Computer Networks

Lecture (2) Network

Standardization

Dr. Islam Mohammed Ibrahim

E_mail: [email protected]
 NETWORKS
A network is a set of devices (nodes) connected by
communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any
other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated
by other nodes on the network.
Client /server network
 Client /server network

Advantages Disadvantages

1-Scalable 1-Hard to install

2- Centralized Administration 2- Expensive
 Important Terms in networking

An internetwork is defined as two or more computer network LANs or WAN are

connected using devices
 Internet (Inter-network)

• An internetwork is defined as two or more computer network LANs or WAN

are connected using devices.

• A global computer network providing a variety of information and

communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using
standardized communication protocols
 Types Of Internetwork: Intranet

• An intranet belongs to an organization which is only accessible by the

organization's employee or members.

• The main aim of the intranet is to share the information and resources
among the organization employees.
 Types Of Internetwork: Extranet

• It is used for information sharing. The access to the extranet is restricted to

only those users who have login credentials.

• An extranet is the lowest level of internetworking. It can be categorized as

MAN, WAN or other computer networks.

• An extranet cannot have a single LAN, at least it must have one connection
to the external network.
 ISP (Internet Service Provider)

• Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services

related to accessing, using, managing, or participating in the Internet.
Important Terms
 Important Terms

A workstation is a high-performance computer built for professional tasks, It

features faster processors. With lots of RAM and extra storage, these computers
can run multiple intensive programs at once without slowing down.

A client is any computer hardware or software device that requests access to a

service provided by a server.

A Server is a program or a device that provides functionality for called clients which
are other programs or devices.
Server Roles
File Server

• The central server in a computer network that is responsible for the storage and
management of data files is called a File Server.

• In a File Server, users access a central storage space that acts as a medium to store
the internal data.
Print / Web Server

• A print server is a type of server that connects printers to client computers over a
network.

• A web server is computer software and underlying hardware that accepts requests via
HTTP (the network protocol created to distribute web content)
Proxy Server

• A proxy server is a system or router that provides a gateway between users and the
internet. Therefore, it helps prevent cyber attackers from entering a private network.
 Host

A host is a computer or other device that communicates with other

hosts on a network. Also known as network hosts, hosts include clients
and servers that send or receive data, services and applications
 Categories of Networks

1. Local Area Network (LAN)

2. WLAN (wireless LAN) : wireless connection without cables
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
4. CAN (campus area network) like university if we connect all building with
each other with LAN
5. MAN( Metropolitan area network )
6. PAN (Personal Area Network)
7. Peer to peer
8. Client/ server
 LAN (local area network)

A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together in one physical
location. It is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area
such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building.
 WAN (Wide area network)

a computer network that extends over a large geographical area, although it might be
confined within the bounds of a state or country.
 MAN (Metropolitan area network)

covers a larger area than that covered by a LAN and a smaller area as compared to
WAN.

MAN has a range of 5-50km. It covers a large geographical area.

MAN is designed for customers who need high-speed connectivity.

PAN (Personal area network)

A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a group of devices connected

without the use of wires or cables. Today, most PANs for everyday use are
wireless.

WPANs use close-range wireless connectivity protocols such as Bluetooth.

 WLAN (Wireless local area network)

A wireless local-area network (WLAN) is a group of computers or other

devices that form a network based on radio transmissions rather than wired
connections. A Wi-Fi network is a type of WLAN
 CAN (Campus area network)

• is a group of interconnected Local Area Networks (LAN) within a limited

geographical area like school campus, university campus, military bases, or
organizational campuses.
 DATA COMMUNICATIONS

The term telecommunication means communication at a distance.

The word data refers to information presented

Data communications are the exchange of data between two

devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire
cable or wireless.
Topics discussed in this section:
• Components
• Data Flow

components of data communication

 Data Representation
1. Text
2. Numbers
3. Images
4. Audio
5. Video

Data flow

 Simplex

 Half-duplex

 Full-duplex
Types of connections
 Point to point
 A dedicated link is provided
between two devices

 Multipoint
 More than two specific
devices share a single link
Physical topology Vs. Logical topology

• A physical topology describes how network devices are physically Like,

cables, wireless connectivity.

• A logical topology describes how network devices appear to be connected

to each other.
Physical topology Vs. Logical topology
Advantages of Physical topology

 Reliability: making sure that community connectivity is maintained although a

connection or device fails

 Tangible Representation: Physical topology offers a concrete representation of how

devices are physically linked, aiding in troubleshooting and maintenance
responsibilities.

 Scalability: Certain physical topologies, like the star topology, provide scalability,
allowing for smooth expansion by means of including extra devices.
Disadvantages of Physical topology

 Physical Damage: Physical topologies are liable to disruptions resulting from

physical damage to cables or networking hardware.

 Limited Flexibility: Changing a network’s physical architecture can be difficult and

involve a significant amount of reconfiguration.

 Costly Implementation: Some physical topologies can be quite expensive to build,

especially if they include a lot of cables or redundant hardware.
Types of logical Topology

1.Ethernet
2.TCP/IP •Advantages
•Flexibility
3.OSI •Efficient Resource Utilization
•Ease of Implementation

•Disadvantages
•Complexity
• Dependency on Protocols
•Potential Security Risks
Difference between logical & physical Topology
Difference between logical & physical Topology

Which topology is most stable?

Physical Topology is more stable then Logical Topology.

Thank
You!