CS-1002

Programming Fundamentals

Semester Fall 2024

FAST School of Computing

 National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences – FAST (CFD)
School of Computing: Programming Fundamentals

Note: Use of any sort of loops for the following questions is not permitted.

Question 1:
Sara wants to develop tools for her team at the tech company. Her team needs a tool that
converts numbers from binary (base 2) or octal (base 8) into decimal (base 10). However, the
input numbers in binary or octal will always be 3, 4, or 5 digits long to simplify their tasks, the
system would handle all 3 cases itself and we don’t want to burden the user by making them
input the number of digits as well.
Your job is to help Sara by writing a C++ program that will prompt the user to input a binary or
octal number (3, 4, or 5 digits long), and the program will convert that number into decimal.
Requirements:
• The user will first choose whether they are inputting a binary (base 2) or octal (base 8)
number:
o Press 1 to enter a binary number.
o Press 2 to enter an octal number.
• Based on the user’s selection, prompt them to input a number with either 3, 4, or 5 digits.
o For binary, the number must only contain 0 and 1.
o For octal, the number must only contain digits from 0 to 7.
• If the user inputs a number that isn’t 3, 4, or 5 digits long it should display an error
message and not product any other output.
• Use a switch statement to handle the user’s selection of either binary or octal.
• Convert the valid input number to decimal (base 10) and display the result.
• If the user enters any choice other than 1 or 2 for the base selection, display an error
message and terminate the program.

Question 2:

Monthly Income Tax Calculation for Pakistani Citizens

You are tasked with writing a program for the Tax Advisory Portal that helps Pakistani citizens
calculate their monthly income tax liability. The tax calculation follows the Pakistani income tax
system for both salaried and non-salaried individuals for the fiscal year 2023-2024. The program
also considers a 25% tax rebate for teachers employed by non-profit educational institutions.
Requirements:
• The user will input their annual income in Pakistani Rupees (PKR) and specify whether
they are salaried or non-salaried.
• The user must also specify whether they are a teacher working in a non-profit
organization
• Based on the input, the program will calculate the annual income tax using the tax
brackets below.
• If the user is a teacher in a non-profit organization, the program will apply a 25% rebate
on the calculated annual tax.

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School of Computing: Programming Fundamentals

• The program will output the monthly tax deduction, assuming the annual tax is divided
equally over 12 months.
• If the annual income is less than PKR 600,000, the program should inform the user that
no tax is deducted.
Tax Brackets for Salaried Individuals (2023-2024):
1. Up to PKR 600,000: No tax.
2. PKR 600,001 to PKR 1,200,000: 2.5% of the amount exceeding PKR 600,000.
3. PKR 1,200,001 to PKR 2,400,000: PKR 15,000 + 12.5% of the amount exceeding PKR
1,200,000.
4. PKR 2,400,001 to PKR 3,600,000: PKR 165,000 + 20% of the amount exceeding PKR
2,400,000.
5. PKR 3,600,001 to PKR 6,000,000: PKR 405,000 + 25% of the amount exceeding PKR
3,600,000.
6. Above PKR 6,000,001: PKR 1,005,000 + 32.5% of the amount exceeding PKR 6,000,000.
Tax Brackets for Non-Salaried Individuals (2023-2024):
1. Up to PKR 600,000: No tax.
2. PKR 600,001 to PKR 1,200,000: 5% of the amount exceeding PKR 600,000.
3. PKR 1,200,001 to PKR 2,400,000: PKR 30,000 + 12.5% of the amount exceeding PKR
1,200,000.
4. PKR 2,400,001 to PKR 3,600,000: PKR 180,000 + 17.5% of the amount exceeding PKR
2,400,000.
5. PKR 3,600,001 to PKR 6,000,000: PKR 390,000 + 22.5% of the amount exceeding PKR
3,600,000.
6. Above PKR 6,000,001: PKR 975,000 + 30% of the amount exceeding PKR 6,000,000.
Input:
• The program should prompt the user to enter their annual income in Pakistani Rupees
(PKR).
• The user will specify whether they are salaried or non-salaried.
• The user will specify whether they are a teacher in a non-profit organization by entering
'yes' or 'no'.
Output:
• The program will display:
1. The annual income tax based on the appropriate tax brackets (salaried or non-
salaried).
2. If the user is a teacher in a non-profit, apply the 25% tax rebate on the calculated
annual tax.
3. The monthly tax deduction (annual tax after rebate divided by 12).
Example Scenario 1:
A salaried employee earns an annual salary of PKR 1,500,000 and is not a teacher. The program
will calculate the tax based on the salaried brackets and display the monthly tax deduction.
Example Scenario 2:

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 National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences – FAST (CFD)
School of Computing: Programming Fundamentals

A non-salaried individual earns PKR 2,000,000 annually and is a teacher in a non-profit. The
program will calculate the tax using the non-salaried brackets, apply the 25% rebate, and then
display the monthly tax deduction based on the reduced tax.
Constraints:
• The program must handle tax calculation for both salaried and non-salaried individuals.
• You must use if-else statements to determine tax brackets and rebates.
• No loops should be used in the solution.
• The program should perform input validation to ensure that the income entered is a
positive number and correctly validate whether the user is salaried and/or a teacher in a
non-profit.

Question 3:
FESCO Residential Electricity Bill Calculation
You are tasked with developing a program that calculates the monthly electricity bill for
residential customers of FESCO (Federal Electric Supply Company) based on their monthly
consumption in units. The calculation differs based on the number of units consumed, and it
includes applicable taxes.
Requirements:
1. The user will input the following:
o The number of units consumed in a month (should be a non-negative integer).
2. The bill calculation will follow these rules:
o For consumption of:
▪ 0 to 100 units: PKR 5 per unit
▪ 101 to 300 units: PKR 7 per unit
▪ 301 to 400 units: PKR 24.40 per unit
▪ 401 to 500 units: PKR 24.91 per unit
▪ 501 to 600 units: PKR 26.15 per unit
▪ 601 to 700 units: PKR 27.59 per unit
3. Taxes:
o The total bill will incur an additional 10% tax (for general tax).
4. The program should ensure the following:
o Input validation to ensure that the number of units consumed is a non-negative
integer.
5. The program should calculate the total bill based on the above rates, apply the taxes, and
display the calculated amount to the user.
Example Inputs and Outputs:
• Input:
o Units Consumed: 250
Output:
o Total Bill (before tax): PKR 1,700
o Total Tax: PKR 170
o Total Bill (after tax): PKR 1,870

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 National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences – FAST (CFD)
School of Computing: Programming Fundamentals

• Input:
o Units Consumed: 350
Output:
o Total Bill (before tax): PKR 8,720
o Total Tax: PKR 872
o Total Bill (after tax): PKR 9,592
Notes:
• Make sure to handle the calculation logic using if-else statements to determine the
applicable rates based on the number of units consumed and apply the tax calculations
correctly.

Question 4:
Advanced Health Insurance Premium Calculator
Develop a program that calculates health insurance premiums based on the following criteria:
• Age of the applicant:
o Under 18: 2,000 PKR per month
o 18 - 30: 3,500 PKR per month
o 31 - 50: 5,000 PKR per month
o Above 50: 8,000 PKR per month
• Pre-existing conditions:
o No pre-existing conditions: no additional charge
o One pre-existing condition: 25% increase in premium
o More than one pre-existing condition: 50% increase in premium
• Smoker status: An additional 20% if the applicant is a smoker.
The program should ask the user for their age, whether they have pre-existing conditions, and if
they smoke. It should then calculate and display the total premium, including all adjustments.
Ensure input validation is present for age and condition status.

Question 5:
Create a C++ program that assesses an individual's qualification for a personal loan based on the
following criteria:
• Annual income: Must be at least 1,500,000 PKR.
• Credit score: Must be above 700.
• Debt-to-income ratio: Must not exceed 35%.
• Employment status: Must be employed for at least the last 2 years.
The program should ask for these inputs and use a series of nested if-else statements to
determine:
• If the applicant is eligible for the loan.
• If not, provide a specific reason (e.g., income too low, credit score too low, high debt-to-
income ratio, or insufficient employment duration).

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 National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences – FAST (CFD)
School of Computing: Programming Fundamentals

Make sure that once there is enough information that deems the user unqualified for a loan the
system must no longer take further inputs and stop and inform the user that they are ineligible.

Question 6:
Secure Login System with Multi-Layer Authentication
Design a program that simulates a multi-layer authentication system for a secure login. A user
must input:
• A username
• A password
• A 2-factor authentication code (e.g., a 6-digit OTP)
The program should allow access if:
1. The password is correct.
2. When the username password matches, the 2-factor authentication code is entered
correctly.
3. The user does not have any previous failed login attempts in the current session.
If any of these conditions fail, display an appropriate error message.
Hint: Use the NOT operator to check if there are no failed login attempts (!failedAttempts), and
combine conditions for the password and OTP.
Username password and OTP all will be of int type.

Question 7:
Conditional Decryption Scheme
A secret agency has developed two different decryption schemes based on the case of the first
character of a 5-character encrypted message. You are tasked with creating a program that
decrypts this message.
• The user will input exactly 5 characters.
• If the first character is a capital letter (A-Z), the program will use Scheme 1.
• If the first character is a lowercase letter (a-z), the program will use Scheme 2.
Scheme 1:
1. Shift by ASCII value: For each character in the string, subtract 3 from its ASCII value.
2. Reverse the string: Once all characters are shifted, reverse the entire string.
3. Print the decrypted message.
Scheme 2:
1. Vowel replacement: Replace all vowels in the string with the next vowel in the sequence:
o a→e
o e→i
o i→o
o o→u
o u→a
2. Swap case: Convert all lowercase letters to uppercase and all uppercase letters to
lowercase.

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 National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences – FAST (CFD)
School of Computing: Programming Fundamentals

3. Print the decrypted message.

Input/Output Example:
Example 1:
• Input: "Bdfh7"
• The first character is a capital letter, so Scheme 1 is used.
• Decrypted message: After applying Scheme 1, the output is "48?ec".
Example 2:
• Input: "aDc3F"
• The first character is lowercase, so Scheme 2 is used.
• Decrypted message: After applying Scheme 2, the output is "EDC3f".
Additional Notes:
• You are required to ensure that the input has exactly 5 characters.
• Use ASCII values to handle character shifting.
• Only English alphabets and numeric digits (0-9) are considered valid input.

Question 8:
Smart Energy Billing System
A smart energy billing system is developed to optimize billing and load management based on
the first digit of a user's 5-digit customer number. The system analyzes the first digit and applies
different scenarios to calculate the user's final bill.
• The user will input their 5-digit customer number and monthly power usage in kWh.
• The program will determine the scenario based on the first (leftmost) digit of the
customer number.
Load Management Scenarios:
1. If the first digit is a prime number (2, 3, 5, 7):
o The system will add a 10% discount on the total bill if the user’s usage is less than
300 kWh.
o If the usage is above 300 kWh, the customer receives a flat rate bill with no
discount.
2. If the first digit is an odd number but not prime (1, 9):
o The user will be charged extra for peak-hour usage.
o The system will ask the user to input their peak-hour consumption in kWh.
o If peak-hour consumption is more than 50% of the total monthly usage, a 15%
surcharge is applied on the total bill.
o Otherwise, the user pays the normal rate with no surcharge.
3. If the first digit is 0 or an even number (4, 6, 8):
o The user is classified as a low-risk consumer and is exempt from all surcharges.
o They will only be charged a flat rate for their monthly usage, with no discounts or
extra charges.
Input/Output Example:
Example 1:
• Input: Customer Number: 35792, Monthly Usage: 280 kWh

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 National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences – FAST (CFD)
School of Computing: Programming Fundamentals

• The first digit is 3, which is a prime number.

• Since the usage is less than 300 kWh, the user receives a 10% discount.
• Output: "10% discount applied. Final bill: X"
Example 2:
• Input: Customer Number: 91234, Monthly Usage: 500 kWh
• The first digit is 9, which is an odd number but not prime.
• The system asks for peak-hour usage: 300 kWh.
• Since peak-hour consumption is 60% of the total, a 15% surcharge is applied.
• Output: "15% surcharge applied. Final bill: Y"
Example 3:
• Input: Customer Number: 40856, Monthly Usage: 600 kWh
• The first digit is 4, which is an even number.
• The user is classified as low-risk and pays the flat rate with no adjustments.
• Output: "No discounts or surcharges. Final bill: Z"

You need to use to switch statements for scenarios.

Question 9:
Recursive Rightmost Digit Manipulation

You are tasked with creating a program that takes a 6-digit number as input from the user and
repeatedly modifies it based on the rightmost digit until only one digit remains. The rightmost
digit is discarded after each step, and the process continues with the remaining number.
Process:
1. The user will input a 6-digit number.
2. The program checks the rightmost digit of the number:
o If the last digit is even, add 1 to the remaining number (after discarding the last
digit).
o If the last digit is odd, subtract 1 from the remaining number (after discarding
the last digit).
o If adding 1 results in the remaining number gaining an extra digit, subtract 2
instead.
3. Discard the rightmost digit and apply the same process to the new modified number.
4. Repeat this process until only 1 digit remains.
5. The program will then print the final digit.
Input/Output Examples:
Example 1:
• Input: 999992
• The rightmost digit is 2 (even), so you add 1 to the remaining number (99999), getting
100000. Since adding 1 causes a digit overflow, you subtract 2 instead, resulting in
99997.
• Now, the number is 99997. The rightmost digit is 7 (odd), so you subtract 1 from the
remaining number (9999), getting 9998.
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 National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences – FAST (CFD)
School of Computing: Programming Fundamentals

• Now, the number is 9998. The rightmost digit is 8 (even), so you add 1 to the remaining
number (999), getting 1000. This adds a digit, so you subtract 2 instead, getting 998.
• Now, the number is 998. The rightmost digit is 8 (even), so you add 1 to the remaining
number (99), getting 100. Since adding 1 adds a digit, subtract 2, getting 98.
• Now, the number is 98. The rightmost digit is 8 (even), so you add 1 to the remaining
number (9), getting 10. This adds a digit, so you subtract 2 instead, getting 8.
• The final result is 8.
Example 2:
• Input: 123456
• The rightmost digit is 6 (even), so you add 1 to the remaining number (12345), getting
12346.
• Now, the number is 12346. The rightmost digit is 6 (even), so you add 1 to the remaining
number (1234), getting 1235.
• Now, the number is 1235. The rightmost digit is 5 (odd), so you subtract 1 from the
remaining number (123), getting 122.
• Now, the number is 122. The rightmost digit is 2 (even), so you add 1 to the remaining
number (12), getting 13.
• Now, the number is 13. The rightmost digit is 3 (odd), so you subtract 1 from the
remaining number (1), getting 0.
• The final result is 0.

Question 10:
Trip Planner for Weather Conditions

Design a trip planner for outdoor activities. The user inputs:

• Weather forecast: sunny, rainy, snowy, or foggy.
• Temperature in degrees Celsius.
• Wind speed in km/h.
The program should output whether the trip is allowed or not. The trip is not allowed if:
• The weather is not sunny or clear.
• The temperature is below 10°C or above 40°C.
• The wind speed exceeds 50 km/h.
If any of these conditions are met, the program should advise against the trip. If all conditions
are met, display a message allowing the trip.
Hint: Use the NOT operator to negate the safe weather condition and check for extremes in
temperature and wind speed.

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