READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage
1 on pages 2 and 3.

Fishbourne Roman Palace

The largest Roman villa in Britain
Fishbourne Roman Palace is in the village of Fishbourne in West Sussex. England. This large
palace was built in the 1st century AD, around thirty years after the Roman conquest of
Britain, on the site of Roman army grain stores which had been established after the invasion,
in the reign of the Roman Emperor Claudius in 43 AD. The rectangular palace was built
around formal gardens, the northern half of which have been reconstructed. There were
extensive alterations in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, with many of the original black and
white mosaic floors being overlaid with more sophisticated coloured ones, including a
perfectly preserved mosaic of a dolphin in the north wing. More alterations were in progress
when the palace burnt down in around 270 AD, after which it was abandoned.
Local people had long believed that a Roman palace once existed in the area. However, it was
not until 1960 that the archaeologist Barry Cunliffe, of Oxford University, first systematically
excavated the site, after workmen had accidentally uncovered a wall while they were laying a
water main. The Roman villa excavated by Cunliffe's team was so grand that it became
known as Eishbourne Roman Palace, and a museum was erected to preserve some of the
remains. This is administered by the Sussex Archaeological Society.
In its day, the completed palace would have comprised four large wings with colonnaded
fronts. The north and east wings consisted of suites of private rooms built around courtyards,
with ainpnumental entrance in the middle of the east wing. In the north-east corner there was
an assembly hall. The west wing contained state rooms, a large ceremonial reception room,
and a gallery. The south wing contained the owner's private apartments. The palace included
as many as 50 mosaic floors, under-floor central heating and a bathhouse. In size, Fishbourne
Palace would have been approximately equivalent to some of the great Roman palaces of
Italy, and was by far thelargest known Roman residence north of the European Alps, at about
500 feet (150 m) square. A team of
volunteers and professional archaeologists are involved in an ongoing archaeological
excavation on the site of nearby, possibly military, buildings.
The first buildings to be erected on the site were constructed in the early part of the conquest
in 43 AD. Later, two timber buildings were constructed, one with clay and mortar floors and
plaster walls, which appears to have been a house of some comfort. These buildings were
demolished in the 60s AD and replaced by a substantial stone house, which included
colonnades, and a bath suite. It has been suggested that the palace itself, incorporating the
previous house in its south-east corner, was constructed around 73 - 75 AD. However, Dr
Miles Russell, of Bournemouth University, reinterpreted the ground plan and the collection of
objects found and has suggested that, given the extremely close parallels with the imperial
palace of Domitian in Rome, its construction may more plausibly date to after 92 AD.
With regard to who lived in Fishbourne Palace, there are a number of theories; for example,
one proposed by Professor Cunliffe is that, in its early phase, the palace was the residence of
Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus, a local chieftain who supported the Romans, and who may
have been installed as king of a number of territories following the first stage of the conquest.
Cogidubnus is known from a reference to his loyalty in Agricola, a work by the Roman writer
Tacitus, and from an inscription commemorating a temple dedicated to the gods Neptune and
Minerva found in the nearby city of Chichester. Another theory is that it was built for
Sallustius Lucullus, a Roman governor of Britain of the late 1st century, who may have been
the son of the British prince Adminius. Two inscriptions recording the presence of Lucullus
have been found in Chichester, and the redating by Miles Russell of the palace to the early
90s AD would fit far more securely with such an interpretation. If the palace was designed
for Lucullus, then it may have only been in use for a few years, as the Roman historian
Suetonius records that Lucullus was executed by the Emperor Domitian in or shortly after 93
AD.
Additional theories suggest that either Verica, a British king of the Roman Empire in the
years preceding the Claudian invasion, was owner of the palace, or Tiberius Claudius
Catuarus, following the recent discovery of a gold ring belonging to him. The palace
outlasted the original owner, whoever he was, and was extensively re-planned early in the
2nd century AD, and subdivided into a series of lesser apartments. Further redevelopment
was begun in the late 3rd century AD, but these alterations were incomplete when the north
wing was destroyed in a fire in around 270 AD. The damage was too great to repair, and the
palace was abandoned and later dismantled.
A modern museum has been built by the Sussex Archaeological Society, incorporating most
of the visible remains, including one wing of the palace. The gardens have been re¬planted
using authentic plants from the Roman period.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 Fishbourne Palace was the first structure to be built on its site.
2 Fishbourne Palace was renovated more than once.
3 Fishbourne Palace was large in comparison with Roman palaces in Italy.
4 Research is continuing in the area close to Fishbourne Palace.
5 Researchers agree on the identity of the person for whom Fishbourne Palace was
constructed.
6 Fishbourne Palace was burnt down by local people.
Questions 7-13
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for
each
answer.
Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.

Fishbourne Palace
Construction
• The first buildings on the site contained food for the 7 ………………..
• The palace building surrounded 8 ……………….
• In the 2nd and 3rd centuries colour was added to the 9 ……………… of the palace.
Discovery
• The first part of the palace to be found was part of a 10 ………………
Possible inhabitants
• Cogidubnus - he is named in several writings
• Sallustius Lucullus - he may have lived there until approximately
11 ………………… AD
• Verica - a British king
• Catuarus - his 12 ………………. was found there
Present Day
• A 13 ……………….. has been built on the site to help protect it.
READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 on pages 6 and 7

The horseshoe crab

A One of the world's oldest animal species, the horseshoe crab, is found along the east
coast of the United States and Mexico. Fossil records indicate this creature dates back 450
million years, and it has changed very little over time. This is because its anatomy has been
so successful. In fact, the horseshoe crab is more closely related to spiders, scorpions and
ticks than it is to true crabs and other crustaceans.

B The soft body of the horseshoe crab is protected by a large oval shell with jagged,
point spines. The two-part body consists of a head and an abdominal region. The head region
contains a brain, heart, mouth, four eyes and six pairs of legs. What is significant is that
horseshoe crabs possess the rare ability to regrow lost limbs. They also use crawling as their
primary means of movement, and commonly bury themselves under the surface of the sand.
However, in the water, they will occasionally turn onto their backs and swim upside-down.
The mouth of the horseshoe carb is located between the twelve legs. They can only eat when
crawling, as the motion allows them to open and close their mouths. Their diet consists
mainly of worms and clams.

The abdominal region contains mules far movement and Is for breathing. A long spine
forming a tail, called a telson, is located behind the abdominal region. Although this part of
the body looks intimidating, it is not dangerous, poisonous or used to sting. Horseshoe crabs
use it to flip over if they happen to be pushed on their backs, but this is only possible under
the sea. Every year, about 10 percent of the horseshoe crab breeding population dies while on
the beach, when rough surf flips the creatures onto their backs, a position from which they
often cannot right themselves.

C Another distinctive feature of horseshoe crabs is that they do not have hemoglobin (a
protein that contains the mineral iron), which gives blood its red color. Hemoglobin is the
basis of oxygen transport in the blood of mammals, reptiles and birds. Rather, the blood of
horseshoe crabs has a copper-containing protein called hemocyanin. Hemocyanin is dark blue
when it is transporting oxygen and colorless when it is not. The oxygen is also transported in
a fluid on the exterior of the cell, in contrast to most animals, where oxygen molecules are
transported inside red blood bacteria and fungi. In fact, there enzymes are used by astronauts
in the International Space Station to test surfaces for unwanted bacteria and fungi. Another
application is a protein from horseshoe crab blood that is under investigation as an antibiotic.

D The horseshoe crab faces the greatest dangers in early life. Between April and June,
adult horseshoe crabs travel from deep ocean waters to converge on beaches. Crawling out of
the sea and onto the beach is especially common at high tides during full and new moons.
The males arrive first and await the females for breeding. Female horseshoe crabs
communicate by releasing a scent to signal to the males. Then female horseshoe crabs crate
nests by digging holes in the sand and laying between 60,000 and 120,000 eggs at a time
before covering them with sand for Protection. Most eggs do not survive the hatching period
before being eaten, as the eggs are a food source for numerous birds, reptiles and fish.

E If the egg does survive, the young horseshoe crab will hatch after five weeks.
Referred to as larvae, they look like miniature versions of adult horseshoe crabs. When first
entering the sea, they exhibit a 'swimming frenzy' similar to that of newborn sea turtles,
swimming vigorously and continuously for hours. During the larval stage, which can last a
year or more, newly hatched horseshoe crabs travel into the ocean water and settle on the
sandy bottom in shallow waters. As they develop, they move into deeper waters.

After the larval stage, horseshoe crabs move into the juvenile period. The juvenile horseshoe
crabs will slowly grow over a period of about ten years. The growing process requires
shedding small exterior shells, known as exoskeletons, in exchange for larger shells.
Horseshoe crabs can shed up to 17 exoskeletons during development and their entire life span
can be over twenty years. Mature females can reach 45-50 centimeters from head to tail,
while the males grow to approximately 35-40 centimeters.

F Despite their long history, horseshoe crabs face increased threats in modern times. For
this reason. scientists have been studying the populations of horseshoe crabs, but more
investigation is needed, particularly on the coast of Florida. A widespread decline in their
abundance in the last 20 ears may be especially severe in the Indian River Lagoon system in
Florida, While the horseshoe crab is not currently listed as threatened, there is rising concern
about the fact that it is increasingly absent from the Indian River Lagoon system, where it has
historically been common. Loss of the horseshoe crab would negatively impact species that
feed on the animal and its eggs and would decrease the biodiversity of the lagoon. Moreover,
this development might indicate serious ecological disturbance in the region. In the northeast,
the use of horseshoe crabs as bait to catch fish over the past ten years is, in part, responsible
for a rapidly declining population of this unique species, and it is suspected that this is also a
problem in Florida. However, the extent of this has not been well documented.
Questions 14-18

Reading Passage 2 has six sections, A-F

Which section contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-F in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

14 a mention of the horseshoe crab's potential value in medical science

15 an explanation of the function of the horseshoe crab's tail

16 a reference to the horseshoe crab's feeding habits

17 a description of horseshoe crab reproduction

18 an account of the horseshoe crab's development to adulthood

Questions 19 and 20

Choose TWO letters, A-E

Write the correct letters in boxes 19 and 20 on your answer sheet,

According to the writer, which TWO of the following are true about the characteristics of
horseshoe crabs?

A They bury themselves upside down.

B They must continue moving while eating.

C They most commonly move by swimming

D They are able to replace their missing legs.

E They breathe through their mouth while on land.

Questions 21 and 22

Choose TWO letters, A-E

Write the correct letters in boxes 21 and 22 on your answer sheet.

According to the writer, in which TWO ways is horseshoe crab blood different from that of
most other animals?

A It has a different mineral composition.

B It lacks a bacteria-fighting protein.

C Harmless fungi regularly grow in the blood.

D Its colour changes from blue to red as it circulates.

E The blood cell carries oxygen its surface.

Questions 23-26

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.

The horseshoe crab in Florida

A study of the Indian River Lagoon system in Florida has shown a 23……………….. in the
horseshoe crab's population. This means that animals that eat both horseshoe crabs and their
24………………… could also be impacted. The result would affect the Indian River Lagoon
system's 25………………… Local fishermen taking horseshoe crabs for 26…………..could
be one cause of the reduction in numbers.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3 on pages 10 and 11.

The strange world of sight

Seeing is believing, it is said. But, asks Richard Gregory, could it
be the other way round?
Two of the great British men of the 17th century, the philosopher John Locke and the
physicist Isaac Newton, were both aware that objects are not coloured, and that against all
appearances light is not coloured either. This is still not generally recognised even now, 400
years later, because it seems to implausible. Yet it tells us something very important – that
perceptions are not identical with what we perceive, and may be very different.
The most accurate historical account of perception is that date 19th-century German
scientist Hermann von Helmholtz. However, it was ridiculed at the time. Von Helmholtz
thought that perceptions are unconscious inferences we make based on a combination of
clues provided by the eyes and other senses, and knowledge of the world. This idea of
unconscious inference for perception preceded, by several years, the psychoanalyst Freud’s
notion of the unconscious, which was also initially treated with derision because it
undermined the notion of humans as pre-eminently rational beings who could he held
responsible for their actions and awarded blame or praise accordingly.
Crucially, perception of the present depends on rich, though of course not always correct
or appropriate, knowledge from the past. We interpret sense data (what we hear, touch, taste,
see and smell) from the present according to what we already know. This raises the question:
if we see the present through memory, why aren’t past and present confused? The pioneering
Russian neurologist Alexander Luria described the case of Mr S, who had a remarkable
memory. However, he was prone to just such confusions, for example mistaking seeing his
clock for remembering it, and so failing to get up in the morning. This suggests that perhaps
an important function of perception is to underline the present. Individual perceptions have a
vividness that is rare for memories, which might be how we are able to separate them. Try
this: look at something for a few seconds, and then shut your eyes and visualise it in memory.
You will almost certainly find that the memory is pale by comparison with the perception.
Perhaps this is why past and present are not normally confused. Luria’s Mr S had
exceptionally vivid memories, and rich synaesthesia (experiencing perceptions from another
sense as well as the one being stimulated, such as musical notes experienced as colours),
which may be why he confused seeing with having seen.
The complexity of processes involved in how we see first impressed itself on me 45 years
ago. With my colleague Jean Wallace, I studied the rare case of Sydney Bradford, a man who
had been born blind but, through a corneal graft at the age of 52, suddenly found himself able
to see. Almost immediately after the operation he was able to ‘see’ but he could only see
those things that he already knew about, having experienced theta through touch. It was his
touch memories that enabled him to perceive them with his eyes. When Bradford was first
taken to the zoo, he proved utterly unable to see an elephant as he had no knowledge to make
sense of his perceptions.
The more recent case in California of Mike May, who was also born blind, is similar.
Since his operation, his sight has gradually improved as he learns to see, for example, by
understanding how shadows represent depth and tell us about the shape of things. Some of
the consequences of May’s new-found vision were less happy. He had been a champion blind
skier, but following the operation, he would have to shut his eyes while skiing to block out
what he now found was a terrifying sight.
But acceptance of this intimate connection between memory and perception, even though
it was first noticed in the 17th century, has been slow in brain science. Despite the fact that
state-of-the-art brain imaging shows that perception animates parts of the brain associated
with both present information and memory, most research on memory and perception is still
undertaken as if these were separate processes. Seeing used to be thought of as taking place
only in the eyes, and in quite specialised brain regions; but now it seems that half the brain is
occupied with seeing, requiring a lot of energy. Perhaps this is why we shut our eyes for a
rest.
It is not just extreme cases like Mike May, but also much more common errors of seeing –
illusions – that can reveal the crucial role of memory in governing what we (think we) see.
Perception depends on specific knowledge and probabilities. Our brains calculate the
likelihood of what is out there, and when too far-fetched, perceptions are rejected.
A dramatic and discomforting example is looking at the two sides of a face-mask. From
the front it is a convex shape with the nose sticking out. Then if the mask is rotated, the back
of the mask will be seen as convex, though we know that it must be concave. It is almost, if
not quite, impossible to sketch the back of a hollow mask to look as it is – hollow. Science
often learns from what does not happen: people not seeing a hollow face as hollow is the
most revealing experiment on perception. The unsettling truth from brain science is that even
people with no visual impairment see what, at some level, they expect to see, and often miss
things as they really are.
Questions 27 – 30
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.
27 Why does the writer refer to Locke and Newton in the first paragraph?
A to indicate that his article will cover several scientific fields
B to stress how much physics has changed in 400 years
C to persuade the reader to take him seriously
D to point out that his notions are not new
28 According to the writer, why was Freud's theory of the unconscious mocked?
A It was too complex for his contemporaries to understand.
B It involved criticism of the way people behaved in society.
C People felt that it devalued the accepted concept of humanity.
D People assumed that it was intended as a joke
29 The writer describes Mr S failing to get up in order to demonstrate
A how realistic most people’s memories are.
B how hard it is to tell dreaming and waking apart.
C how unusual it is to mistake a perception for a memory.
D how valuable knowledge of the past can be.
30 What point is the writer making in the text as a whole?
A Perception involves much more than the data collected by the eyes.
B Learning to see as an adult can be a time-consuming process.
C Science is failing to devote enough attention to sight.
D Human perception is remarkably reliable.
Questions 31 – 36
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
31 Sydney Bradford relied on recollections of objects he had been told about to help him
see after his operation.
32 People who only start to see as adults can learn to see as other people do in time.
33 People who have gained their sight as adults find certain activities harder to do than
before.
34 It is evident now that sight involves the eyes and one particular area of the brain.
35 The mask experiment is particularly useful in training people who are regaining their
sight.
36 People with perfect vision can fail to interpret objects correctly under certain
circumstances.

Questions 37 – 40
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-J, below.
Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

The mask experiment

In this experiment, having looked at the front of a simple face-mask, subjects look at the
reverse. However, the subjects are convinced that they are still looking at a mask which is
37 …………….. in shape. They believe that the 38 ……………… is poking out in the
normal manner because that is what they are used to seeing. Attempting to make a
39 ……………… of the mask in this orientation leads to the same problem. The subjects fail
to see a concave form because of the 40 ……………. they have that the features of a face
stick out.

A back B brain C view

D convex E sight F nose
G round H hollow I drawing
J preconception