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enterprise server by creating a virtual private network (VPN) across TCP/IP-based
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kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 L2TP}{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is an extension of the Point-to-
Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) used by internet service providers (ISP}{\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) is a network service
that enables applications on different computers to communicate with each other
across a local area network (LAN). NetBIOS has been used in Ethernet and Token Ring
networks and, is included as part of the NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI).
}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 XDR}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0
\sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \
fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 External Data
Representation (XDR) is a standard data serialization format, for uses such as
computer network protocols. It allows data to be transferred between different
kinds of computer systems. Converting from the local representation to XDR is
called encoding.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 TLS}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \
ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 Transport Layer Security, or TLS, is a widely adopted security
protocol designed to facilitate privacy and data security for communications over
the Internet. A primary use case of TLS is encrypting the communication between web
applications and servers, such as web browsers loading a website.}{\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 SSL}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is
a communication protocol, or set of rules, that creates a secure connection between
two devices or applications on a network. It's important to establish trust and
authenticate the other party before you share credentials or data over the
internet.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 MIME}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \
ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 MIME stands for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions. It is used to
extend the capabilities of Internet e-mail protocols such as SMTP. The MIME
protocol allows the users to exchange various types of digital content such as
pictures, audio, video, and various types of documents and files in the e-mail.}{\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Bluetooth}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Bluetooth
protocols simplify the discovery and setup of services between devices. Bluetooth
devices can advertise all of the services they provide. This makes using services
easier, because more of the security, network address and permission configuration
can be automated than with many other network types.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 PON}{\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \
par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 A passive optical network (PON) is a fiber-optic
network utilizing a }{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang1033 \langnp1033 point-to-multi-point}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 topology and optical }{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 splutters}{\fs22
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 to deliver
data from a single transmission point to multiple user endpoints.}{\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 OTN}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \
f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 The OTN meaning optical
transport network, often called a 'digital wrapper,' seamlessly encapsulates each
client/service, preserving its native structure, timing information, and management
details for transparent transport across optical networks.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 DSL}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard
\plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \
aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) is a modem technology that uses
existing telephone lines to transport high-bandwidth data, such as multimedia and
video, to service subscribers. DSL provides dedicated, point-to-point, public
network access.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 IEEE.802,11}{\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\
pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang9 \langnp9 IEEE 802.11 is used in most home and office networks to allow
laptops, printers, smartphones, and other devices to communicate with each other
and access the Internet without connecting wires. IEEE 802.11 is also a basis for
vehicle-based communication networks with IEEE 802.11p.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \
ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 IEEE.802.3}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \
sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 IEEE 802.3 is a combination
of standards and protocols defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE). IEEE 802.3 is also known as the Ethernet standard and defines the
physical and media access control (MAC) of the data link layer for wired Ethernet
networks.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 L431}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \
ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 Layer 4, the Transport Layer The transport layer works on two
determined communication modes: Connection oriented and }{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 connection less}{\
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 . This
layer transmits data from source to destination node.It uses the most important
protocols of OSI protocol family, which are: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP),
UDP, SPX, DCCP and SCTP.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch
\f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Layer 3, the Network Layer
This is the most important layer of the OSI model, which performs real time
processing and transfers data from nodes to nodes. Routers and switches are the
devices used for this layer that connects the notes in the network to transmit and
control data flow. The network layer assists the following protocols: Internet
Protocol (IPv4), Internet Protocol (IPv6), IPX, }{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Apple Talk}{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 , ICMP, }{\fs22 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 IP
Sec}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9
and IGMP.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 Layer 1, the Physical Layer This
layer deals with the hardware of networks such as cabling. It defines the
mechanical and electrical standards of interface devices and the types of cables
used to transmit digital signals (e.g. optical fiber, coaxial cable, wireless,
etc.).}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \
langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 TIA449}{\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \
ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 TIA-449, defines the functional and mechanical characteristics of
the interface between data terminal equipment, typically a computer, and data
communications equipment, typically a modem or terminal server.}{\fs22 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang9 \langnp9 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa200 \lisa0 \sl276 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af4 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang9 \langnp9 \par }}