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23 views26 pages

Lecture 4

Uploaded by

k3ro.morris
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Computer Networks

Lecture (4 ) Addressing and


TCP/IP Protocols

Dr. Islam Mohammed Ibrahim

E_mail: [email protected]
Addressing

 Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP


protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.
Addressing
Port Address

 Port address is a 16-bit address represented by one decimal number


ranged from (0-65535) to choose a process among multiple processes on
the destination host.
 Destination port number is needed for delivery.
Example
Physical Address

Physical addresses are imprinted on the NIC. Most local-area networks


(Ethernet) use a physical address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every
byte (2 hexadecimal digits). known also as the MAC address

Example:
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
Specific Address

E-mail address ([email protected])


Universal Resource Locator (URL) (www.ksu.edu.sa)

The Domain Name System (DNS) translates human-friendly


computer hostnames ( URL) into IP addresses.

For example, www.example.com is translated to 208.77.188.166


TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE History

 TCP/IP model was introduced in 1974.

 TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.

 The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) handles reliable delivery of


messages, and The Internet.

 Protocol (IP) manages the routing of network transmission from the sender
to the receiver.
Features of TCP/IP Model

A list of features of TCP/IP Model –


 Support from vendors: TCP/IP receives support from many hardware and
software vendors.

 Interoperability: It can be installed and used on every platform.

 Flexibility: An administrator

can automatically assign an IP address to a host.


TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE Vs. OSI model
TCP/IP and the DoD Model

 DoD stands for Department of Defense. It is a smaller version of the OSI


reference model.
TCP/IP DoD model has four layers that are:

• Process/Application layer
• Host-to-Host layer
• Internet layer
• Network Access Layer
Difference between TCP/IP and OSI network model:
Process/Application layer

 The Application layer of the DoD model is equivalent to the upper three layers of the OSI
model, i.e., Session layer, Presentation layer, and Application layer.

 Enable applications to communicate with each other.

 Provides access to the services that operate at the lower layers of the DoD model.

 It contains a protocol that implements user-level functions such as mail delivery, file
transfer, and remote login.
Host-to-Host layer

 A host-to-host layer of the DoD model performs the same functions as the Transport layer
of the OSI reference model.

 It handles issues such as flow control, reliable end-to-end communication, and ensuring
error-free delivery of the data.

 Protocols that operate on the Host-to-Host layer are: TCP and UDP
Internet layer

 Internet layer of the DoD model performs the same functions as the Network layer of the
OSI reference model.

 It handles the packaging, addressing, and routing of packets among multiple networks.

 This layer also establishes a connection between two computers to exchange the data.
Network Access Layer

• The Hardware connected to Network access layer are:

 Network medium: Cables like coaxial, twisted pair. Today, mostly, we use a wireless
medium such as Bluetooth, WI-FI.

 Network Interface Card (NIC) has two types of addresses.


The TCP/IP DoD Protocols
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

 It is a protocol used for transferring hypertext, i.e. (plain text, Images, sound, and video,
etc.) between two computers.

 Hypertext is the text that is specially coded using a standard coding language called
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).

 It provides standard communication between web browsers and web servers.

 It uses TCP port number 80


Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

 It encrypts the data that is being retrieved by HTTP

 It makes sure that the data transfer between the client and server is secure.

 It established an encrypted connection between the browser and the web server using the
Secure

 It increases the speed of data transfer as compared to HTTP.


Secured Protocols

• SSL (secured socket layer)


• TLS (Transport layer security)
Transport Protocols

• There are the following two protocols at this layer:


• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)


• It takes a large block of information from an application layer and breaks them into
segments.
• It is a full-duplex, connection-oriented, and reliable protocol
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) It is fast, connectionless, and unreliable


protocol.

 It has been designed to send data packets over the network.

 UDP does not provide reliability, flow control, and error recovery
mechanism.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

 It is the standard protocol that uses to transfer files between computers


and servers over a network such as the Internet.

 FTP server helps you to download, upload, and delete files.

 It uses TCP port number 21 to maintain the connection.

 It also uses TCP port number 20 for the actual transmission of the files.
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

 Trivial File Transfer Protocol is a simple file transfer protocol that is similar
to FTP.

 It uses UDP port number 69 for TFTP server.

 It does not provide authentication and security while transferring the files.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

 SMTP, the acronym is associated with Sending Mail To People.

 SMTP uses TCP protocol

 The default SMTP port number is 25.

 Secondary SMTP port number is 26.

 SMTP over SSL/TLS port number is 465.


Thank
You!

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