P = v(t) × i(t)= Vm sin(ωt) × (-Vm/ωL) cos(ωt)

Using trigonometric identity: sin(ωt) cos(ωt) = (1/2) sin(2ωt)

P = (-Vm²/2ωL) sin(2ωt)

Average Power (Pavg):

Pavg = (1/T) ∫P dt (over one cycle)

Since sin(2ωt) is periodic with zero mean:

Pavg = 0

Results:.Current lags applied voltage by 90°.

.Power consumed is zero (Pavg = 0).

9. Explain the advantage of three phase system of power supply compared to

single-phase system of power supply.

Ans.Efficient Power Transmission: Three-phase systems transmit power more

efficiently, reducing energy losses.

.Constant Power Supply: Three-phase systems provide a constant power supply,

whereas single-phase systems have pulsating power.

.Less Copper Requirement: For the same power transmission, three-phase systems
require less copper.

.Improved Power Factor: Three-phase systems have a better power factor, reducing
reactive power losses.

.Increased Power Density: Three-phase systems can transmit more power per unit
of wire cross-sectional area.

.Simplified Voltage Regulation: Three-phase systems have simpler voltage

regulation.

.Better Motor Efficiency: Three-phase induction motors are more efficient.

12. Define (i) active power (ii) reactive power (iii) apparent power and (iv)
power factor of an ac circuit.

Ans. (i) Active Power (P) Definition: Active power, also known as real power, is
the actual power consumed by a circuit to perform work Unit: Watts (W)

Formula: P = VI cos(φ)

(ii) Reactive Power (Q) Definition: Reactive power is the power that flows back
and forth between the source and load without doing any work. Unit: Volt-
Amperes Reactive (VAR)

Formula: Q = VI sin(φ)

(iii) Apparent Power (S) Definition: Apparent power is the vector sum of active
and reactive power. Unit: Volt-Amperes (VA)

Formula: S = VI

(iv) Power Factor (PF) Definition: Power factor is the ratio of active power to
apparent power. Unit: Unitless (range: 0 to 1)

Formula: PF = P/S = cos(φ).

PART-B
1. Give the specifications of a resistor. The colour bands marked on a resistor
are Blue, Grey,Yellow and Gold. What are the minimum and maximum
resistance values expected from that resistance?

Ans. Color Band Interpretation:

.Blue (1st band): 6

.Grey (2nd band): 8

.Yellow (3rd band): ×10^4 (multiplier)

.Gold (4th band): ±5% (tolerance)

Resistor Value Calculation:

.First two bands: 68 (Blue-Grey)

.Multiplier: ×10^4 (Yellow)

.Resistance value: 680,000 Ω or 680 kΩ

Tolerance (Gold band): ±5% of nominal value

Minimum and Maximum Resistance Values:

Minimum: 680 kΩ - 5% = 646 kΩ

Maximum: 680 kΩ + 5% = 714 kΩ

Resistor Specifications:

- Nominal Resistance: 680 kΩ

- Tolerance: ±5%

- Minimum Resistance: 646 kΩ

- Maximum Resistance: 714 kΩ.

2. What is meant by avalanche breakdown?

Ans. Avalanche Breakdown: Avalanche breakdown is a phenomenon that occurs in

reverse-biased p-n junctions, where a rapid increase in reverse current occurs due
to the acceleration of charge carriers.

Mechanism: Reverse bias: Applies a voltage across the p-n junction, increasing the
electric field.

.Carrier acceleration: Free electrons and holes gain energy, accelerating through
the junction.

.Impact ionization: Accelerated carriers collide with lattice atoms, creating new
electron-hole pairs.

.Avalanche effect: New carriers accelerate, creating more pairs, leading to an

exponential increase in reverse current.
Types of Avalanche Breakdown: Impact ionization avalanche

.Tunneling avalanche.

3. Explain the working of a full-wave bridge rectifier.

A full-wave bridge rectifier converts an alternating current (AC) input to a direct

current (DC) output, utilizing four diodes in a diamond configuration.

Working Principle:

.Positive Half-Cycle:

- D1 and D3 conduct

- D2 and D4 are reverse-biased

- Current flows through D1, load, and D3

.Negative Half-Cycle:

- D2 and D4 conduct

- D1 and D3 are reverse-biased

- Current flows through D2, load, and D4

Output:

- DC output voltage (VDC) is the absolute value of the AC input voltage

- Ripple frequency is twice the AC input frequency

Advantages: Efficient use of AC input

.Higher output voltage

.Smaller ripple factor

.Better voltage regulation

Disadvantages:

.Requires four diodes

.Diode losses

Applications:.Power supplies

.DC motor control

.Audio equipment

.Medical devices.

4. Discuss the role of coupling and bypass capacitors in a single stage RC

coupled amplifier.

Ans. Role of Coupling and Bypass Capacitors in Single-Stage RC Coupled

Amplifier:

Coupling Capacitors (Cc):

.Block DC voltage between stages

.Allow AC signal to pass through

.Isolate biasing networks

.Prevent DC offset at output

Bypass Capacitors (Cb):

.Shunt AC signal to ground

.Bypass emitter resistor (RE)

.Improve voltage gain

.Reduce negative feedback

Functions in RC Coupled Amplifier:

.Input Coupling Capacitor (Cc1):

- Couples input signal to base

- Blocks DC voltage from source

.Output Coupling Capacitor (Cc2):

- Couples output signal to load

- Blocks DC voltage to load

.Bypass Capacitor (Cb):

- Shunts AC signal to ground at emitter

Advantages:

.Improved voltage gain

.Better frequency response

.Reduced distortion

.Increased input impedance.

5. Differentiate AM and FM communication systems.

AM Amplitude Modulation) (Definition: Modulation of carrier wave amplitude

by information signal.

Characteristics:Simple implementation

.Low bandwidth requirements

.Susceptible to noise and interference

.Limited frequency range

.Low audio quality

Applications:

.Radio broadcasting

.Telephone systems

.Simple communication systems

FM (Frequency Modulation) Definition: Modulation of carrier wave frequency

by information signal.

Characteristics:

.Resistant to noise and interference

.Higher bandwidth requirements

.Better audio quality

.Wider frequency range

.More complex implementation

Applications:

.High-fidelity audio broadcasting

.Television audio

.Satellite communication

.Wireless microphones.

6. What are the different types of capacitors? Find the value of the capacitor
coded as 103.

Ans. Types of Capacitors:

.Ceramic Capacitors
.Film Capacitors (Polyester, Polypropylene)

.Electrolytic Capacitors (Aluminum, Tantalum)

.Tantalum Capacitors

.Mica Capacitors

.Glass Capacitors

.Air Capacitors

.Vacuum Capacitors

.Supercapacitors (EDLC)

.Hybrid Capacitors

Value of Capacitor Coded as 103:

The code "103" follows the 3-digit notation:

.First two digits (10): Capacitance value (10 × 10^x)

.Third digit (3): Multiplier (10^3)

Calculation: 10 × 10^3 = 10 × 1000 = 10,000 pF or 0.01 μF

Therefore, the capacitor coded as 103 has a value of 0.01 μF or 10,000 pF.

7.Sketch the energy band diagram of conductors, insulator and

semiconductors.
 .Insulators,
.Semiconductors
.Conductors.
8. Discuss the need of modulation
Ans. .Overcome Transmission Limitations: - Frequency range: Modulation shifts
information to higher frequencies for efficient transmission. Distance: Modulation
helps maintain signal strength over long distances.
.Improve Signal Quality:-Noise reduction: Modulation helps distinguish signal
from noise.Interference mitigation: Modulation reduces electromagnetic
interference.
.Increase Information Capacity: Multiplexing: Modulation enables multiple
signals to share a single channel.

9. What is biasing? List the advantage of potential divider biasing

Ans. Biasing is the process of establishing a fixed DC operating point for an
electronic device, typically a transistor or diode, to ensure proper operation.
Types of Biasing:.Fixed Biasing
.Potential Divider Biasing (Voltage Divider Biasing)
.Collector-to-Base Biasing
.Feedback Biasing
Potential Divider Biasing:
Advantages:Stability: Provides a stable operating point despite changes in
temperature or device parameters.
.Flexibility: Allows for easy adjustment of bias voltage and current.
.Reduced Distortion: Minimizes distortion due to improved operating point
stability.
.Simple Implementation: Requires only two resistors.
.Improved Linearity: Enhances amplifier linearity.
.Reduced Thermal Drift: Compensates for temperature-induced changes.
.Better Noise Immunity: Reduces noise sensitivity.
10. With a neat diagram explain the working of an instrumentation system.
Ans.

Working:
.Transducer: Converts physical parameter (temperature, pressure, flow rate) into
electrical signal.
.Signal Conditioning: Amplifies, filters, and modifies the signal to improve quality
and compatibility.
- Amplification
- Filtering (noise reduction)
- Isolation
- Conversion (e.g., analog-to-digital)
.Signal Processing: Enhances signal for analysis, storage, or display.
- Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC)
- Digital signal processing (DSP)
- Data compression
.Display and Recording: Presents data in readable format.
- Digital displays (LCD, LED)
- Analog displays (meter, chart recorder)
- Data loggers
- Printers
.Control or Alarm System: Takes action based on measured data.
- Control signals to actuators
- Alarm triggers (visual, auditory)
- Automatic correction systems.
11. Explain the working of bridge rectifier.
Ans. Working:
.Positive Half-Cycle:
- D1 and D3 conduct
- D2 and D4 are reverse-biased
- Current flows through D1, load, and D3
.Negative Half-Cycle:
- D2 and D4 conduct
- D1 and D3 are reverse-biased
- Current flows through D2, load, and D4
Output:
- DC output voltage (VDC) is the absolute value of the AC input voltage
- Ripple frequency is twice the AC input frequency
Advantages:
.Efficient use of AC input
.Higher output voltage
.Smaller ripple factor
.Better voltage regulation.
12. Draw the block diagram of a public address system and write the role of
each block.
Ans.Microphone:Converts sound waves into electrical signals.
.Pre-Amplifier:Amplifies low-level microphone signals. Provides impedance
matching.
.Amplifier:Boosts signal level for further processing. Drives equalizer and
compressor.
.Equalizer:Adjusts frequency response for optimal sound. Enhances clarity and
intelligibility.

.Compressor: Limits signal amplitude to prevent distortion. Maintains consistent

volume levels.

.Crossover:Divides frequency range among multiple speakers. Ensures efficient

speaker operation.
.Power Amplifier:Delivers high-power signals to speakers. Provides sufficient
current for speakers.

.Speakers: Convert electrical signals back into sound waves.

MODULE-1
7. State and explain Kirchhoff’s laws.
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)The algebraic sum of currents entering a node
(or junction) is equal to the algebraic sum of currents leaving the node.
Explanation:
.Define a node as a point where two or more components meet.
.Label currents entering the node as positive (+) and currents leaving as negative (-
.Sum all currents entering and leaving the node.
.The sum of entering currents equals the sum of leaving currents.
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
The algebraic sum of voltage changes around a closed loop is zero."
.Define a loop as a closed path in a circuit.
.Traverse the loop, summing voltage changes:
- Voltage rises (+) when traversing a voltage source.
- Voltage drops (-) when traversing a resistor or other component.
.The sum of voltage changes around the loop equals zero.

MODULE-2

8.(a)State and explain Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction with examples.

Ans. First Law (Law of Induction):An electromotive force (EMF) is induced in a
conductor when it is exposed to a changing magnetic field.
Explanation:
.A conductor (coil or wire) is placed in a magnetic field.
.The magnetic field changes (increases or decreases) due to:
- Moving the conductor
- Changing the current in another nearby coil
- Switching the magnetic field on/off
.An EMF (voltage) is induced in the conductor.
Second Law (Law of Induction Proportionality): The magnitude of the induced
EMF is proportional to:
.Rate of change of magnetic flux
.Number of turns in the conductor"
Mathematical Formulation: ε = -N(dΦ/dt)
Where:
ε = induced EMF (V)
N = number of turns
Φ = magnetic flux (Wb)
t = time (s)
Examples:
.Generator: A coil rotates within a magnetic field, inducing an EMF.
.Transformer: Changing current in the primary coil induces an EMF in the
secondary coil.
.Induction Cooktop: Changing magnetic field induces an EMF in the cookware.

(b) Differentiate between statically and dynamically induced emf. A conductor

of length 0.5m moves in a uniform magnetic field of flux density 1.1T at a
velocity of 30m/s. Calculate the emf induced in the conductor if the direction
of motion of the conductor is inclined at 600 to the direction of field.
Ans.
Statically Induced EMF:
- Occurs when the magnetic field changes due to:
- Switching the field on/off
- Changing the field strength
- Moving the conductor within a non-uniform field
- Examples: Transformer, coil rotation in a stationary field
Dynamically Induced EMF:
- Occurs when the conductor moves within a magnetic field
- Motion induces an EMF due to changing magnetic flux
- Examples: Generator, motor, moving coil in a uniform field
Problem: Calculating Dynamically Induced EMF
Given:
- Conductor length (l) = 0.5 m
- Magnetic flux density (B) = 1.1 T
- Velocity (v) = 30 m/s
- Angle between motion and field (θ) = 60°
Formula:
ε = Blv sin(θ)
Calculation:ε = 1.1 T × 0.5 m × 30 m/s × sin(60°) ,ε = 1.1 × 0.5 × 30 × 0.866
(sin(60°) = 0.866) ε = 14.15 V
Induced EMF: The conductor experiences an induced EMF of 14.15 V.

9.(a)Derive the amplitude factor and form factor of a purely sinusoidal

waveform.
Ans. Sinusoidal Waveform: v(t) = Vm sin(ωt)
Where:
- v(t) = instantaneous voltage
- Vm = maximum voltage (amplitude)
- ω = angular frequency (2πf)
- t = time
Amplitude Factor (Vm): The amplitude factor, Vm, represents the maximum value
of the sinusoidal waveform.
Root Mean Square (RMS) Value (Vrms):
Vrms = √(1/T ∫[v(t)]^2 dt)
For a sinusoidal waveform:
Vrms = √(1/T ∫[Vm sin(ωt)]^2 dt)= Vm / √2 = Vm / 1.414
Form Factor (Kf):
Form factor, Kf, is the ratio of RMS value to peak value:
Kf = Vrms / Vm = (Vm / 1.414) / Vm = 1 / 1.414 = 0.707
Summary:
- Amplitude Factor (Vm): maximum voltage
- Form Factor (Kf): 0.707 (or 1/√2).
(b) A current wave is made up of two components-a 5A dc component and a
50Hz ac component, which is a sinusoidal wave with a peak value of 5A.
Sketch the resultant waveform and determine its RMS and average values.
Ans. Resultant Waveform:
The resultant waveform is a sinusoidal wave with a DC offset.
Mathematical Representation: i(t) = 5 + 5 sin(2πft)
Where:
i(t) = instantaneous current
f = frequency (50 Hz)
t = time
RMS Value:
First, calculate the RMS value of the AC component: Iac(rms) = 5/√2 = 3.535 A
Then, calculate the RMS value of the resultant waveform:
Irms = √(Idc^2 + Iac(rms)^2) = √(5^2 + 3.535^2) = √(25 + 12.5) = √37.5 = 6.12 A
Average Value: The average value of the sinusoidal AC component is zero.
The average value of the resultant waveform is the DC component:
Iavg = 5 A.

MODULE-3
10. Draw the power triangle and define active, reactive and apparent powers
in ac circuits.Two coils A and B are connected in series across a 240V, 50Hz
supply. The resistance of A is 5 and the inductance of B is 0.015H. If the
input from the supply is 3kW and 2kVAR, find the inductance of A and the
resistance of B. Also calculate the voltage across each coil.
Ans. Power Triangle:

+---------------+
| Apparent |
| Power (S) |
+---------------+
/ \
/ \
/ \
+---------------+ +---------------+
| Active | | Reactive |
| Power (P) | | Power (Q) |
6. a) Explain with diagram the principle of operation of an NPN transistor.
Ans. NPN Transistor Structure:
Emitter (E)
Base (B)
Collector (C)
Operation:
.Emitter-Base Junction (Forward-Biased):
- Positive voltage applied to base with respect to emitter.
- Majority carriers (electrons) flow from emitter to base.
.Base-Collector Junction (Reverse-Biased):
- Positive voltage applied to collector with respect to base.
- Minority carriers (electrons) flow from base to collector.
Current Flow:
- Emitter current (IE) = Base current (IB) + Collector current (IC)
- IB is small compared to IC
Operation Modes:
.Active Region: Amplification
.Saturation: Switching (fully ON)
Biasing:
- VBE (Base-Emitter Voltage) = 0.7 V
- VCE (Collector-Emitter Voltage) = VCC - IC * RC
Applications:
- Amplifiers
- Switches
- Logic gates
- Power electronics

(b) Draw the frequency response characteristics of an RC coupled amplifier

and state the reasons for the reduction of gain at lower and higher
frequencies.
Ans.

Low Frequency Response

f → 0, Gain → 0
Midband Frequency Response
f = f_m, Gain = A_m (Maximum Gain)
High Frequency Response
f → ∞, Gain → 0
Reasons for Reduction of Gain:
Low Frequencies (< 100 Hz):
.Coupling Capacitor (C_c): Acts as high impedance, reducing input signal.
.Increased impedance due to capacitor's reactance (X_c = 1 / 2πfC).
High Frequencies (> 100 kHz):
.Miller Effect: Capacitance between base and collector (C_bc) increases effective
input capacitance.
.Parasitic capacitances and lead inductances.
.Reduced base-emitter junction capacitance.
Midband Frequency Response:

- Gain remains relatively constant (A_m).

- Frequency range: 100 Hz to 100 kHz.

9.(a)With the help of block diagram, explain how an electronic

instrumentation system.
Ans. Components and Functions:
.Transducer:Converts physical parameter to electrical signal.Examples:
Thermocouples, strain gauges, pressure sensors.
.Signal Conditioning: Amplifies, filters, and modifies signal. Examples:
Amplifiers, filters, isolators.
.Amplifier:Increases signal strength. Examples: Operational amplifiers,
instrumentation amplifiers.
.Filter: Removes noise and unwanted frequencies. Examples: Low-pass, high-pass,
band-pass filters.
.Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC): Converts analog signal to digital data.
Examples: Successive approximation, sigma-delta ADCs.
.Processor/Controller: Processes data, performs calculations.Examples:
Microcontrollers, digital signal processors.
.Display/Output: Presents data in readable format. Examples: LCD displays,
printers, plotter.
Types of Electronic Instrumentation Systems:
.Measurement systems
.Control systems
.Monitoring systems
.Data acquisition systems
(b) Explain the principle of an antenna.
Ans. Principle of an Antenna: An antenna is a device that converts electrical
energy into electromagnetic waves (transmission) or vice versa (reception).
Transmission:
.Electrical current flows through the antenna.
.Magnetic field generates around the antenna.
.Electric field induces, perpendicular to magnetic field.
.Electromagnetic wave radiates.
Reception:
.Electromagnetic wave incident on antenna.
.Electric field induces current in antenna.
.Magnetic field generates around antenna.
.Signal processed and decoded.
Applications:
.Radio communication
.Radar systems
.Satellite communication
.Wireless networks
.Broadcasting.

8. a) With a neat circuit diagram, explain the working of an RC coupled

amplifier.
Ans.Working:
.Input Signal: Applied to base of Q1.
.Amplification: Q1 amplifies input signal.
.Coupling: C1 couples amplified signal to Q2.
.Biasing: R2 and R4 provide biasing for Q1 and Q2.
.Emitter Resistance: RE provides stability.
.Output: Taken from collector of Q2.
RC Coupled Amplifier Characteristics:
- Low frequency response limited by coupling capacitors.
- High frequency response limited by parasitic capacitances.
- Midband frequency response provides maximum gain.
- Gain: 10-1000.
- Bandwidth: 100 Hz - 100 kHz.

Advantages:- Simple design, Low cost, High gain.

Disadvantages: Limited bandwidth, Low input impedance.

Applications: Audio amplifiers, Instrumentation amplifiers, Medical devices.

 MODULE-4

(b) Sketch and explain the typical input-output characteristics of a BJT when
connected in common emitter configuration.

Input Characteristics: Non-linear relationship between Ib and Vbe.Threshold

voltage (Vbe) ≈ 0.7 V. Base current (Ib) increases exponentially with Vbe.

Output Characteristics: Three regions:

.Cut-off: Ic ≈ 0, Vce > Vce(sat).

.Active: Ic ∝ Ib, Vce > Vce(sat).

.Saturation: Ic ≈ maximum, Vce ≈ 0.

- Collector current (Ic) increases with base current (Ib).

- Collector-emitter voltage (Vce) decreases with increasing Ic.

Applications: Amplifiers, Switches, Logic gates.

Advantages: High current gain, High voltage gain, Simple configuration.

Disadvantages: Non-linear input characteristics, Limited output
resistance.

7.(a)Explain the formation of a potential barrier in a P-N junction diode.

Ans. Step 1: Creation of P-N Junction

- P-type semiconductor (positive charge carriers): Holes (p+) and

electrons (n-). N-type semiconductor (negative charge carriers):
Electrons (n+) and holes (p-). Joining P and N-type semiconductors
creates a P-N junction.

Step 2: Depletion Region Formation

Electrons from N-side diffuse into P-side. Holes from P-side diffuse into
N-side. Depletion region (or space charge region) forms.

Step 3: Potential Barrier Creation

Electrons moving from N to P-side leave behind positively charged

donor ions. Holes moving from P to N-side leave behind negatively
charged acceptor ions. Electric field develops across depletion region.

Potential Barrier: Height of potential barrier (V_B): ≈ 0.7 eV for silicon.

Width of depletion region (W): depends on doping concentrations.

(b) What do you understand by Avalanche breakdown? Draw and explain the
V-I characteristics of a P-N junction and Zener diode.
Ans.

Avalanche breakdown occurs when a high reverse voltage applied across

a P-N junction causes a rapid increase in reverse current, leading to
device failure.

Reverse Bias Region: Reverse current (I_R) is very small. Increases

slightly with voltage. Avalanche breakdown occurs at V_B (breakdown
voltage).

Zener Breakdown Region: Reverse current (I_Z) increases rapidly.Voltage

remains relatively constant (V_Z). Used for voltage regulation.

Applications: Voltage regulation, Overvoltage protection, Signal clipping.

MODULE-6

10.a) With the help of a block diagram, explain the working of Super
hetrodyne receiver.

Ans.
Working:

.RF Amplifier: Amplifies incoming RF signal.

.Mixer: Mixes RF signal with Local Oscillator (LO) signal. Produces

Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal.

.Local Oscillator: Generates LO signal, slightly offset from RF frequency.

.IF Amplifier: Amplifies IF signal.

.Detector: Demodulates IF signal, extracting original information.

.Audio Amplifier: Amplifies detected signal.

.Speaker: Converts electrical signal to sound.

Superheterodyne Principle:

- Frequency conversion: RF → IF

- Improved selectivity and sensitivity

- Reduced image frequency interference

Advantages: Better sensitivity, Improved selectivity, Reduced noise

Disadvantages:Complex circuitry, Requires precise LO tuning

Applications: Radio broadcasting, Television reception,

Communication systems.

(b) Explain the importance of antenna in a communication system.

Ans. Functions:

.Transmission: Converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves.

. Reception: Converts electromagnetic waves into electrical signals.

Key Roles:

.Signal Radiation: Efficiently radiates signal into free space.

.Signal Reception: Captures and concentrates signal from free space.

.Directionality: Enhances signal strength in desired direction.

.Frequency Selection: Filters out unwanted frequencies.

.Impedance Matching: Matches antenna impedance to system impedance.

Benefits:

.Improved Signal Quality

.Increased Range and Coverage

.Enhanced Directionality
.Reduced Interference

.Increased System Efficiency

11. (a) With neat sketches explain a cellular communication system.

Ans. A cellular network consists of:

.Mobile Stations (MS)

.Base Stations (BS)

.MSCobile Switching Center (M)

.Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

Mobile Station (MS)

- Handset or mobile phone

- Transmits and receives signals to/from Base Station

Base Station (BS)

- Tower or cell site

- Covers specific geographic area (cell)

- Communicates with Mobile Stations

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

- Controls multiple Base Stations

- Manages call setup, handover, and termination

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

- Connects to MSC for external communication

Working

.Mobile Station initiates call.

.Base Station receives signal and forwards to MSC.

.MSC sets up call and connects to PSTN.

.PSTN connects call to destination.

Advantages.Increased capacity, Improved coverage, Reduced interference,

Enhanced mobility

Applications

.Voice communication

.Data transmission

.SMS and MMS

.Internet access
(b) Explain GSM communication with the help of a block diagram.

Ans. GSM Network Components:

.Mobile Station (MS)

.Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

.Base Station Controller (BSC)

.Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

.Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

GSM Communication Process:

.MS initiates call.

.BTS receives signal and forwards to BSC.

.BSC manages call setup and assigns channel.

.MSC connects call to PSTN/GSM network.

.PSTN/GSM network connects call to destination.