Matching Questions

Figure 13.1 Using Figure 13.1, match the following: 1) Innervates the superior oblique muscle. Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 501; Fig. 13.5

2) Longest cranial nerve. Answer: D

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 500; Fig. 13.5

3) Damage to this nerve would cause dizziness, nausea, and loss of balance. Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 500; Fig. 13.5

4) Involved in the regulation of breathing. Answer: D

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 500; Fig. 13.5

5) Damage to this nerve would cause difficulty in speech. Answer: E

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 500; Fig. 13.5

6) Damage to this nerve would keep the eye from rotating counterclockwise interolaterally. Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 500; Fig. 13.5

Figure 13.2 Using Figure 13.2, identify the following components of the reflex arc: 7) Integration center. Answer: E
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 521; Fig. 13.14

8) Sensory neuron. Answer: C

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 521; Fig. 13.14

9) Effector. Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 521; Fig. 13.14

10) Motor neuron. Answer: D

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 521; Fig. 13.14

11) Receptor. Answer: A

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 521; Fig. 13.14

Match the following: 12) Formed by the union of cranial and a spinal root. Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 508

A) Abducens B) Vagus C) Vestibulocochlear

13) Receptors located in epithelium of the nasal cavity. Answer: E

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 502

D) Accessory E) Olfactory

14) Serves the senses of hearing and equilibrium. Answer: C

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 506

15) Helps to regulate blood pressure and digestion. Answer: B

Diff: 3 Page Ref: 507

16) Turns the eyeball laterally. Answer: A

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 505

Match the following reflexes to their function: 17) Tests both upper and lower motor pathways. The sole of the foot is stimulated with a dull instrument extension. Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 527

A) Plantar B) Flexor C) Abdominal D) Stretch

18) Checks the integrity of the spinal cord and dorsal rami at the level of T8 to T 12. Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 527

19) Produces a rapid withdrawl of the body part from a painful stimulus; ipsilateral. Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 525 526

20) Prevents muscle overstretching and maintains muscle tone. Answer: D

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 523; Fig. 13.16

Match the following: 21) The obturator and femoral nerves branch from this plexus. Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 514; Fig. 13.10

A) Lumbar plexus B) Brachial plexus C) Sacral plexus

22) Striking the funny bone may cause injury to a nerve of this plexus. Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 512; Fig. 13.9

D) Cervical plexus

23) Trauma to a nerve of this plexus may cause wrist drop. Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 512; Fig. 13.9

24) Improper administration of an injection to the buttocks may injure a nerve of this plexus. Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 516; Fig. 13.11

25) The phrenic nerve branches from this plexus. Answer: D

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 511; Fig. 13.8

Match the following: 26) Regulates motor activity. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 520; Fig. 13.13 27) Central pattern generators. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 519; Fig. 13.13 28) Intermediate relay for incoming and outgoing neurons. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 520; Fig. 13.13 29) The cerebellum and basal nuclei. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 520; Fig. 13.13 30) Includes cortical and brain stem motor areas. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 520; Fig. 13.13 31) The neural machinery of the spinal cord. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 519; Fig. 13.13

A) Projection level B) Precommand level C) Segmental level

True/False Questions
1) The meningeal branch of a spinal nerve actually reenters the vertebral canal to innervate the meninges and blood vessels. Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 508; Fig. 13.6

2) In the somatosensory system there are no third-order neurons in the cerebellum. Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 495; Fig.13.2

3) There are 41 pairs of spinal nerves. Answer: FALSE

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 508; Fig.13.6

4) The glossopharyngeal nerve is the only cranial nerve that contains sensory fibers. Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 500; Fig.13.5

5) The musculocutaneous nerve is a major nerve of the brachial plexus. Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 512

6) The second cranial nerve forms a chiasma at the base of the brain for partial crossover of neural fibers. Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 501

7) The only cranial nerves to extend beyond the head and neck region are the vagus nerves. Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 507

8) The dorsal ramus consists only of motor fibers bringing information to the spinal cord. Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 509

9) Dermatomes are skin segments that relate to sensory innervation regions of the spinal nerves. Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 516-518

10) Spinal roots and rami are similar in that they both contain sensory and motor fibers. Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 509

11) Irritation of the phrenic nerve may cause diaphragm spasms called hiccups. Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 512

12) The obturator nerve branches from the sacral plexus. Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 514-515

13) Reciprocal inhibition means that while one sensory nerve is stimulated, another sensory neuron in the same area is inhibited and cannot respond. Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 524

14) External strabismus and ptosis could be caused by damage to the oculomotor nerve. Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 503

15) In order to regulate motor activity, to start and stop movements, and to coordinate postural movements, the cerebellum and basal nuclei are involved. Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 520-521

Multiple-Choice Questions
1) The knee jerk reflex is an example of a(n) ________. A) extensor thrust reflex B) stress reflex C) cross extensor reflex D) stretch reflex Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 523

2) The ________ nerve is not a branch of the trigeminal nerve. A) ophthalmic B) maxillary C) cervical D) mandibular Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 504

3) Which of the following nerves does not arise from the brachial plexus? A) median B) phrenic C) radial D) ulnar Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 512

4) Which of the following is at the lowest level of the CNS? A) direct system B) indirect system C) projection level D) CPG Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 520

5) The three primary levels of neural integration in a sensory system include all of the following except the ________. A) receptor level B) circuit level C) perceptual level D) effector level Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 494

6) The posterior side of the thigh, leg, and foot is served by the ________ nerve. A) obturator B) common fibular C) tibial D) femoral Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 516

7) Starting at the spinal cord, the subdivisions of the brachial plexus are, in order ________. A) rami, trunks, divisions, and cords B) rami, divisions, cords, and trunks C) divisions, rami, trunks, and cords D) trunks, divisions, cords, and rami Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 512-513

8) The cranial nerve with a dual origin (brain and spinal cord) is the ________. A) hypoglossal B) accessory C) vagus D) glossopharyngeal Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 508

9) Which of the following is not a nerve plexus? A) brachial B) cervical C) lumbar D) thoracic Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 510-511

10) A major nerve of the lumbar plexus is the ________. A) femoral B) iliohypogastric C) sciatic D) ilioinguinal Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 514

11) Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the ________. A) lumbar plexus B) femoral plexus C) sacral plexus D) thoracic plexus Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 516

12) The abducens nerve ________. A) supplies innervation to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye B) relays sensory information from taste buds on the tongue C) exits from the medulla D) if paralyzed, exhibits Bell s palsy Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 505

13) Basic reflexes ________. A) are rapid, predictable, learned responses B) may be modified by learned behavior C) are autonomic only D) are always mediated by the brain Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 521

14) Which of the following is not true about the integration center of a reflex arc? A) The center may be a single synapse between a motor and a sensory neuron. B) There are always multiple synapses with chains of interneurons. C) It is always located in the CNS. D) The center is a simple reflex arc. Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 521-522

15) Striking the funny bone is actually stimulation of the ________. A) radial nerve B) sciatic nerve C) ulnar nerve D) median nerve Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 512-513

16) Which of the following numbers of pairs of spinal nerves is correct? A) six cervical B) twelve thoracic C) six lumbar D) eight sacral Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 508-509

17) Select the statement about plexuses that is most correct ________. A) The dorsal rami of all spinal nerves unite to form complex networks B) Only ventral rami form plexuses C) Each branch of the plexus contains fibers from a single spinal nerve D) The ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves unite to form the thoracic plexus Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 510

18) A reflex that causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to muscle contraction is called a ________. A) Golgi tendon reflex B) flexor reflex C) crossed extensor reflex D) plantar reflex Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 525

19) Pressure, pain, and temperature receptors are ________. A) interoceptors B) exteroceptors C) proprioceptors D) chemoreceptors Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 491

20) Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by ________. A) interoceptors B) photoreceptors C) nociceptors D) proprioceptors Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 491

21) Meissner s corpuscles ________. A) are found primarily in connective tissue B) are anatomically unencapsulated C) are interoceptors D) are mechanoreceptors Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 492

22) Which receptors adapt most slowly? A) smell receptors B) pressure receptors C) nociceptors D) touch receptors Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 492-493

23) The abducens nerve conveys proprioceptor impulses from the ________ to the brain. A) medial rectus muscle B) lateral rectus muscle C) superior rectus muscle D) inferior rectus muscle Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 505

24) Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________. A) afferent nerves B) efferent nerves C) motor nerves D) mixed nerves Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 499

25) After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by ________. A) Wallerian cells B) Schwann cells C) dendrites D) Golgi organs Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 499-500

26) Regeneration within the CNS ________. A) is more successful than with the PNS B) typically allows axonal sprouting of 20 mm C) is complicated by secondary demyelination D) is promoted by growth inhibitors and glial scars Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 499-500

27) In a crossed extensor reflex, if the right arm were grabbed it would flex and the left arm would ________. A) also flex B) extend C) abduct D) adduct Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 525-526

28) Select the correct definition. A) Magnitude estimation is the simplest level of sensation. B) Perceptual detection is the ability to detect how much stimulus is applied to the body. C) Pattern recognition allows us to see a familiar face. D) Spatial discrimination allows us to recognize textures. Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 498

29) All processing at the circuit level going up to the perceptual level must synapse in the ________. A) pons B) thalamus C) reticular formation D) medulla Answer: B
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 495-496

30) The sciatic nerve is a combination of which two nerves? A) pudendal and posterior femoral cutaneous B) posterior femoral cutaneous and tibial C) pudendal and common fibular D) common fibular and tibial Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 516

31) The largest and longest nerve of the body is found in the ________. A) cervical plexus B) brachial plexus C) lumbar plexus D) sacral plexus Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 516

32) Irritation of a major nerve of this plexus may cause hiccups. A) cervical plexus B) lumbar plexus C) sacral plexus D) thoracic plexus Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 511-512

33) Bell s palsy ________. A) is characterized by partial paralysis of diaphragm muscles B) is characterized by loss of vision C) is often caused by inflammation of the trigeminal nerve D) is characterized by paralysis of facial muscles Answer: D
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 505

34) Babinski s sign is ________. A) normal in an infant less than 4 years old B) a reflex whose physiological mechanism is well understood C) when the great toe dorsiflexes and the other toes fan laterally D) caused by incomplete development of the thalamus in the infant Answer: C
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 527

35) A simple spinal reflex goes along which of the following reflex arcs? A) effector, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, receptor B) receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector C) effector, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, receptor D) receptor, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, effector Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 521-522

36) Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers include all except which of the following? A) oculomotor B) vestibulocochlear C) trigeminal D) facial Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 500-501

37) Transduction refers to conversion of ________. A) presynaptic nerve impulses to postsynaptic nerve impulses B) stimulus information to nerve impulses C) receptor energy to stimulus energy D) afferent impulses to efferent impulses Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 494

38) ________ always takes a nonspecific ascending pathway. A) Touch B) Pain C) Temperature D) Arousal Answer: A
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 497-498

39) The flexor muscles in the anterior arm (biceps brachii and brachialis) are innervated by what nerve? A) radial B) median C) ulnar D) musculocutaneous Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 512

40) The cranial nerves that have neural connections with the tongue include all except the ________. A) trigeminal B) facial C) glossopharyngeal D) trochlear Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 503

41) Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve? A) abducens B) vestibulocochlear C) trigeminal D) accessory Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 506

42) A fracture of the ethmoid bone would result in damage to which cranial nerve? A) glossopharyngeal B) vagus C) olfactory D) accessory Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 502

43) Select the statement that is most correct. A) Ganglia are collections of neuron cell bodies in the CNS that are associated with efferent fibers. B) Afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons. C) The dorsal root ganglion is a motor-only structure. D) The cell bodies of afferent ganglia are located in the spinal cord. Answer: B
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 499

44) An improperly delivered gluteal injection could result in ________. A) neurofibromatosis B) postpoliomyelitis muscular atrophy C) paresthesia D) sciatica Answer: D
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 516

45) Which nerve does not use the jugular foramen as a route of exit from the skull? A) trigeminal B) accessory C) vagus D) glossopharyngeal Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 504

46) The peripheral nervous system includes ________. A) sensory receptors B) basal nuclei C) the spinal cord D) the corpus callosum Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 491

47) Feeling a gentle caress on your arm would likely involve all of the following except ________. A) Meissner s corpuscles B) Merkel discs C) Pacinian corpuscles D) root hair plexuses Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 492

48) A patient who received a blow to the side of the skull exhibits the following signs and symptoms on that side of the face: he is unable to close his eye, and the corner of his mouth droops. Which cranial nerve has been damaged? A) facial B) glossopharyngeal C) hypoglossal D) accessory Answer: A
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 505

49) The circuit level of the somatosensory system involves CNS centers in all of the following except the ________. A) spinal cord B) thalamus C) brain stem D) cerebral cortex Answer: D
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 494-495

50) The projection level of the brain does not include the ________. A) basal nuclei B) brain stem nuclei C) reticular formation D) cerebellum Answer: A
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 520

51) If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies? A) complete loss of sensation B) a complete loss of voluntary movement C) loss of neither sensation nor movement but only of autonomic control D) a complete loss of sensation and movement Answer: B
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 509

Fill-in-the-Blank/Short Answer Questions

1) ________ law states that any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates the joint itself and the skin over the joint. Answer: Hilton s
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 516

2) ________ are modified free-nerve endings found in the stratum germinativum. Answer: Merkel discs
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 492

3) The perineurium defines the boundary of a ________. Answer: fascicle

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 498

4) The ________ nerve is the largest of the cranial nerves. Answer: trigeminal
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 504

5) Ventral spinal cord roots contain ________ fibers, while the dorsal roots contain ________ fibers. Answer: motor (efferent); sensory (afferent)
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 509

6) The facial nerve is cranial nerve number ________. Answer: VII

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 505

7) ________ is a protective reflex that overrides the spinal pathways and prevents any other reflexes from using them at the same time. Answer: Flexor (polysynaptic) reflex
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 525-526

8) ________ is the tingling sensation or numbness when blood has been cut off from an area, as when the foot goes to sleep. Answer: Ischemia
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 514

9) Pain perception is involved in the ________ ascending pathways of the somatosensory system. Answer: nonspecific
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 497

10) Complex motor behavior such as walking depends on ________ patterns. Answer: fixed-action
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 520-521

11) Mr. Smith staggered home after a long night at the local pub. While attempting to navigate the stairs, he passed out cold and lay all night with his right armpit straddling the staircase banister. When he awoke the next morning, he had a severe headache, but what bothered him more was that he had no sensation in his right arm and hand. Explain what caused this symptom in his arm. Answer: Continuous pressure interrupts blood flow along with oxygen and nutrients to the neuronal processes. As a result, impulse transmission is inhibited temporarily.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 514

12) Define Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles relative to the stretch reflex. Answer: Golgi tendon organs work with muscle spindles to act as proprioceptors in skeletal muscles and their associated tendons. When muscles are stretched due to contraction of antagonist muscles, the sensory neurons send impulses to the spinal cord, where they synapse with motor neurons of the stretched muscle. Impulses are then sent to the stretched muscle, which then resists further stretching. This prevents muscle tissue damage.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 525-526

13) Distinguish between monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes and between ipsilateral and contralateral reflex responses. Answer: Monosynaptic refers to a single synapse in the reflex arc (one sensory and one motor neuron). Polysynaptic refers to more than one synapse in the arc involving sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Ipsilateral refers to a reflex arc limited to one side of the spinal cord, while contralateral reflexes cross to the opposite side.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 521, 524

14) What is the normal response of the plantar reflex? What is Babinski s sign and what does it indicate? Answer: The plantar reflex tests the integrity of the spinal cord from L4 to S2 and also determines if corticospinal tracts are functioning and properly myelinated. The normal plantar response is downward flexion of the toes. If there is damage, the great toe dorsiflexes and smaller toes fan laterally (Babinski s sign). Infants, who normally lack complete myelination, exhibit this sign.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 527

15) List and describe the functions of the three cranial nerves that serve the muscles of the eye. Answer: The three cranial nerves are: oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens. The oculomotor is mostly motor, with branches to the inferior oblique and superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscles, as well as to the muscles of the iris and lens. The trochlear supplies mostly motor fibers to the superior oblique muscles of the eye. The abducens supplies mostly motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the eye.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 503, 505

16) Name an exteroceptor that is not a cutaneous receptor and explain why. Answer: Exteroceptors that are not cutaneous receptors include the chemoreceptors of the tongue and nasal mucosa, the photoreceptors of the eyes, and the mechanoreceptors of the inner ear. These all monitor changes in the external environment, so they are classified as exteroceptors.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 491-492

17) What is the benefit of having the nerve supply of the diaphragm, which is located in the thoracic-lumbar area of the spinal cord, arise from cervical nerves? Answer: The fact that the phrenic nerve originates so high in the spinal cord reduces the likelihood of spinal damage above the phrenic origin, thereby reducing the possibility that a spinal injury would stop the diaphragm from working.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 511-512

18) George, a 20-year-old man, injured his jaw and lost several teeth in a barroom brawl. Several weeks later he began to experience sharp stabbing pain in his lower jaw. After visiting the dentist, he was told that he had trigeminal neuralgia. What is this condition and how is it treated? Answer: Trigeminal neuralgia, or tic douloureux, is an inflammation of the trigeminal nerve, probably caused by the fight and subsequent damage to the jaw.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 504, 527

19) How is a receptor potential similar to an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) generated at a synapse? Answer: A receptor potential acts essentially the same as an EPSP in that stimulus causes changes in permeability of the receptor membrane, which results in a graded potential. It will increase or decrease depending on the intensity of the stimulus.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 494

20) How does accommodation of muscle spindles figure in the importance of stretch routines as a warm-up for exercise? Answer: Initially, as muscle spindles are stretched, the reflex sends impulses back to contract the muscle. With prolonged stretching, accommodation decreases the vigor of the stretch reflex somewhat, and the muscle can relax and stretch more, reducing the risk of tearing muscle tissue during exercise.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 525

21) Name three unencapsulated sensory receptors and tell what they are used for. Answer: 1. Free nerve endings are found throughout the body. They are used by most body tissues to determine stretching, joint positioning, etc. In the epidermis they become pain receptors, heat and cold receptors, and possibly very light pressure receptors. 2. Modified free nerve endings called Merkel disks. They are used as light touch receptors. 3. Hair follicle receptors are mechanical receptors that become very fine touch receptors.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 493

22) When we hear a strange sound in a room what perceptual level is activated? Answer: The perceptual detection level is the only level acted upon. In some cases this alone allows our imagination to go wild with possibilities.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 497

23) What is Wallerian degeneration? Answer: The complete degeneration of the distal end of an axon after it has been severed.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 499

Clinical Questions
1) Ralph sustained a leg injury in a bowling accident and had to use crutches. Unfortunately, he never took the time to learn how to use them properly. After two weeks of use, he noticed his fingers were becoming numb. Then he noticed his arms were getting weaker and tingling. What could be his problem? Answer: Compression of the radial nerve (in the region of the armpit) may cause temporary cessation of nervous transmission, often called Saturday night paralysis. Continued pressure could cause permanent damage.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 514

2) A patient suffers nerve damage to the sciatic nerve, requiring surgery to suture the nerve back together. After surgery, the patient reports that sensation from the lateral and medial sides of the knee seem to be reversed. How could this happen? Answer: In suturing the nerve back together, there is no guide to ensure that each nerve fiber continues across the transection into the same neurilemma in which it started. Nerve fibers can grow into pathways different from their original ones and establish new synapses. The brain cannot keep track of which nerve fibers have grown into different pathways, and projects sensations back to the point of origin.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 499-500

3) David, an aspiring baseball player, was struck on the left side of his face with a fastball pitch. He was not wearing a safety helmet. His zygomatic arch was crushed, as well as parts of the temporal bone. Following the accident and reconstructive surgery, he noted that his left lower eyelid was still drooping and the corner of his mouth sagged. What nerve damage did he sustain? Answer: He suffered facial nerve damage on his left side. Due to the bone damage, branches to the eye and jaw were probably damaged. It is possible that the damage could be reversible if the nerves were not cut or crushed completely.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 505

4) A nurse explains that the excruciating pain of tic douloureux is caused by what? Answer: The excruciating pain is caused by inflammation of the trigeminal nerve.
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 504

5) A patient received Morphine Sulfate, 10 mg IV, two hours ago for standard postoperative pain. She is now crying and complaining of continued pain. Is this an example of pain threshold or pain tolerance? Explain why. Answer: This is an example of pain tolerance. Pain tolerance is the maximum amount and duration of pain that an individual is willing to tolerate. In this case the patient appears to have a low tolerance because she is crying and complaining of continued pain.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 496

6) The patient is receiving transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for back pain. Describe how this may work based on the gate control theory. Answer: According to this theory, small-diameter nerve fibers carry pain stimuli through a gate, but larger diameter nerve fibers going through the same gate can inhibit the transmission of those pain impulses by closing the gate. The electrical stimulation of the skin s large touch fibers causes the gates to close, thereby inhibiting pain.
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 497