¨vb¨ KvR Kiv nq Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq gwWdvqvi Kx
(Modifire Key)| †hgb K‡›Uªvj, Aëvi, wkdU BZ¨vw`|
2| gvDm (Mouse) t GB h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Kvimi‡K (Cursor) gwbU‡ii GK Ask †_‡K Ab¨ As‡k mn‡R miv‡bv
hvq| Gi mvnv‡h¨ †gby †_‡K AwZ mn‡R KgvÛ e¨envi Kiv hvq| ZvQvovI gvD‡mi mvnv‡h¨ Z_¨ m¤úv`bv, MÖvwd·
WªBs, Qwe A¼b BZ¨vw` KvR AwZ m‡nR m¤úv`b Kiv hvq| GRb¨ AvRKvj BbcyU wWfvBm wnmv‡e gvD‡mi e¨envi
evo‡Q|
3| AcwUK¨vj wiWvi (Optical Reader) t GB ai‡bi hš¿ †Kvb cvV¨ welq‡K Av‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ c‡o _v‡K|
we‡kl ai‡bi wjwLZ wPwVcÎ, WKz‡g‡›Ui Dci AcwUK¨vj wiWvi ai‡j Kw¤úDUvi †mUv c‡o gwbU‡i djvdj
cÖ`k©b K‡i| wewfbœ ai‡bi AcwUK¨vj wiWvi n‡”Q (1) Optical Mark Reader (OMR), (2) Optical
Character Recognotion (OCR), (3) Bar Code Recognition (BCR)|
4| Rqw÷K (Joy Stick) t GK ai‡bi we‡kl hš¿ hv †Mg Kv‡W©i mv‡_ hy³ K‡i wewfbœ ms‡KZ ev wb‡`©k
Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq| mvaviYZ †Ljv msµvšÍ mdU&Iq¨v‡ii †¶‡Î Rqw÷K e¨eüZ nq|
5| ¯‹¨vbvi (Scanner) t ¯‹¨vbv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †h †Kvb ai‡bi Qwe, gyw`ªZ †h †Kvb †jLv BZ¨vw` ûeû Kw¤úDUv‡i
wb‡q hvIqv hvq| ¯‹¨vbv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i †bqv †h †Kvb Z_¨ †h †Kvb †cÖvMÖv‡gi †h †Kvb As‡k ewm‡q
B”QvgZ m¤úv`bv Kiv hvq|
6| MÖvwd· c¨vW (Graphics Pad) t MÖvwd· c¨vW‡K †¯ø‡Ui mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq| †¯ø‡U †hgb †cwÝj w`‡q †jLv
nq †Zgwb MÖwd· c¨v‡W we‡kl ai‡bi †cwÝj w`‡q †jLv ev AvuKv hvq Ges Kw¤úDUvi GB †jLv ev AvuKv eyS‡Z
cv‡i|
7| jvBU †cb (Light Pen) t jvBU †cb nj GK ai‡bi Av‡jvK ms‡e`bkxj B‡j±ªwbK †cb| Gi mvnv‡h¨
MÖvwd· c¨v‡W A¼b, gwU‡ii c`©vq AjsKib I †gby KgvÛ wm‡j± Kiv hvq|
8| UvP ¯ŒxY (Touch Screen) t UvP ¯Œx‡Y mivmwi gwbU‡ii c`©vq Av½y‡ji ¯ú‡k©i mvnv‡h¨ KgvÛ †`qv hvq|
GB c×wZ GLbI eûj e¨eüZ bq|

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-26

 Kw¤cDUvi wk¶v

9| wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv (Digital Camera) t wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv‡Z Qwe †Zvjvi Rb¨ wd‡j¥i cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
K¨v‡giv‡Z †Zvjv Qwe K¨v‡givi ¯§„wZ‡Z _v‡K| c‡i K¨v‡givi mv‡_ K¨ve‡ji gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii ms‡hvM w`‡q H
Qwe‡K gwbU‡ii c`©vq †`Lv hvq Ges B”QvgZ m¤úv`bv Kiv hvq|
10| g‡Wg (Modem) t GB h‡š¿i gva¨‡g †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi gva¨‡g GK Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨
Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i| Modulator/Demodulator Gi msw¶ß iƒc n‡”Q g‡Wg| g‡Wg Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlv‡K
†Uwj‡dv‡bi fvlvq iƒcvšÍi Ges †Uwj‡dv‡i fvlv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlvq iƒcvšÍi K‡i Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i|
†Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi ZviwU mshy³ Ki‡Z nq g‡W‡gi mvnv‡h¨ Ges g‡W‡gi ZviwU mshy³ Ki‡Z nq Kw¤úDUv‡ii
mv‡_| Z_¨ MÖnY Ges cÖ`vbKvix Dfq Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ g‡Wg mshy³ Ki‡Z nq|

AvDUcyU BDwbU
Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ cÖ`v‡bi ci Kw¤úDUvi †mB Z_¨ cÖwµqvKi‡Yi ci †h dj cÖ`vb K‡i Zvn‡jv AvDUcyU|
cÖwµqvKi‡Yi ci †h me h‡š¿i gva¨‡g djvdj cÖ`wk©Z nq Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq AvDUcyU wWfvBm (Output
Device)| gbwUi, wcÖ›Uvi, cøUvi, f‡qm wiKMwbkb †gwkb (VRM), †Uc, wW¯‹ BZ¨vw` eûj e¨eüZ AvDUcyU
wWfvBm| wb‡gœ wKQy AvDUcyU wWfvB‡mi eY©bv Kiv nj|
†h me h‡š¿i gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii djvdj cÖ`wk©Z nq Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq AvDUcyU wWfvBm|
1| gwbUi (Monitor) t †Uwjwfk‡bi b¨vq †`L‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡i GKwU hš¿ Av‡Q, GwU‡K gwbUi e‡j| gwbUi‡K
wfwWI wWm‡cø BDwbUI (Video Display Unit = VDU) ejv nq| gwbU‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii DcvË I Z_¨
Avgiv †`L‡Z cvwi| MÖvd †ccv‡i †hgb ¶z`ª ¶z`ª fvM _v‡K, gwbU‡ii c`©vI †Zgwb ¶z`ª ¶z`ª As‡k wef³ _v‡K|
GB ¶z`ª Ask‡K wc‡·j (Pixel) e‡j| gwbU‡ii c`©vq dmdivm RvZxq c`v‡_©i cÖ‡jc †`qv _v‡K Ges D”P
†fv‡ë‡Ri Øviv c`©vq B‡j±ª‡bi cÖwZdj‡bi d‡j wc‡·j mg~n cÖ¾¡wjZ nq Ges Avgiv wewfbœ iKg wPý, A¶i,
Qwe BZ¨vw` †`L‡Z cvq| †h gwbU‡ii wc‡·j msL¨v hZ †ewk †m gwbU‡i ZZ fvj Qwe cvIqv hvq|
2| wcÖ›Uvi (Printer) t †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii Z_¨ I Dcv‡Ëi wbw`©ó †KvW cwiewZ©Z n‡q ms‡KZ ev
A¶i wnmv‡e KvM‡R †Q‡c †`q ZvB wcÖ›Uvi| Avgv‡`i †`‡k †ek K‡qK ai‡bi wcÖ›Uvi e¨eüZ nq| Gi g‡a¨ WU
g¨vwUª·, evej †RU, †W¯‹ †RU, †jRvi †RU wcÖ›Uvi BZ¨vw` †ewk e¨eüZ nq|
3| cøUvi (Plotter) t cøUvi GK ai‡bi wcÖ›Uvi| Gi wcÖ›U Kivi c×wZ WU g¨vwUª‡·i gZ| GLv‡b wcÖ›U nq †c‡bi
mvnv‡h¨| wPKb, †gvUv wewfbœ ai‡bi †cb e¨envi Kiv hvq| cøUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi bKkv, gvbwPÎ BZ¨vw`
†iLvi gva¨‡g my¶è I mwVKfv‡e A¼b Kiv hvq| cøUv‡i A‡bK PIov KvM‡R wcÖ›U †bqv hvq|

‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ 2.4

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zvnj
(K) BbcyU wWfvDm (L) AvDUcyU wWfvBm
(M) BbcyU-AvDUcyU wWfvBm (N) †KvbwUB bq
2| †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ djvdj cÖ`wk©Z nq Zvnj
(K) BbcyU wWfvDm (L) AvDUcyU wWfvBm
(M) BbcyU-AvDUcyU wWfvBm (N) †KvbwUB bq
3| g‡Wg n‡”Q
(K) wmwcBD Gi Ask (L) gv`vi‡ev‡W©i Ask
(M) DbœZgv‡bi wcÖ›Uvi (N) Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi hš¿

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-27

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

5 cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤cDUvi I Gi ˆewkó¨

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb,

cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii Aci bvg gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi| 1958 mv‡j A‡bK UªvbwR÷ªi, †iwR÷¨vÝ I K¨vcvwmU‡ii
mgš^‡q ˆZwi n‡qwQj Bv›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U (AvBwm)| 1971 mv‡ji b‡f¤^i gv‡m Bb‡Uj †Kv¤úvwb A‡bK AvBwmi
mgš^‡q Bb‡Uj-4004 (Intel-4004) bv‡g GKwU gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi ˆZwi K‡i| GB gvB‡µvcÖmmi Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j
†K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwbU‡K gvÎ GKwU wP‡c aviY Kiv m¤¢e nq Ges Kw¤úDUvi RM‡Z GKwU bZyb cÖR‡b¥i
Avwef©ve nq| gvB‡µv (Micro) k‡ãi A_© ¶z`ª| ¶y`ªvK…wZ gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi w`‡q ˆZwi ¶z`ªvK…wZ Kw¤úDUvi‡K ZvB
gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi (Microcomputer) ejv nq| GwU‡K mvaviY †Uwe‡ji Dci †i‡L KvR Kiv hvq Ges GKRb
e¨enviKvix GKvB GKwU Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi‡K cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi
(Personal Computer) ev ms‡¶‡c wcwm (PC)- I ejv nq| gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi n‡”Q KvwiMwi bvg Ges wcwm
n‡”Q PjwZ bvg|
1971 mv‡j gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Avwe®K…Z nIqvi ci cieZ©x cuvP ermi gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi wfwËK gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi ˆZwi
wb‡q A‡bK cix¶v wbix¶v P‡j| cÖ_g mdj gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi evRv‡i †Q‡owQj 1976 mv‡j Gcj bv‡g GKwU
Av‡gwiKvb †Kv¤úvwb| GB Kw¤úDUvi‡K ejv nq Gcj †Mv‡Îi †W¯‹Uc ev Gcj wcwm| Gcj †Kv¤úvwb
Av‡gwiKvb‡`i Kv‡Q Zv‡`i GB gB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡ii cwiwPwZ Zz‡j a‡i| Gici 1981 mv‡j AvBweGg bvgK
Av‡gwiKvb Avi GKwU †Kv¤úvwb wfbœ ai‡bi Avi GKwU gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi ˆZwi K‡i| Zviv Zv‡`i GB
Kw¤úDUv‡ii bvg †`b wcwm| GB wcwm †_‡K D™¢e nq AvBweGg K¤úv‡Uej Kw¤úDUvi| Gici 1984 mv‡j Gcj
†Kv¤úwb Zv‡`i ˆZwi †gwKb‡Uvk bv‡g gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi evRv‡i Qv‡o| GLbI ch©šÍ wcwmi RM‡Z GB `yBwU
†MvÎB †`Lv hvq| GB `yBwU †Mv‡Îi g‡a¨ AvBweGg K¤úv‡Uej wcwm-B me‡P‡q †ewk cÖPwjZ| `v‡gi w`K †_‡K
Zzjbv Ki‡j Gcj wcwm †ek g~j¨evb wKš‘ Kv‡Ri w`K †_‡K Dfq wcwmB mggv‡bi| ZvQvov AvBweGg wcwm
Avc‡MÖW Kiv I †givgZ Kiv A‡bK †ewk myweavRbK|
gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi‡K cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi ev ms‡¶‡c wcwm ejv nq| gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi n‡”Q KvwiMwi bvg Ges
wcwm n‡”Q PjwZ bvg| cÖ_g mdj gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi evRv‡i †Q‡owQj 1976 mv‡j Gcj bv‡g GKwU Av‡gwiKvb
†Kv¤úvwb| GB Kw¤úDUvi‡K ejv nq Gcj †Mv‡Îi †W¯‹Uc ev Gcj wcwm|
AvK…wZMZ w`K †_‡K gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡i‡K wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| g~jZ wZb ai‡bi gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi‡K
e¨enviKvixiv ¯^xK…wZ †`b| GB wZb cÖKvi Kw¤úDUvi n‡jv - cvgUc, j¨vcUc I †W¯‹Uc|
gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡ii †kªYxMZ wefvRb
‡kªYx ev †MÖv‡Îi w`K †_‡K gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡i `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| fvM `ywU nj- (1) AvBweGg K¤úv‡Uej
Ges (2) Gcj Kw¤úDUvi|
AvBweGg K¤úv‡Uej gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi‡K Avevi `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- (1) eªvÛ Kw¤úDUvi Ges (2) †K¬vb
Kw¤úDUvi|
gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡ii MVb †KŠkj
gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡ii g~j Ask nj gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi| GwU Avm‡j GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi GjGmAvB (LSI = Large
Scale Integration)| 1971 mv‡j gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi D™¢vweZ nIqvi ci ‡_‡K Gi cÖfyZ DbœwZ n‡q‡Q Ges bvbvb

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-28

 Kw¤cDUvi wk¶v

DbœZ ms¯‹iY ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b cuvP wgwjwgUvi ˆ`N©, cuvP wgwjwgUvi cÖ¯’ I GK wgwjwgUvi cyiy GKwU
gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi eû nvRvi B‡jKUªwbK mvwK©‡Ui KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi wZbwU eøK Øviv wefvwRZ| GB eøK wZbwUi cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hvM I m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ
gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi Zvi hveZxq KvR myôzfv‡e m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| GB eøK wZbwU nj gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi,
BbcyU/AvDUcyU BDwbU Ges ¯§„wZ BDwbU| Gi g‡a¨ BbcyU/AvDUcyU BDwbU I ¯§„wZ BDwb‡Ui Kvh©µg
gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi‡K †K›`ª K‡i cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi GKvav‡i K¤úDUv‡ii wbqš¿Y I MvwYwZK/hyw³
BDwb‡Ui KvR K‡i| Avi GB BDwbU¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM iw¶Z nq wKQy c¨vivjvj jvBb w`‡q| GB
jvBb¸‡jv‡K ejv nq wm‡÷g evm|

‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ 2.5

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| me©cÖ_g ˆZwi gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii bvg
(K) Bb‡Uj-4001 (L) Bb‡Uj-4002
(M) Bb‡Uj-4003 (N) Bb‡Uj-4004
2| cÖ_g cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi evRv‡i Av‡m †Kvb mv‡j
(K) 1971 (L) 1976
(M) 1981 (N)1984
3| Gcj †gwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUvi evRv‡i Av‡m KZ mv‡j
(K) 1981 (L) 1982
(M) 1983 (N) 1984

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-29

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

6 Kw¤cDUv‡ii cwiPh©v

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ iKg cwiPh©v m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

Kw¤úDUv‡ii cwiPh©v
GK mg‡q Kw¤úDUvi wKb‡Z †h `vg ci‡Zv Zvi A‡a©‡KiI †ewk UvKv e¨q n‡Zv Zvi i¶Yv‡e¶Y Ki‡Z| †mB
mg‡q Kw¤úDUvi ivLvi K¶ n‡Z n‡Zv kxZZvc wbqwš¿Z| Gi KviY wQj Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K †h Zvc wbM©Z nZ Zv
wbqš¿b Ki‡Z n‡Zv| G Qvov ayjvevwj wbqš¿Y KivI wQj AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| GLb Avi †miKg Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
KviY GLb Kw¤úDUvi ‰Zwii †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwii mgq g‡b iv‡L G¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv n‡e Awdm wK¤^v
evwo‡Z| ZviciI Kw¤úDUv‡ii cwiPh©v Kiv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| Kw¤úDUvi GKwU B‡j±ªbwU hš¿| GwU‡K fvj ivL‡Z
n‡j Ges GwUi Øviv `xN©w`b †mev ‡c‡Z n‡j Gi mwVK cwiPh©v Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡gœ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvaviY cwiPh©v
m¤^‡Ü wKQy Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv|
Kw¤úDUvi GKwU B‡j±ªbwU hš¿| GwU‡K fvj ivL‡Z n‡j Ges GwUi Øviv `xN©w`b †mev ‡c‡Z n‡j Gi mwVK
cwiPh©v Ki‡Z n‡e|
‰e`y¨wZK e¨e¯’v t Kw¤úDUvi hš¿wU‡K `xN©w`b fvj ivL‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB cÖ‡qvRb Gi ˆe`y¨wZK e¨e¯’vi cÖwZ bRi
†`qv| mvaviYZ c„w_exi me †`‡kB we`y¨r mieivn ev BDwUwj cvIqvi mvcøvB †Kvb ˆe`y¨wZK h‡š¿i Rb¨ Av`k© ev
Dchy³ e¨e¯’v bq| ZvB ‰e`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wKQy AwZwi³ e¨e¯’v †bqvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| AvRKvj
Avgv‡`i †`‡k ˆe`y¨wZK e¨e¯’vi me‡P‡q eo wech©q nj †fv‡ë‡Ri DVvbvgv Ges hLb ZLb we`y¨r mieivn eÜ
n‡q hvIqv| †Kvb ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ GB `y‡Uv Ae¯’vi †KvbUvB mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Kw¤úDUv‡iiI me‡P‡q †ewk
¶wZ nq nVvr †fv‡ë‡Ri DVvbvgv ev mswkøó Kvi‡Y| d‡j †fv‡ëR ÷¨vwejvBRvi e¨envi Kivi cvkvcvwk mvR© ev
¯úvBK wbqš¿Y Kivi e¨e¯’v Aek¨B Ki‡Z n‡e| Avgv‡`i †`‡k AviI GKwU eo mgm¨v n‡jv AwaKvsk evwo‡Z
Avw_©s Gi Afve| Avw_©s Qvov Kw¤úDUvi Pvjv‡bv gvivZ¡K SuywKi KvR| d‡j ˆe`y¨wZK jvB‡b Avw_©s-Gi e¨e¯’v
Ki‡Z n‡e| Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ BDwcGm e¨envi Kiv me‡P‡q fvj| KviY nVvr we`y¨r mieivn eÜ n‡q †M‡j
BDwcGm wKQy¶Y we`y¨r mieeivn K‡i, d‡j mwVK wbq‡g Kw¤úDUvi eÜ Kivi †ek mgq cvIqv hvq|
cwi®‹vi cwi”QbœZv t Kw¤úDUvi e¨enviKvwi‡K Kw¤úDUvi cwi®‹vi ivL‡Z n‡e| Kw¤úDUv‡ii evB‡ii Ask¸‡jv‡K
cøvwóK ev †gUvj wK¬bvi w`‡q gv‡Sgv‡S cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| wfZ‡ii Ask‡KI gv‡Sgv‡S cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|
hw` wb‡R bv cviv hvq Z‡e †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi we‡klÁ w`‡q A_ev mvwf©m †m›Uv‡i wb‡q cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| GK
K_vq Kw¤úDUv‡ii Dc‡ii I wfZ‡ii Ask‡K ayjvevwj gy³ ivL‡Z n‡e|
fvBivm wbqš¿Y t AvRKvj Kw¤úDUv‡i me‡P‡q †ewk ¶wZ n‡q _v‡K fvBiv‡m| fvBivm we‡kl K‡i d¬wc wW‡¯‹i
gva¨‡g GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Ges B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡gI Kw¤úDUv‡i fvBivm cÖ‡ek
Ki‡Z cv‡i| AvRKvj evRv‡i A‡bK cÖKvi Gw›UfvBivm ev fvBivm MvW© cvIqv hvq|d‡j Kw¤úDUv‡i Gw›UfvBivm
Bb÷j Ki‡Z n‡e Ges gv‡S gv‡S †m¸‡jv‡K Avc‡MÖW Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨enviK…Z d¬wc Kw¤úDUv‡i
cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bvi ci dvBj †Lvjvi Av‡M fvBivm †PK Ki‡Z n‡e Ges gv‡Sgv‡S nvW©wW¯‹I †PK Ki‡Z n‡e|
Pz¤^K‡Z¡i cÖfve t Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ wW¯‹ I Ab¨vb¨ hš¿cvwZ Py¤^‡Ki cÖwZ AZ¨šÍ ms‡e`bkxj| Pz¤^K w`‡q ˆZwi
Ggb ‡Kvb hš¿cvwZ Kw¤úDUv‡ii av‡i Kv‡Q ivLv wVK bv| KviY G‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii wW¯‹ I Ab¨vb¨ hš¿cvwZi ¶wZ
n‡Z cv‡i|

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-30

 Kw¤cDUvi wk¶v

mwVKfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi eÜ Kiv t KvR †kl nIqvi ci mwVKfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi eÜ Kiv DwPZ| †hb †Zb fv‡e
Kw¤úDUvi eÜ Ki‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i| †mUv nvW©Iq¨vi, mdU&Iq¨vi, wm‡÷g †h ‡KvbUviB n‡Z cv‡i|
d‡j Kw¤úDUv‡i KvR †kl n‡j mvU WvDb KgvÛ w`‡q Kw¤úDUvi eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|
GQvovI Kw¤úDUv‡ii AviI A‡bK iK‡gi cwiPh©v wb‡Z nq| gv‡Sgv‡S d¬wc wW¯‹ I wmwW ig wW¯‹ wK¬bvi w`‡q
cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z nq| nvW©wW‡¯‹ †h mg¯Í dvBj msiw¶Z nq Zv G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e _v‡K| ZvB gv‡Sgv‡S nvW©wW¯‹
wWd«vM‡g›U Kiv GKvšÍ Acwinvh©|

‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ 2.6

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| †fv‡ë‡Ri DVvbvgv †iva Kivi Rb¨ wK e¨envi Kiv DwPZ
(K) Av¨vwgUvi (L) M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi
(M) ÷¨vwejvBRvi (N) A¨vWvcUvi
2| Kw¤úDUvi eÜ Ki‡Z nq
(K) wmwcBD Gi m~BP eÜ K‡i (L) cvIqvi mvcøv‡iB m~BP eÜ K‡i
(M) mvU WvDb Kgv‡Ûi gva¨‡g (N) Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq

Abykxjbx
msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| Kw¤cDUvi msMVb wK?
2| MvwYwZK / hyw³ BDwb‡Ui eY©bv w`b|
3| Kw¤cDUv‡ii cÖavb ¯§„wZi eY©bv w`b|
4| i¨vg I ig m¤c‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
5| Kw¤cDUv‡ii mnvqK ¯§„wZ wK?
6| BbcyU I AvDUcyU wWfvBm wK?
7| gvB‡µvKw¤cDUvi m¤c‡K© ms‡¶‡c wjLyb|
8| gvB‡µvKw¤cDUvi MVb †KŠkj Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| nvW©Iq¨vi msMVb m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c eY©bv Kiyb|
2| Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ KZ cÖKvi I wK wK? cÖavb ¯§„wZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
3| i¨vg I ig m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
4| Kw¤úDUv‡ii mnvqK ¯§„wZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
5| Kw¤úDUv‡ii BbcyU I AvDUcyU BDwb‡Ui ms‡¶‡c eY©bv w`b|
6| cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii BwZnvm I ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
7| wKfv‡e Kw¤úDUv‡ii cwiPh©v Ki‡eb|

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-31

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

DËigvjv
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 2.1
1.M 2.L

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 2.2

1.K 2.L

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 2.3

1.M 2.L

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 2.4

1.K 2.L 3.N

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 2.5

1.N 2.L 3.N

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 2.6

1.M 2.M

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-32