MEETING VIII

(Structure and Written Expressions)

APPOSITIVES AND PREPOSITIONS

A. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

At the end of the lesson, the students are able to:

1. Understand the structures of appositive;

2. Identify the appositives;
3. Create sentences with appositives;
4. Identify the prepositions;
5. Identify the object of prepositions;
6. Create sentences with object of prepositions

B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION

1. Appositives

Appositive is additional information that describes

nouns or pronouns in a sentence. It is usually formed as
a phrase that describes the noun. It is generally set off

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 from the noun with comma. An appositive cannot be a
subject in a sentence.

Examples of Appositives in sentences

Bagus, the smartest student in this class, has finished the

a.
task.
Subject + Verb

“The smartest student in this class” describes “Bagus”

I like Rendang, a typical Padang food, so much.

b.
Subject + verb

“a typical Padang food” describes “Rendang”

A very beautiful island, Karimunjawa attracts many

c.
tourists every year.
Subject + verb

“A very beautiful island” describes “Karimunjawa”

a. Forming Appositives
Appositive may come from a sentence, an adjective
clause, a gerund and an infinitive. To create one
sentence that contains an appositive is by combining
two simple sentences.
Example:

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  Simple Sentence : Bandung is the capital city of
west Java.
 Simple Sentence : Bandung has many shopping
places.
 Sentence with an Appositive : Bandung, the
capital city of west Java, has many shopping
places.

Besides, appositives can also come from an adjective

clause. Appositives are reduced adjective clauses that
contain the verb to be. However, they do not contain a
marker or a verb.

Example:

Soekarno was one of the founding fathers of Indonesia.

Soekarno became a great president.

Soekarno, who was one of the founding fathers of

Indonesia, became a great president.

Soekarno, who was one of the founding fathers of

Indonesia, became a great president.

Appositive not only come from a sentence and an

adjective clause, but also a gerund and an infinitive.

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 Gerund Roy’s hobby, climbing the summit
of Mt. Semeru, needs a lot of
energy.

Infinitive The goal, to finish the project, has

made the struggle harder.

b. The position of Appositives

Appositives can be found in the beginning (before a
noun), in the middle (after a noun) and in the end of a
sentence.

The structures of Appositives

Subject, appositive, verb Her hobby, climbing

the summit of Mt.
Semeru, needs a lot of
energy.

Appositive, subject + Climbing the summit of

verb Mt. Semeru, her hobby
needs a lot of energy.

Subject + verb, Rabella was the

appositive beautiful queen in her
new shoes, a cinderella
glass slipper.

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 c. Be careful of appositive
A phrase is not a subject if it is an appositive. In the
structure section of the TOEFL test, an appositive can
cause confusion because it can be mistaken for the
subject of a sentence.
Example:

Mr. Harry, My English lecturer is now retired.

The subject of that sentence is My English lecturer.

Mr. Harry is an appositive because of the noun and the
comma. If there is no appositive, the sentence still
makes sense (My English lecturer is now retired).
Although the appositive adds detail to the sentence,
the reader already understands which specific teacher
is being referred to. Therefore, this appositive is
nonrestrictive.

d. TOEFL Strategies
Here are some tricks to identify the appositives in
sentences.

Contain Examples

1. Verb-ing in active The man,

Appositive
sentence repairing the
car, is my
father.

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 2. Verb-3 in That building,
passive built in 2019, is
sentence futuristic.

3. Who/Which + The woman,

verb-1 / verb- who teaches
2/auxiliary English, is my
mother.

4. Noun Phrase Kitty, my cutest

cat, always
likes playing
ribbon.

1. Verb-1 / Verb-2
No
/ Auxiliary
Appositive
2. Subject-Verb
combination
3. Started by “that”

2. Prepositions

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 In the example above, there is a relationship
between “plane” and “cloud”. It is shown by “above,
behind, around, below, beneath, beside, beyond, into,
near, outside, over, through, toward, under, underneath”.
Those are called as prepositions. A preposition is part of
speech that has function to show relationship between
the object and other parts in a sentence. It is followed by
a noun or pronoun. Below is a list of common
prepositions:

Some prepositions consist of more than one word.

Here is a list of common multiword prepositions:

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 a. Types of Prepositions
1) Preposition of Time
a) At
is used to show time. Example: We go to
campus every day at 7 am.
b) On
is used to show days, dates, special
moments, and events. Example: My sister
was born on Independence Day.

c) In
is used to explain the information about times,
months, seasons, and years. Example: I
always review the lesson in the morning every
day.
d) Since, within, until, by, for, before, after,
during, from-until, from-to
are used to express extended time.
Example: She has to finish the task within a
day. (No longer than a day)
We will be here for three hours. (We will
spend three hours here)

2) Preposition of Place
a) At
is used to talk about a general vicinity and
addresses. Example: Universitas Pamulang
is located at Surya Kencana street.

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 b) In
is used to describe the point itself. Example:
There is a new assistant in the lab.
c) is used to show the position of something or
talk about the surface. Example: You left your
pouch on that table yesterday.
d) Inside
is used to express something contained.
Example: Please, take me the key inside the
drawer.
e) Over, above
are used to show when the object is higher
than a point. Example: Aidan shot the ball
over the wicket.
f) Below, beneath, under, underneath
are used to show when the object is lower
than a point. Example: The coat is under the
seat.
g) Among, by, between, next to, near, opposite
are used when the object is close to a point.
Example: They live near our house.

3) Preposition of Movement
a) Into
is used to show movement of something that
has been done. Example: My brother jumped
into the swimming pool.

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 b) Toward
is used to show a progress of movement.
Example: The buses are heading towards
town.

b. Prepositions and other parts of speech

Here is a list of combination of prepositions and other

parts of speech.

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 3. Object of preposition

Object of preposition is an object that follows a

preposition. The object can be a noun, noun phrase,
pronoun, gerund, or noun clause.

Object of Examples
Preposition
They were active in e-learning.
Noun
She always pays attention to the
Noun Phrase
teacher during the class.

I want to go there with you.

Pronoun
The speaker explained about
Gerund (phrase)
trading.

I explained the rules for asking

questions.

The students asked about how

Noun Clause
they can get the best score for
TOEFL.

a. Be careful of Objects of Prepositions

A word is not a subject if it is an object of
preposition. In the Structure section of the TOEFL test,
an object of preposition can cause confusion because
it can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence
Example:

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 To Sissy E-learning is effective platform during the
pandemic era.

That sentence contains two objects of

prepositions. Sissy is the object of the preposition to
and the pandemic era is the object of preposition
during. The subject of that sentence is E-learning not
Sissy and the verb is is.
A preposition that is followed by an object of
preposition can be called as prepositional phrase. The
examples of prepositional phrase from the previous
sentence are “to Sissy” and “during the pandemic
era”. In prepositional phrase “to Sissy”, the
preposition “to” refers to the object “Sissy” and the
preposition “during” refers to the object “the pandemic
era” in prepositional phrase “during the pandemic
era”.

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C. EXERCISES

Exercise 1
Direction: Identify the appositive in the sentences below.
1. My brother, who is a student of Informatics Engineering,
has created a high quality application.
_____________________________________________
_________
2. R.A. Kartini, an Indonesian national hero from Central
Java, was born in 1879.
_____________________________________________
_________
3. We just left the guest house after two nights, a very
comfortable and clean place.
_____________________________________________
_________
4. I should bring the umbrella, which is an important tool in
rainy day.
_____________________________________________
_________
5. The highest mountain in Java, Mt. Semeru, was a setting
for a movie entitled “5cm”.
_____________________________________________
_________

Exercise 2
Direction: Underline the appositive phrases. Then, identify if
the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

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 No. C/I Sentences

C
1. My oldest sister, Mariana won the match
successfully.

2. Setu Pamulang, a beautiful lake, is located

near the Pamulang Square.

3. At long last, the great team, has decided to

give up.

4. Most of my friends are fans of BTS, a famous

Korean boyband.

5. Independence day, August 17, is a special

day for Indonesian people.

6. Last month, my sister, graduated summa cum

laude from Universitas Pamulang.

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 Exercise 3
Direction: Choose the best preposition that correctly
completes each sentence.
1. Can I come up ____ a better solution?
A. at
B. without
C. through
D. with
2. We thought the course was going to be boring, but it
turned ____ to be quite useful.
A. on
B. off
C. out
D. with
3. He came ____ of the café and put on his mask.
A. on
B. out
C. in
D. inside
4. We have to set ____ the final exam tomorrow.
A. off
B. up
C. out
D. with
5. She will come ____ his email when she is clearing her
inbox.
A. across
B. with

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 C. out
D. up
6. She cannot do ____ her mobile phone. She always brings
it everywhere.
A. with
B. without
C. by
D. upon
7. The twins were very sad because their mother passed
____ yesterday.
A. out
B. off
C. over
D. away
8. Every parent will look ____ their babies.
A. in
B. out
C. after
D. with
9. Did the president deal ____ the employers’ complaint?
A. with
B. without
C. of
D. in
10. Their house broke ____ by fire last night.
A. up
B. down
C. off

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 D. out

Exercise 4
Direction: Underline the prepositional phrases and circle the
prepositions. Write the object of preposition in each sentence.
1. After the course, I will go to Cinema with my friends.
___________________
2. She bought some books from this book store.
__________________________
3. The students are not allowed to use the mobile phone
during the class. ______
4. By explaining the material clearly, the audience will get
the point. _________
5. Through this way, they will go home tonight.
__________________________
6. We will discuss the technical meeting at the corner
canteen. ______________
7. He always puts the remote under the
table.____________________________
8. Raisa sat on her new bicycle.
_______________________________________
9. We were walking across the bridge.
_________________________________
10. With you, it is my priority right now.
________________________________

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 Exercise 5
Direction: Choose the best answer that correctly completes
each sentence.

1. ______, Kelana, is attending the course.

A. Happily
B. My friend
C. Right now
D. Because of the time
2. _________,Gusnar Nimpuno won an award of FFI 2021.
A. It was a cinematography
B. The cinematography was
C. The cinematography
D. That the cinematography
3. Mr. Rayyan, ________ director of this institution, was
President of my office.
A. the first
B. was the first
C. as the first
D. to be the first
4. ______, Willy rarely misses his shoots.
a. a great football player is
b. a great football player
c. his great football play
d. Willy is a great football player
5. Raffa will get on the bus soon. Choose the object of
preposition.
A. on

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 B. on the bus
C. the bus
D. on the bus soon
6. Inside the house, we found some treasures. Choose the
prepositional phrase.
A. Inside
B. Inside the house
C. the house
D. some treasures
7. My mother always enjoys travelling around the city.
Choose the preposition.
A. around
B. around the city
C. the city
D. city
8. She always studies hard before the exam until she
cannot fit anything more in my brain. Choose the
preposition
A. before
B. before the exam
C. the exam
D. until
9. The campus is between Global Islamic School and
Hoka-hoka Bento. Choose the prepositional phrase
A. between
B. between Global Islamic School
C. between Global Islamic School and Hoka-hoka Bento
D. Global Islamic School and Hoka-hoka Bento

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 10. Behind the building, some students hid when the
teacher came. Which one is the object of preposition?
A. the teacher
B. some students
C. the building
D. behind

Exercise 6
Direction: Create your own sentences with appositives.
1. _____________________________________________
_________
2. _____________________________________________
_________
3. _____________________________________________
_________

Exercise 7
Direction: Create your own sentences with prepositions and
objects of preposition.
1. _____________________________________________
_________
2. _____________________________________________
_________
3. _____________________________________________
_________

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D. REFERENCES

Frank, M. (1972). Modern English: A practical reference

guide.
Phillips, D. (2001). Longman Introductory Course for the
TOEFL Test. Longman.
Rogers, B. (2011). The Complete Guide to the TOEFL test.
Heinle Cengage Learning.

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