ISA 100.

11A
Introduction
 International Society of Automation.
 Designed mainly for large scale industrial complexes and plants.
 More than 1 billion devices use ISA 100.11A
 ISA 100.11A is designed to support native and tunneled application layers.

 Various transport services, including ‘reliable,’ ‘best effort,’ ‘real‐time’ are offered.
 Network and transport layers are based on TCP or UDP / IPv6.
 Data link layer supports mesh routing and Frequency hopping.
 Physical and MAC layers are based on IEEE 802.15.4
 Topologies allowed are:
 Star/tree
 Mesh
 Permitted networks include:
 Radio link
 ISA over Ethernet
 Field buses
 Application Support Layer delivers communications services to user and
management processes.
 It can pass objects (methods, attributes) natively within the ISA 100.11A protocol.
 A tunneling mode is available to allow legacy data through the ISA100.11A
network.

 RD=routing device

 NRD=Non‐ routing device

 H=Handheld device
 B=backbone Device
Features
 Flexibility
 Support for multiple protocols
 Use of open standards
 Support for multiple applications
 Reliability (error detection, channel hopping)
 Determinism (TDMA, QoS support)
 Security
Security

 Security is fully built‐in to the standard.

 Authentication and confidentiality services are independently available.
 A network security manager manages and distributes keys.
 Twin data security steps in each node:
 Data link layer encrypts each hop.

 Transport layer secures peer‐to‐peer communications.

Sensor Networks
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
 Consists of a large number of sensor nodes, densely deployed over an area.
 Sensor nodes are capable of collaborating with one another and measuring the
condition of their surrounding environments (i.e. Light, temperature, sound,
vibration).
 The sensed measurements are then transformed into digital signals and processed
to reveal some properties of the phenomena around sensors.
 Due to the fact that the sensor nodes in WSNs have short radio transmission
range, intermediate nodes act as relay nodes to transmit data towards the sink
node using a multi‐hop path.
Sensor Nodes
 Multifunctional
 The number of sensor nodes used depends on the
application type.
 Short transmission ranges
 Have OS (e.g., TinyOS).
 Battery Powered – Have limited life.

Constraints on Sensor Nodes

 Small size, typically less than a cubic cm.
 Must consume extremely low power
 Operate in an unattended manner in a highly dense area.
 Should have low production cost and be dispensable
 Be autonomous
 Be adaptive to the environment
Challenges
 Scalability
 Providing acceptable levels of service in the presence of large number of nodes.
 Typically, throughput decreases at a rate of 1/√N , N = number of nodes.
 Quality of service
 Offering guarantees in terms of bandwidth, delay, jitter, packet loss probability.
 Limited bandwidth, unpredictable changes in RF channel characteristics.

 Energy efficiency
 Nodes have limited battery power
 Nodes need to cooperate with other nodes for relaying their information.
 Security
 Open medium.
 Nodes prone to malicious attacks, infiltration, eavesdropping, interference.
Sensor Web Entanglement
 Observations & measurements (O&M)
 Sensor model language (sensorml)
 Transducer model language (transducerml or TML)
 Sensor observations service (SOS)
 Sensor planning service (SPS)
 Sensor alert service (SAS)
 Web notification services (WNS)
Cooperation in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks
 Nodes communicate with other nodes with the help of intermediate nodes.
 The intermediate nodes act as relays.

 Wireless nodes are energy‐constrained.

 Nodes may or may not cooperate.
Cooperation in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks
 Two extremities:
 Total cooperation: if all relay requests are accepted, nodes will quickly exhaust
limited energy.

 Total non‐cooperation: if no relay requests are accepted, the network throughput

will go down rapidly.

 Issues:

 Selfishness, self‐interests, etc.

 Symbiotic dependence
 Tradeoff: individual node’s lifetime vs. Throughput.
Security Challenges in Cooperation
 Open, shared radio medium by the nodes, which dynamically change positions.
 No centralized network management or certification authority.
 Existence of malicious nodes.
 Nodes prone to attacks, infiltration, eavesdropping, interference.
 Nodes can be captured, compromised, false routing information can be sent –
paralyzing the whole network.
 The cooperating node or the node being cooperated might be victimized.

Node Behavior in WSNs (contd.)

 Normal nodes work perfectly in ideal environmental conditions
 Failed nodes are simply those that are unable to perform an operation; this could
be because of power failure and environmental events.
 Badly failed nodes exhibit features of failed nodes but they can also send false
routing messages which are a threat to the integrity of the network.
 Selfish nodes are typified by their unwillingness to cooperate, as the protocol
requires whenever there is a personal cost involved. Packet dropping is the main
attack by selfish nodes.
 Malicious nodes aim to deliberately disrupt the correct operation of the routing
protocol, denying network service if possible.
Dynamic Misbehavior: Dumb Behavior
 Detection of such temporary misbehavior in order to preserve normal functioning
of the network – coinage and discovery of dumb behavior
 In the presence of adverse environmental conditions (high temperature, rainfall,
and fog) the communication range shrinks
 A sensor node can sense its surroundings but is unable to transmit the
sensed data
 With the resumption of favorable environmental conditions, dumb nodes work
normally
 Dumb behavior is temporal in nature (as it is dependent on the effects of
environmental conditions)
Detection and Connectivity Re-establishment
 The presence of dumb nodes impedes the overall network performance

 Detection, and, subsequently, the re‐establishment of network connectivity is

crucial

dumb node with other nodes in the network could be re ‐established

 The sensed information can only be utilized if the connectivity between each

 Before restoration of network connectivity, it is essential to detect the dumb

nodes in the network.

 CoRD and CoRAD are two popular schemes that re ‐establish the connectivity
between dumb nodes with others.

Event-Aware Topology Management in Wireless Sensor Networks

 Timely detection of an event of interest
 Monitoring the event

 Disseminating event‐data to the sink

 Adapting with the changes of event state
 Event location
 Event area
 Event duration
Information Theoretic Self-Management of Wireless Sensor Networks
 A WSN is deployed with the intention of acquiring information
 The sensed information are transmitted in the form of packets

 Information theoretic self‐management (INTSEM) controls the transmission rate of

a node by adjusting a node’s sleep time

 Benefits
 Reduce consumption of transmission energy of transmitters
 Reduce consumption of receiving energy of relay nodes

Social Sensing in WSNs

 Social Sensing ‐based Duty Cycle Management for Monitoring Rare Events in
Wireless Sensor Networks

 WSNs are energy‐constrained

 Scenario:
 Event monitoring using WSNs
 WSNs suffer from ineffective sensing for rare events
 Event monitoring or sensing, even if there is no event to monitor or sense
 Example: Submarine monitoring in underwater surveillance
Social Sensing in WSNs (contd.)
 Challenges:
 Distinguish rare events and regular events

 Adapt the duty‐cycle with the event occurrence probability.

 Contribution:
 Probabilistic duty cycle (PDC) in WSNs
 Accumulates information from the social media to identify the occurrence
possibility of rare events
 Adjusts the duty cycles of sensor nodes using weak estimation learning automata
Applications of WSNs: Mines (contd.)

 It is not only capable of providing real‐time monitoring and alarm in

case of a fire, but also capable of providing the exact fire location and spreading
direction by continuously gathering, analysing, and storing real time information

Applications of WSNs: Healthcare

 Wireless Body Area Networks
 Wireless body area networks (WBANs) have recently gained popularity due to their
ability in providing innovative, cost‐effective, and user‐friendly solution for
continuous monitoring of vital physiological parameters of patients.
 Monitoring chronic and serious diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and
diabetes.
 Could be deployed in elderly persons for monitoring their daily activities.
Applications of WSNs: Healthcare (contd.)

Social Choice Considerations in Cloud‐Assisted WBAN Architecture

 A proper aggregation function necessarily needs to be “fair", so that none ofthe

eligible elements are ignored unjustly.

 In a post‐disaster environment, it is required to monitor patients' health conditions

remotely.
 This includes ambulatory healthcare services where the health status of a patient
is examined continuously over time, while the patient is being moved to the
emergency healthcare center.

 The work focuses on the formation of pseudo‐clusters so that the aggregation is

not biased towards the leader nodes.
 Data aggregation among the LDPUs is done in a “fair" manner following the
Theory of Social Choice.
 Aggregation is performed at mobile aggregation centers, thereby increasing the
scalability of the system.
 After the aggregation of data, the gateways are allocated dynamically.
 Payload tuning mechanism for WBANs
 In addition to the actual health condition, there exists indirect influence of
external parameters such as– age, height, weight, and sex on health parameters.
 In crisp set theory, we are unable to interpret how much ‘low’, ‘moderate’,or
‘high’, a particular health parameter is.

 Exclusion of the important external parameters while assessing health and the
usage of traditional crisp set theory may result into inefficient decision making.
 Challenge is to design a dynamic decision making model that can optimize the
energy consumption of each physiological sensor
 Fuzzy inference system (FIS) and markov decision process (MDP) are used to
optimize energy consumption

 Priority ‐Based Time‐Slot Allocation in WBANs

 In medical emergency situations, it is important to discriminate the WBANs
transmitting critical heath data from the ones transmitting data of regular
importance.

 Existing frequency division ‐based transmission in a multisource‐single ‐sink

network results in flooding of the sink’s receiver buffer.
 This leads to packet loss and consequent retransmission of the regenerated
packets.
 Transmission priority of an local data processing unit (LDPU) is indifferent to the
criticality of the health data that is being transmitted by the LDPU.

 Based on LDPU ‐properties, such as the criticality of health data, energy

parameter is formulated which is a relative measure of node ‐ importance.

dissipation factor, and time elapsed since last successful transmission, a fitness

 The priority‐based allocation of time slots (PATS) algorithm allows the LDPUs to
choose their strategies based on their fitness.

waiting time between successive transmission of data ‐packets.

 LDPUs with higher fitness are given higher preference, while ensuring minimum