APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR ALGEBRA TO CRYPTOGRAPHY: A CASE STUDY OF

BUSITEMA UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION.

BY

AKETCH BECKY FAITH

BU/UP/2018/3357

[email protected]

Supervisor: Dr Rebecca Nalule Muhumuza

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

MATHEMATICS IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD
OF A BACHELOR DEGREE IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION AT
BUSITEMA UNIVERSITY

i
DECLARATION

I Aketch Becky faith declare that this research project is my original work and has never been
presented to any institution of higher learning for any award.

Sign......................................................... Date.................................................

Becky faith Aketch

ii
APPROVAL

This dissertation has been submitted for approval of the university supervisor

Sign

……………………………….

Date

……………………………….

Dr Rebecca Nalulu Muhumuza

iii
DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to my beloved parents Mr. Opendi Benedict and Mrs. Opendi Margret
for their financial support and belief in me. Special thanks goes to my beloved brothers Opendi
Ben and Kuju Abel Denis for their financial support as well my supervisor Dr Rebecca Nalule
Muhumuza, my lecturers and course mates. It is through your love, support, guidance and
encouragement that I have been in position to achieve this goal

iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, I thank the Almighty God for sustaining my life and seeing me through this course at the
university. I would not have achieved all that I have done without His mercy, grace favour and
provision.

I extend my sincere appreciation to my supervisor Dr. Rebecca Nalulu Muhumuza for her high
level of devotion, patience, monitoring, and guidance that she has afforded to me right from the
inception of this study to its conclusion without which this couldn’t be a success.

I feel overwhelmed with indebtedness to my family most especially my beloved brother Opendi
Ben because if it wasn’t for his support all this wouldn’t be successful. Furthermore, I appreciate
the effort of my siblings, relatives and friends for the love, support, guidance, encouragement
and assistance during the course.

Finally, I would like to extend my gratitude to my fellow course mates and friends for their
encouragement and support throughout my study at Busitema University.

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................................... ii
APPROVAL .................................................................................................................................................... iii
DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................................. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURERS ....................................................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................. ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................... x
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM. .............................................................................................................. 5
1.3 MAIN OBJECTIVE ..................................................................................................................................... 6
1.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................... 6
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS............................................................................................................................ 6
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................. 6
1.7 THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY ...................................................................................................................... 7
1.8 THEORATICAL FRAME WORK .................................................................................................................. 7
1.9 The key principles of cryptography are as follows.................................................................................. 8
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................................ 10
LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................................... 10
2.0 Introduction to literature review .......................................................................................................... 10
2.1 The theory of cryptography and coding theory .................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 18
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................ 18
3.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................................... 20
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................... 20
4.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 20
4.1 Applications of linear algebra to cryptography .................................................................................... 20
4.2 Use in encryption .................................................................................................................................. 20

vi
4.3 Procedures of using the Algorithm (encoding and decoding) .............................................................. 24
4.4 Cryptography ........................................................................................................................................ 25
4.5 Game theory in economics ................................................................................................................... 32
4.6 Markov Chains ...................................................................................................................................... 33
4.7 Equilibrium Temperature distributions used in Physics and Chemistry .............................................. 35
4.8 Computed tomography ......................................................................................................................... 35
4.9 Computer Graphics .............................................................................................................................. 36
4.9 Fractals .................................................................................................................................................. 38
4.9.1 Leontief Economic models ................................................................................................................ 39
4.9.2 Uses of linear algebra are as follows ................................................................................................. 40
CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 41
CONCLUSION, SUMMARY AND RECOMANDATION .................................................................................... 41
5.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 41
5.1 Summary of the findings from the study .............................................................................................. 41
5.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 41
5.4 Recommendations ................................................................................................................................ 42
5.5 Suggestions for further research .......................................................................................................... 42
References .................................................................................................................................................. 44
APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................................ 48

vii
LIST OF FIGURERS

Figure 1: The key aspects in cryptography

Figure 2: Cryptosystem

Figure 3: Encryption and decryption process illustration of a single image matrix

viii
LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: coding system

ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS

M – Mega Hertz

n – Rows of the matrix

m - Column of the matrix

nxn - Non zero matrix

ATM - Automated machine

A-1 - Invertible matrix

Adj - adjoint

x
ABSTRACT
In the field of mathematics a little is known about the application of linear algebra by the
students of Busitema university faculty of science of Education
The study has the aim to explore and learn the use and implementation of linear algebra in the
simple form of cryptography in Busitema University faculty of science and Education

Cryptography can be defined as the process of keeping information hidden from the unintended
parties but for only those with the key decoded the message. Also cryptography can be employed
in many different ways of transforming readable data into unreadable form.
This field describes an activity built around one of the techniques to illustrate the application of
linear algebra to cryptography.
This technique involves the encoding and decoding of messages where characters in the original
message are assigned to the numerical value and the matrix must be inverted for easy decoding.
The method proposed and its principle has great potential to be applied in other situations
where the message needs to be exchanged confidentially.
The findings of the message was to develop an e- massing secrete coding theory which showed
user friendly and confidentiality. And this can generate easy confidential flow through
electronics and online interactions through the use of telephones, computers, iPods and other
electronic devices

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Linear algebra is a stand out amongst the most critical fundament ranges in mathematical field. It
is a subfield of mathematics that deals with matrices and operation on the data structures

This is due to the essential role it plays in the development of other subjects, given its unifying
and generalizing nature which is powerful for resolving problems in different fields. Carlson and
porter (1993)

Numerous geometric subjects are examined making utilization of ideas from linear algebra and
the thought of a directive change with an arithmetical adaptation of geometric change. At long
last a lot of present day unique variable based math constructs on linear algebra and regularly
gives solid illustration of general though .Poole (2010)

linear algebra can be comprehended to mean anything that is straight or level for instance in the
xy- plain you may be acclimated to portraying straight line as the arrangement of answers for a
mathematic statement of structure y = mx+b, where the slant m and the y –capture b are
constants that together depict the line. In the event that you have contemplated multivariate
analytics, then you will have experienced planes. Living in there measurements with directions
portrayed by triples (x, y, z) they can be depicted as the arrangement of answers for
mathematical statements of answers for mathematical statements of the structure ax+by+cz = d
where a, b, c, d are constants that together focus the plain. Kolman, (1996)

And cryptography simply mean the process of keeping information safe by changing it into a
format that the unintended recipients cannot understand and it consist of the plaintext which the
normal text is written in any human understandable language, encryption is the process of
converting normal data into readable form. Cipher text is the unreadable output of an encryption
algorithm and decryption is the process of converting encoded data into its original form that is
readable and understood by humans or computer.

Security is a very important aspect in our world today which demands the attention of all. It is an
aspect that cryptography comes to play as a measure to enforce security of information passing

1
from one medium to another, cryptography has been important in the domain of computer for a
period of time and it was mainly for security but now it is important because it helps in the
transmission of sensitive information. Cryptography transforms original message i.e. audio, text
or video privately which makes it difficult for an intruder to discover its original meaning
.therefore cryptography refers to the process of securing the data meant to be exchanged or
communicated.

It’s also a mathematical technique related to the safety of information such as confidentiality,
data integrity, and authentication. Therefore cryptography plays major role in cellular
communication such as e-commerce, computer, pay television, sending e-mails, ATM cards,
mobile banking etc.

Cryptography helps in keeping secrete writing that gives ability to large approach to safeguard
the information that is presented in the unreadable format. It’s categorized into two forms that is
symmetric and asymmetric. Symmetric is where both the sender and the receiver have the same
key for encryption and decryption whereas asymmetric cryptography is where two different keys
are used , one for encryption and another for decryption.

When using cryptography the sender first encrypts the message before it is transmitted through
the network to the receiver who decrypts the message before it’s stored in its original content.
Therefore there should be emphasis on the students to apply linear algebra in order to ensure
information confidentiality in the institution so to ensure proper communication flow.

The aim of the research is to provide students with the knowledge of being creative and the mind
of being helpful to the community and the country at large.

1.1 BACKGROUND
In order to reveal the history of linear algebra, it is of great value to first determine what linear
algebra is. Therefore this definition is not complete and comprehensive answer but rather abroad
definition loosely wrapping itself around linear algebra. Different answers will be used so as to
see the perspectives. Firstly linear algebra is the study of algebraic structure called vector space.
It is also the study of linear sets of equations and their transformation properties. Linear algebra

2
is a branch of mathematics charged with investigating the properties of finite dimensional vector
spaces and linear mapping between such spaces. ( Strang . (1993))

This report discusses the history of linear algebra as it relates with vector spaces, linear sets of
equation and transformation. The proposal seeks to give a brief review of the history of linear
algebra as its practical applications touching on the on the various topics used in agreement with
it.

Around 4000years ago, the people of Babylon knew how to solve 2x2 systems of linear
equations with two unknowns. around 200BC the Chinese published the nine chapters of the
mathematical art ,”they displayed the ability to solve a 3x3 system of equation (perotti) the
simple equation of ax+b=0 is an ancient equation worked on by people from all walks of life.

The emergence of the subject came from determinants, values connected to a square matrix
studied by the founder of calculus, Leibnitz, in the late 17th century. Langrage came out with his
work regarding langrage multipliers away to characterize the minima and maxima multivariate
functions (Darkwing) more than 50 years later, Cramer presented his ideas of solving system of
linear equations based on determinants more than 50 years after Leibnitz (Darkwing)
interestingly enough, Cramer provided no proof for solving nxn system. As we see linear algebra
has become relevant since the emergence of calculus even though it’s foundational equation of
cx+d=0 dates back centuries. Euler brought to light the idea that that a system of linear equation
does not necessarily have to have a solution (perotti). He recognized the need for conditions to
be placed upon unknown variables in order to find a solution.

The initial workup until this period mainly dealt with the concept of unique solutions and square
matrices were the number of equations matched the number of unknowns. With the turn into the
19th century Gauss introduced a procedure to be used for solving a system of linear equation. His
work dealt mainly with the linear equation and yet to bring in the idea of matrices and their
notations. His effects dealt with equations of different numbers and variables as well as the
traditional pre 19th century works of Euler, Leibnitz and Cremer. Gauss’ work is now summed up
in the term Gaussian elimination. This method uses concept of combining, swapping and
multiplying rows with each other to eliminate variables from certain equations. After variables

3
are determined, the student is then to use back substitution to help find the remaining unknown
variables.

As mentioned before, Gauss work dealt much with solving linear equations themselves, initially
but did not have as much to do with solving linear equations themselves initially but did not have
as much to do with matrices. In order for matrix algebra to develop a proper notation or method
of describing the process was necessary. Also vital to this process was a definition of matrix
multiplications and the fact involving it. The introduction of matrix notation and the inversion of
the word matrix were motivated by attempts to develop the right matrix the Latin word for womb
as a name for an array of numbers. He used the Latin word for womb as the name of an array of
numbers and used womb because he viewed a matrix as a generator of determinants Turker,
(1993). The other part matrix multiplication or matrix algebra came from the work of Arthur
calyley in 1855.

Calyley’s defined matrix multiplication as, the matrix co-efficient for the composite
transformation T1T2 is the product of the matrix for t2 times the matrix of T1 Turker (1993). His
work dealing in the matrix multiplication culminated in his theorem, the cayley Hamilton
theorem simply stated a square matrix satisfies its characteristics equation. Cayley’s efforts were
published into two papers, one in 1850 and the other in 1858. His work introduces the idea of the
identity of a matrix as well as the inverse of a square matrix. He also did much to further the
ongoing transformation of the use of matrices and symbolic algebra. He used the letter A to
represent a matrix, something that had been very little before his works. His efforts were little
organized outside of England until the 1880s. matrix at the end of the 19th century were heavily
connected with physical issues and for mathematicians , more attention was given to vectors and
they provide the mathematical elements .for a time, however interest in linear algebra slowed
until the end of world war 11 brought on the development of computers . Now, instead of having
to break down an enormous nxn matrix. Computers could quickly and accurately solve these
systems of linear algebra. With the advancement of technology sing the methods of cayley
Gauss, Leibnitz, Euler, and other determinants of linear algebra moved forward more quickly
and more effective. Regardless of the technology though Gaussian elimination still proves to be
the best way known to solve a system of linear equation Turker, (1993). The influence of linear
algebra in mathematical world is spread wide because it provides an important base to many of

4
the principles and practices. Some of the things linear algebra is used to solve systems of linear
format, to find least square best fit linear to predict future outcomes or find trends and the use of
the Fourier series expansion as a means to solve partial differential equations. Other more broad
topics that are used for are to solve questions of energy in quantum mechanics. It is also used to
create simple every day house hold games like Sudoku. It is because of these practical
applications that linear algebra has spread so far and advanced. The key however it is to
understand the history of linear algebra provides the basis of these applications.

Although linear algebra is a fairly new subject when compared to other mathematical practices,
its uses are widespread. With the efforts of calculus savvy Leibnitz the concept of using systems
of linear equations to solve unknowns and formalized. Other efforts from scholars like cayley,
Euler, Sylvester and others changed linear system into the use of matrices to represent them.
Gauss bought the theory to solve systems of equations proving to be the most effective basis for
solving unknowns. Technology continues to push the use further and further but the history of
linear algebra continues to provide the foundation. Even though every few years companies
update the textbooks, the fundamentals stay the same

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.

In the world today a lot of sensitive information is being shared and transmitted amongst people
and organizations through electronic devices and advanced technologies, this therefore requires
enhanced security in passing information which can be solved by the application of
cryptography. These deals with encryption and decryption of electronic data, promoting secure
transmission of information electronically will help computer users in using electronic devices
like smart phones, computer and so many others in securing their communication.

However when implementing cryptographic algorithm such as symmetric ciphers for example
using random number generation which can easily be predicted causing information leakage
hence killing security..

In response to these challenges, this study proposes to examine the inclusion of linear algebra to
remove some of the above problems and enable passing secured sensitive information from one
device to another.

5
1.3 MAIN OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this study is to explore and learn the use and implementation of linear
algebra in the simple form of cryptography for example hill cipher by the computer science
students of Busitema University

1.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

To impart the knowledge of applying linear algebra in the current problem of information
exchange using linear transformation by computer science students of Busitema University.

To generate a simple numerical skill for sharing information by the computer science students in
Busitema university.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What experiences can be attained by the computer science students of Busitema university
faculty of education through the application of linear algebra in cryptograph.

In which way can sensitive information be passed on by the computer science students of
Busitema university faculty of education with ease?

Which simplest method can be used by the computer science students of Busitema university
faculty of faculty of education to exchange messages?

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

There is several significance of this study that is to say the different findings of this study
will bring a great impact to more researchers in order to understand the application of linear
algebra in securing information exchange.

The study will identify the need of different mathematical ideas in contributing to understanding
of different methods in which sensitive information can be passed from an individual to another
with no difficulties for example with the aid of linear algebra hence mitigating the loss of
sensitive information.

6
The study will provide opportunities of learning linear algebra with significant meaningful and
challenging experiences which in turn will help in solving the problem faced in every day social
life.

The study will help scholars and other researchers who will be interested in conducting research
in the application of linear algebra and will be used as a secondary source of information by
researchers will to further investigate on the topic.

1.7 THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study will be conducted in Busitema university faculty of education in Nagongera along
Tororo-busolwe road. The research will focus on the application of linear algebra to
cryptography by the computer students. Transformation and number will be used in order to
obtain the required data.

This system will focus on capturing the population that will welcome the use of cryptography
through the application of linear algebra and the level at which electronic devices will be used to
communicate through the interactions of sending messages.

1.8 THEORATICAL FRAME WORK

In Uganda, most institutions and organizations face numerous challenges in communicating;
sharing sensitive information within and across the globe, this is due to limited knowledge about
transformation in cryptography and its application in data security.

Theories and research carried out by numerous institutions and organizations indicate that there
are few knowledgeable experts in the field of linear transformation in cryptography. This has
however affected us in various ways such as social, economic and political spheres of life
including data security and intelligence.

Therefore as a research student interested in overcoming these social challenges (data security
and intelligence) I will use a research on linear transformation expression of lower and higher
order non singular matrix and its application to frame work of this study.

The frame work therefore assumes that some students are not well versed with the application of
linear transformation to cryptography which can enable the transmission of sensitive information

7
from one person to another. This framework will focus on how students will impart the
knowledge of linear transformation in the transmission of secrete messages which include the
sender, receiver, message, and the feedback.

1.9 The key principles of cryptography are as follows

The sender encodes the message using the application of linear algebra (linear transformation)
and the message is changed into matrix transformation and then it’s received by the receiver who
decodes the message.

This enables us to ensure that the message encrypted contains redundancy that the intruder does
not understand the message and it can be verified as fresh (not tampered).

An elaboration to show the flow of information which consist of the environment, sender, the
message and the receiver

8
Figure 1: the key aspect in cryptography

MESSAGE
SENDER DECORDS
ENCODES RECIEVER

FEEDBACK

When applying linear algebra (linear transformation) to cryptography, both the sender and the
receiver should have understanding about linear transformation and the environment should also
be favorable for the transmission of sensitive information (communication).

Since we are dealing with digital settings, the environment should be favorable so as to avoid
intruders from accessing the message or the direction of the message

9
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