ICTE 1043 and 1063

Statistical Analysis with Software Application

Week 2
Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. classify data and its sources.
2. discuss the different types of variables
3. classify variables into levels of measurement.
 Data
❑ Facts and figures collected, analyzed, and summarized for
presentation and interpretation; the “data” to be analyzed
❑ Values associated with a variable
❑ All the data collected in a particular study are referred to as
the data set for the study.
e.g. Insurance companies are interested in the mean health costs each year for their
clients, so that they can determine the costs of health insurance. The variable in this
example is the health costs of one client and the data are the values associated with the
variable such as 56, 85, 23, etc.
Variable

❑ a characteristic or an attribute that can assume different

values.

Dichotomous Variable
◾A variable that can have only two values
Qualities of Variables
❑ Exhaustive
– Should include all possible answerable responses

❑ Mutually exclusive
– No respondent should be able to have two attributes
simultaneously
e.g.Employed vs. Unemployed
- it is possible to be both if looking for a second job while
employed
Types of Variables

Variable

Qualitative/ Quantitative/
categorical variable numerical variable

Discrete Continuous
Qualitative Variables

❑ Variables that do not assume numeric values

❑ Variable whose observations vary in kind but not in
degree
e.g. Sex
Religion
Marital status
Quantitative Variables

❑ Variables which assume numeric values

❑ Variable whose observations vary in magnitude

e.g. Age
No. of children
Income
Discrete Variable

❑ Quantitative variables whose observations can assume

only a countable number of values
❑ Values are obtained by counting
e.g. No. of children in the family
No. of COVID-19 cases in the Philippines
No. of dates in the past month
Continuous Variable

❑ Quantitative variables whose observations can

assume any one of the countless number of values.
❑ Values are obtained by measuring
e.g. Height
Weight
Time
Independent and Dependent Variables

❑ Independent Variable
-Cause or determine or influence the dependent
variable(s)

❑ Dependent Variable
-Presumed outcome of the influence of the independent
variable(s)
Direct relationship between Independent and Dependent variables

Independent Cause or Determine Dependent

Variables or Influence Variables
Intervening Variable

❑ Sometimes referred to as test or control variables.

❑ Used to test whether the observed relations between the
independent and dependent variables are spurious.
❑ Serve either to increase or decrease the effect the
independent variable has on the dependent variable.
 INTERVENING VARIABLE

Intervening
Variables

Independent Dependent
Variables Variables
Scales of Measurement
Measurement refers to the procedure of attributing qualities or
quantities to specific characteristics of objects, persons or
events. Measurement is a key process in quantitative research
and evaluation. If the measurement procedures are inadequate
its usefulness will be limited (Polgar & Thomas, 2008).

Levels of Measurement
❑ Nominal
❑ Ordinal
❑ Interval
❑ Ratio
Nominal Level

❑ A measurement level in which numbers are used as labels or

names rather than to reflect quantitative information.
e.g. Sex 1 = Male
2 = Female

- Marital status
- Religion
- Type of car used
Ordinal Level

❑ A measurement level in which values reflect only rank order

e.g. Educational attainment 1 = Elementary
2 = High School
3 = College
Service quality rating
Opinion on an issue (Strongly agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree,
Strongly disagree)
Interval Level

❑ A measurement level with an arbitrary zero point in

which numerically equal intervals at different locations on the
scale reflect the same quantitative difference
e.g. Temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit
IQ level
Standardized exam score
Ratio Level

❑ The highest level of measurement that has all the characteristics

of the interval scale plus a true zero point
e.g. Income
No. of children
Weekly mobile data load spending
Properties held by each level of measurement

Property
Level of
measurement Equal True zero
Categories Ranks
intervals point
Nominal Yes No No No

Ordinal Yes Yes No No

Interval Yes Yes Yes No

Ratio Yes Yes Yes Yes

Levels of Measurement Guidelines

❑ It is usually best to gather data at highest level of

measurement possible because one can perform more
mathematical operations and gain greater precision of
measurement

❑ Interval and ratio variables can be changed to become ordinal

or nominal variables but not vice versa.
 Level of
Nominal Ordinal Interval/Ratio
Measurement

Measures of Mode
Mode
central Mode Median
Median
tendency Mean

Min/Max/Range
Measures of Min/Max/Range
IQR
dispersion IQR
Std. Deviation

Graph Bar/Pie Bar/Pie Histogram

Frequencies
Procedures Frequencies Frequencies
Descriptive
Lecture c/o Dr. Jean Mendezabal. USL URC
 Parametric test (data Non-Parametric test
Dependent Independent
Comparing is normally (ordinal/ skewed
variable variable
distributed) data)

Averages of two Nominal Mann-Whitney test/

Scale Independent t-test
independent groups (Binary) Wilcoxon rank sum

Averages of 3+
Scale Nominal One-Way ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis test
independent groups

Average difference
Time/Condition Wilcoxon signed
between paired Scale Paired t-test
variable rank test
(matched) samples

The 3+
Time/Condition Repeated measures
measurements on the Scale Friedman test
variable ANOVA
same subject Lecture c/o Dr. Jean Mendezabal. USL URC
 Parametric test Non-Parametric
Dependent Independent
Comparing (data is normally test (ordinal/
variable variable
distributed) skewed data)

Relationship Pearson’s Spearman’s

between 2 Scale Scale Correlation Correlation
continuous variables Coefficient Coefficient

Predicting the value Simple Linear

Scale Any Transform the data
of one variable from Regression
the value of a Nominal
predictor variable Any Logistic Regression
(Binary)

Assessing the
relationship
Categorical Categorical Chi-squared test
between two
categorical variables
Lecture c/o Dr. Jean Mendezabal. USL URC
Cross-Sectional and Time Series Data

❑ Cross-Sectional are data collected made at a

single point in time.

Example:
1. The stock returns earned by shareholders of
Microsoft, IBM, and Samsung for the year ended
31st December 2018.
Cross-Sectional and Time Series Data

❑ Time Series Data are data collected over several time period.

Examples:
1. The daily or weekly closing price of a stock recorded over a
period spanning 13 weeks.
2. The set of monthly profits (both positive and negative)
earned by Samsung between the 1st of October 2018 and the
1st of December 2018.