Introduction - Healthcare

 Earlier so many people died due to lack of health care.

 People forget about their health due to busy life.
 IIoT makes the health care easier.
 IIoT based healthcare service is cheapest.
 ECG, blood pressure, glucose level, and temperature can be monitored from
patient’s home.
 If any critical conditions are there, it sends alert.

Healthcare Challenges
- Populations are ageing all over the world
- Different diseases are increasing
- Expenditure of hospitals and medical clinic are increasing

Largest Age Group

-Populations are growing older
-Between 2017 to 2050, person’s aged 60 years or over is expected to increase more
than double.
-In 1980, there were 382 million older person all over the world.
-In 2050, it is expected to be 2.1 billion older person worldwide.

Increase of Diseases
-Different diseases are increasing.
-Telecare applications, smart home or telemedicine helps older people to live
safely.
-Continuous monitoring of patient’s health reduces hospitalizing.
-Sensors collects blood pressure, respiration, pulse rate, heart rate, and weight. It
triggers alarm, if any abnormal situation is there

Reduce the Expenditure

.IIoT based healthcare device
- Different wearable healthcare devices which reduce the cost of checkup.
.Remote monitoring
- Patient’s health condition can be monitored by sensors, which reduce the cost.
.In hospitals, smart beds can send notification about patient’s activity.

Healthcare Architecture

Benefits of IIoT in Healthcare

- Monitor patient’s health condition remotely.
- Hospital staff can predict the arrival of a patient in PACU. Post Anesthesia Care Unit.
- Hygiene monitoring system can detect the cleanliness of hand.
- Medical staff can provide quality medical service with small budget using IIoT.
IIoT Based Electrocardiogram Monitor
-Wireless ECG monitor.
-Bio signals are collected by ECG sensors.
-The collected data are sent to the cloud.
-Medical staffs can analyze the health related data in real time.
-QardioCore is an example of wireless ECG monitoring device.

IIoT Based Glucose Level Monitor

-Diabetes is metabolic disease, glucose level is high.
-Glucose sensor devices are used to check the glucose level.
-It notifies the doctors and patients if any abnormal situation occur.
-Dexcom develops continuous glucose monitoring devices.

IIoT Based Blood Pressure Monitor

-Using IIoT device, the patient’s blood pressure is measured and compared with the
other BP.
-Doctors can monitor patient’s blood pressure in real time.
-iHealth BP5 is IoT based blood monitoring system.

IIoT Based Body Temperature Monitor

-Wearable sensor to continuous monitoring human body temperature
-It measures skin temperature
-The WBAN is used to connect to gateway
-Kinsa smart thermometer is IoT based body temperature monitoring devices

IIoT Based Oxygen Saturation Monitor

-Oxygen saturation= ratio of oxyhemoglobin to total hemoglobin
-Pulse Oxiometry measures the oxygen saturation.
-IoT is integrated with Pulse Oxiometry.
-Bluetooth is used for connectivity.
-Low cost device to remotely monitor patient’s health.

IIoT Based Contact Lenses

-The IIoT based smart contact lense support WiFi signal, conneted with smart phone.
-It consists of micro camera, sensors.
-Sugar level can be measured by tears.
- Smart contact lenses can monitor the sugar level.
-It can monitors human health conditions. -It can detect various diseases.

IIoT Based Asthma Treatment

-Asthma is life long disease, can be controlled, not cured.
-Inhaler is commonly used to give proper dose of drugs.
-Smart Inhaler can keep track via GPS.
-ADAMM Intelligent Asthma Monitoring device.
-Wearable device, connected with Bluetooth or WiFi.
-From the body temperature, cough rate, heart rate, it predicts pre symptoms of
asthma attack.
Smartphone :Healthcare Solution
-Electronic devices consist of sensors, which are supported by smartphone
-Smartphone is used to monitor the health of user and detect diseases.
- Smartphone’s healthcare app provides low cost healthcare service.
- Diagnostic apps detect patient’s health condition.
- Medical communication apps connect patients with hospitals.
- Medical education apps provide tutorials.

Smartphone Based Healthcare App

-Health Assistant: Keeps track of health condition
-Google Fit: Keeps track of different physical activity
-ECG Self Monitoring: Serves as ECG device, based on “ECG Self Check” software.
-Instant Heart Rate: Measures heart rate using smartphone’s camera
-Fingerprint Thermometer: Determine body temperature from the fingerprint

IIoT Healthcare Technology

-Cloud computing: Provide facilities to shared resources.
-Big data: Includes heath data generated from sensor nodes.
-Networks: WBAN, 6LoWPAN, WSN are part of IIoT based healthcare.
-Ambient intelligence: It involves continuous learning and analyze based on the
learning.

IIoT Healthcare Security Requirement

-Confidentiality: It ensures medical data is not accessible by unauthorized users.
-Integrity: It ensures medical data is not altered by any third party.
-Authentication: It ensures the identity from which the data is coming.
-Availability: It ensures the accessibility of data to valid users

IoT Healthcare Challenges

-Less computational capability, not able to perform expensive operations.
-Less on device memory.
-Energy limitation, sensor has low power battery.
-Not static, mobile devices. Designing mobile enabled algorithms are challenge.
-Designing scalable algorithm without compromising security is challenge.

IIOT APPLICATION: POWER PLANTS

Drivers of IIoT in Power Plant
- Low cost powerful chips
WiFi chip, cameras, sensors, accelerometers are used.
- Standardization with IPV6
3G, 4G, 5G networks are used, the devices are standardized with TCP/IP
and IPV6 protocol.
- Standardization with software technology
Use of artificial intelligence algorithms, and cloud computing software makes it
easier.

Digital Power Plant Benefits

-Increase efficiency
Smart grid- automated devices increases efficiency and reduces
manpower.
-Reduce cost
Automated devices- no need of money for manpower, fuel, maintenance.
- Improves performance
Turbine’s performance improvement, remote monitoring.
- Reduce energy demands
Helps users to learn how to use energy in real time.

Architecture

IIoT Maturity Model

Communication Network - Power

- Home area network
Covers in-home IoT devices. Wireless: Zigbee, 6LowPan
- Neighborhood area network
Distribution domain networks. Data collected from smart devices and sent to
gateways.
- Field area network
Distribution domain networks. It includes controller, regulators, and data collector.
Wireless: WiMAX, 3G, 4G. Wired: Ethernet.
- Wide area network

Smart Grid in Power System

IIoT in Power Plants Applications

-Digital twins
- Considered as virtual power plant, reduce fuel and energy consumption by
incorporating data.
-Supply chain management
Sensors monitor product condition and optimize delivery time.
- Smart pumping
Combined with sensors and software. Automated flow control.
IIoT in Power Plants Applications
Smart boiler
-Customer can control it by mobile application
-Energy efficient usage
- Automatically reports if any defects are there
Smart water monitoring
-Detect flow of water and volume of water of a pipe in a time period.
- Sends data to cloud storage.
- Saves wastage of water.
Smart metering
- Important element of smart grid
- IoT reduces operational costs as operations are remotely managed.
- Reduces the chance of energy loss.
Building automation
- Monitors the building remotely.
- Elevators, lighting systems, and other electronic systems are connected through
internet.

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA)

- Software and hardware allows organization to process locally or remotely.
- Sensors gather real time data.
- Programmable logic controller or remote terminal units communicate with different
objects and route the data to SCDA software.
- SCDA software processes the data. Then users analyze the data to make decision.

Advanced Metering Infrastructure(AMI)

-It comprises whole infrastructure- smart meters, communication networks.
- Smart meters: collect information about energy, water etc.
Transmits the data to network.
- Communication network: Broadband over PowerLine, Fixed radio frequency are used.
-Meter data acquisition system : gathers data from smart meters
- Meter data management system: analyze the data.

IIoT in Electricity Sector

- Efficient power grid system
-Collect data from sensors
- Use the data to manage resources
- Optimization, stakeholders take decision about power usage.
- Data collected from sensors can easily predict if any failure in grid.
- Predict earlier if any accident is going to happen.
IIoT in Water Sector
- Saves water using smart sensors.
- IoT sensors track water pressure, water quality etc.
- It also predicts the water leakage.
IIoT in Wind Energy Sector
- In wind energy sector, large turbines are used. The factories also locate at remote
location, It is hard to maintain.
- With IoT, the local control system can adjust switches and software.
- The remote location of farm is not an issue with IoT.
- IoT can predict any issues of turbines easily and it can be addressed earlier before
any large scale damage.
IIoT in Solar Energy Sector
- In IoT based solar energy sector, sensors monitor their performances from the control
panel.
- The gathered data is sent to cloud server to analyze.
- IoT helps to understand the problem of device whether it is hardware related problem
or network related problem.
- IoT helps to detect any problem in real time.
- IoT can manage the largest solar grid.

Challenges of IIoT in Power Plant

-Security issues
Privacy issues, chances of denial of service attack.
-Low power devices
IoT devices are resource constrained devices, battery powered devices.
-Scalability issues
Number of devices are increasing, Increase of data bandwidth.
-Determinism of network
Using cloud makes the process delay about 200 msec or more.
-Poorly designed
Most of the devices are poorly designed as different protocols are used.
It lacks of standard authentication for the edge devices.

IIoT Applications: Inventory Management & Quality

Inventory Management
-Inventory - “a usable but idle resource having some economic value”
-Inventory Management
. Activities entailing management of inventory such as:
- Controlling, overseeing and ordering
-Storage
-Determine supply for sale

Inventory Management and IIoT

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Functions of Inventory Management
- Meet anticipated demand
- Smoothen the production requirement procedure
- Decouple components of the production-distribution system
- Protection against stock outs
- Proper order cycles
- Hedge against price increases or to take advantage of quantity discounts
- Smoothen the flow of operations

Requirements for Effective Inventory Management

- Keep track of the inventory (Inventory Monitoring)
- Forecast of demand (Anticipate Demand)
- Manage lead times and lead time variability
- Estimate inventory holding costs, ordering costs, and shortage costs
- Classification of inventories

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Quality Control
- “system of routine technical activities, to measure and control the quality of the
inventory as it is being developed” [IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty
Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories]
- Internally maintained by the management to provide product satisfaction to the
customers

Objectives Inventory Management :

- Routine and consistent checks (periodic inspection )
- Ensure data integrity, correctness, and completeness
- Rectify errors and omissions
- Document and archive inventory material and record all QC activities

Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID) tags

- Used in an identification system
- Uses Radio waves for communication
- RFID Tagging system consists of:
 The RFID tag
Read/write device
Host System
-Two types:
Active RFID tags
Passive RFID tags
- Finds scope in data collection, processing, and transmission applications

Passive RFID Tags

- No internal power source
- Relies on backscattering
- Wait for a signal from an RFID reader
- Powered by electromagnetic energy from this signal
- Have shorter range than Active RFID tags
- Small in size and thickness

Active RFID Tags

- Battery powered
- Broadcasts information signal in the form of a beacons
- Have longer range and memory than passive RFID tags
- Bulky and expensive as compared to passive RFID tags

Semi-Passive tags
- Has an onboard battery to power the IC
- But no active transmitter
- Relies on backscattering
- Does not depend on signals from reader for power
- Does not create additional noise

RFID tags over Barcodes

- Barcodes are printed on paper and plastic which makes them vulnerable
- Barcodes need to be on Line of Sight of the readers
- Only one barcode can be read at a time
- Barcodes have less security and hence can be forged
- Barcodes cannot contain any added information

Applications - RFID
- Identification of products
- Added information along with ID
- Comprehensive visibility
- Built in GPS
- Warehouse management
- Added information along with ID:
 Current storage temperature, Weather condition ,Damage (if any), etc
-Comprehensive Visibility
Inventory levels, Expiration dates, Item location, Forecast demand, etc
-Warehouse management
 Shrink, Shortage, Overstock of commodities
 Identification of efficient areas based on demand
-Similarly in transportation modes
  Track time and place of congestion
 Compute delay and alternate routes
 Commute with efficient time and mode

Problems that can be eliminated - RFID

-Data inconsistency
- Staff training expenses
- Human errors
- Data scattering
- Lapse in security
- Slow operation
- Other hidden costs
IIoT Applications: Plant Security and Safety
“freedom from risk or danger; safety” [The American Heritage Dictionary]

Plant Safety
- Health and well being of the industry as a whole
- Hazards in a plant are catastrophic
- Aim: Protection of human and plant resources
Plant Security and Safety
Device Security
Network Security
Software Security

Need for Software Security

- Steal valuable information
- Unauthorized monitoring of sensitive content
- Corrupt behavior of software
- Denial of Service (DoS) attacks
- Overflows, Overrides and Overwrites
- Padding

Software Security
 Integrity
 Availability
 Authentication

Integrity
- Assurance of an uncorrupted data
- Correct functioning even under malicious attack
- Maintain consistency, accuracy, and trustworthiness of data over its entire life cycle
- Assurance that data is not altered by unauthorized people
 C

Authentication
- Identification of user
- Verification of credentials entered (local or remote)
- Access control based on these credentials
- Protection of resources

Availability
- Ratio of time of functioning to the total time
- Extent to which the software continues functioning when a component or set of
components fail
- Strong relation between availability and reliability

Requirements
- Good programming techniques
- Install good firewalls
- Detect intrusions
- Good preventive measures

Network Security
- Maintain usability and integrity of network and data
- Management of access to the network
- Both hardware and software
- Protection against variety of threats

Types of Network Security

-Access control
Provide access based on user identity
-Antivirus and antimalware software
Scan for malware detection and prevention
- Application security
Protection of software after creation
-Behavioral analytics
Detection of abnormal behavior by the network
-Data loss prevention
Prevention of unauthorized sharing of sensitive data
-Email security
Protection against phishing attacks
-Firewalls
Barrier between trusted internal network and the external networks
-Intrusion prevention systems
Detection and blocking attacks
- Mobile device security
Device level security
- Network segmentation
 Divide the network into smaller parts and enforce security policies
explicitly
- Security information and event management
 Gather information for security staff to identify and respond to threats
- Virtual Private Network (VPN)
 Encrypt connection from an endpoint to a network

Device Security
- Protection of sensitive information stored on and transmitted by portable devices
- Portable devices:
 Smart phones
 Tablets
 Laptops
 Other mobile devices

Components
- Endpoint security
 Monitoring of mobile devices (files and processes) that access a network
- Virtual Private Network (VPN)
 Encrypt connection from a mobile device to a network
- Secure web gateway
 Identification of an attack on one location and prevention of the same at other
locations (integration of security with the cloud)
- Email security
 Protection against phishing attacks
- Cloud access security broker
 Securing the tasks being performed on the cloud

Virtual Reality (VR)

- Computer generated interactive environment
- Transpose the user
- Isolate the user from the current world
- Example: Oculus Rift, Samsung Gear VR, Google Cardboard

Augmented Reality (AR)

- Enhanced reality (adds a digital layer over the real world)
- Does not isolate the user to a different world
- Can add details to things a user tries to examine (can be used by retailers to sell
their products)
- Examples:
 Bus stop prank by Pepsi Max
 Pokémon Go
Risks (AR/VR)
-Prone to attacks by hackers
- Compromised content on the screen
- Intellectual Property (IP) rights
- Privacy and Security issues
- Risks pertaining to user’s health

IIoT Applications: Facility Management

Facility Management
“guiding and managing the operations and maintenance of buildings, precincts and
community infrastructure on behalf of property owners” [Facilities Management Good
Practice Guide]

Facility Management
- Support services for organizations
- Integrates people, place and process
- Improve quality of working environment
- Improve productivity
Closely related to the operations conducted in a building
Scope of IoT in Facility Management
- Accessing new insights:
 Gather data, reduce power consumption
- Implementing new technology:
 Implementing new technology like Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) and data security
- Addressing cost barrier:
 Increases operating efficiency and reduce maintenance cost

Support Services
- Finance: Planning and reviewing of budget
- Information Technology: Improve the ability to co-ordinate among the installed
devices
- Human Resources: Improve the quality of workforce and the environment
- Administrative Support: Monitoring, gathering, disseminating relevant information
and take decisions
- Marketing: Research potential customers
-Knowledge
- Business Development: Overall growth of business

Key Idea
- Comprehensive detail of every machine
 Faults, history, usage and modifications
- Data consistency
- Harmonized decisions

Real Power
- Predict events before they occur
- Measures to prevent predicted hazards
Need for Big Data and advanced analytics to analyze them

Optimization
- Optimized usage of resources:
 Manpower
 Assets
 Technology
 Cost-effectiveness

Challenges
- Cost management
 Balancing the quality of the facility and its budget
- Ageing inventory
 Need for proactive preventive and maintenance procedures
- Changing regulatory and compliance standards
 Need for improvement and new ways to stand out from competitors
- Security Management
 Security against breaches and threats

IoT Application in Facility Management

- Lighting
- Refrigeration
- Smart Meters
- Fire Suppression Systems
- Appliances with Embedded Sensors/Software
- Security and Safety Alarms
 Monitor alarms, smoke detector, other life safety systems remotely
 Real time information about emergency
-Central Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)
“we will start to see an ecosystem of tools and services develop that will make the
HVAC system more efficient and easier to operate,” Dan McJacobson, McGuire
Engineers
-Room Reservation and Scheduling
 Checking real time status of meeting rooms and avoid double-booking
-Monitoring Stock and Usage of Supplies
  Monitor usage of restrooms
 Efficient supply management
 Water management
 Monitor transmission lines and pipes
- Managing Energy Consumption
- Data-driven Decision-making
Operational Cost-optimization
- Remote Monitoring of Facilities
- Determining the Exact Square-foot Utilization of Office Space

Benefits
- Improve customer experience
-Prevent unauthorized access
- Real-time tracking
-The ability to do more with less