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Manual2

Please read the attached for your experimental activities

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ibrahima
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3 views

Manual2

Please read the attached for your experimental activities

Uploaded by

ibrahima
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment No: 2

Design and realization of logic gates using universal gates

Aim:-To study the realization of basic gates using universal gates. Understanding how to construct
any combinational logic function using NAND or NOR gates only.
Requirements:
IC 7402(NOR), IC 7400(NAND), 7404(NOT), 7408(AND), 7432(OR), KL 33002,
power
supply, connecting wires and Breadboard etc.
Theory:
AND, OR, NOT are called basic gates as their logical operation cannot be simplified further.
NAND and NOR are called universal gates as using only NAND or only NOR, any
logic function can be implemented. Using NAND and NOR gates and De Morgan's
Theorems different basic gates & EX-OR gates are realized.

De Morgan`s Law:
In formal logic, De Morgan's laws are rules relating the logical
operators "AND" and "OR" in terms of each other via negation. With
two operands A and B:
1. A.B = A + B
2. A+B = A . B
The NAND gate is equivalent to an OR gate with the bubble at its
inputs which are as shown.

The NOR gate is equivalent to an AND gate with the bubble at its inputs which are
as shown.
IMPLEMENTING INVERTER USING NAND GATE :
The figure shows two ways in which a NAND gate can be used as an inverter (NOT
gate).
1. All NAND input pins connect to the input signal A gives an output
2. One NAND input pin is connected to the input signal A while all other
input pins are connected to logic 1. The output will be

An AND gate can be replaced by NAND gates as shown in the figure


(The AND is replaced by a NAND gate with its output complemented
bya NAND gate inverter).

IMPLEMENTING OR USING NAND GATE :


An OR gate can be replaced by NAND gates as shown in the figure
(The OR gate is replaced by a NAND gate with all its inputs
complemented by NAND gate inverters).
IMPLEMENTING INVERTER USING NOR GATE:

The figure shows two ways in which a NOR gate can be used as an
inverter (NOT gate).
All NOR input pins connect to the input signal A gives an output
One NOR input pin is connected to the input signal A while all other
input pins are connected to logic 0. The output will be

IMPLEMENTING OR USING NOR GATE:


An OR gate can be replaced by NOR gates as shown in the figure (The
OR is replaced by a NOR gate with its output complemented by a NOR
gate inverter)

IMPLEMENTING AND USING NOR GATE:


An AND gate can be replaced by NOR gates as shown in the figure (The
AND gate is replaced by a NOR gate with all its inputs complemented by
NOR gate inverters)
Procedure:
1. Connect the trainer kit to ac power supply.
2. Connect the NAND gates/NOR gates for any of the logic functions to be realized.
3. Connect the inputs of first stage to logic sources and output of the last gate to
logic indicator.
4. Apply various input combinations and observe output for each one.
5. Verify the truth table for each input/ output combination.
6. Repeat the process for all logic functions.
7. Switch off the ac power supply.

RESULT:
Experiment No: 13

Verification of truth tables and excitation tables

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