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CH 3 Branch Call Delay

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26 views32 pages

CH 3 Branch Call Delay

Uploaded by

Fatima
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME

BRANCH, CALL, AND


TIME DELAY LOOP
Chapter 3

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Branch instructions and looping

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Looping in microprocessors
• Repeating a sequence of instructions or an
operation a certain number of times
• Commonly used instructions
– DECFSZ
– BNZ

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


DECFSZ instruction
• decrement file Reg skip if zero
• Format -- DECFSZ fileReg, d

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


DECFSZ instruction- example

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


BNZ instruction
• branch if not zero
• It branches (jumps) back to the target address
referred to by the label

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


BNZ instruction- example

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Flowchart

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Nested loop

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Nested loop

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Conditional/unconditional short/long
jumps
• Short, conditional jumps
– Range: -128 to 127

• Long, unconditional jumps


– GOTO, 32 bit, covers 1M memory space
– BRA (branch), 16 bit, covers ±1K space
Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME
BZ example

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Calculating the short branch address
• All conditional branches such as BNC, BZ, and
BNZ are short branches.
• They are all 2-byte instructions. The first byte
is the opcode and the second byte is the
relative address.
• The target address is relative to the value of
the program counter. If the second byte is
positive, then the jump is forward. If the
second byte is negative, then the jump is
backwards.

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Unconditional jumps instructions
structure

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


CALL INSTRUCTIONS AND STACK

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


CALL instructions
• Used to call a subroutine
– CALL, RCALL
• Work with return instruction
• 4 bytes, 2 bytes size

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Stack and stack pointer
• Stack is another 21-bit LIFO memory
• Used by the CALL instructions to come back
after execution of the called subroutine
• Stack pointer register stores pointer to stack
memory

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Stack and stack pointer

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Example- CALL instruction

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Example- CALL instruction

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Calling many subroutines from the
main program

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Program execution timings

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Delay calculation
• Two major factors
– Crystal frequency
– Microprocessor instruction execution cycles
• Pipe-line vs non-pipelined architecture
• Instruction size

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Instruction cycle time for the PIC
• One instruction/machine cycle corresponds to
four periods of the clock
• 2-bytes / 4-bytes instructions take 1/2
machine cycles
• Branch instructions are exceptions

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Datasheet Appendix ‘A’

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Example- instructions execution delays

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Example- subroutine execution delay
• Crystal freq. = 4MHz

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME
Loop inside a loop

For the HERE loop, we have (5 x 250) 1 ~s = 1250 ~s. The AGAIN loop repeats the
HERE loop 200 times; therefore, we have 200 x 1250 ~s = 250000 ~s, if we do not
include the overhead

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


PIC multistage execution pipeline

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME


The End

Dr Usman Ali, NUST College of E&ME

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