Chapter 15

Wireless LANs and PANs

Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 1
 Outline

Introduction
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
Enhancement for IEEE 802.11 WLANs
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks
(WMANs) using WiMAX and Mesh Networks
Mesh Networks
Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)
ZigBee
Summary

Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 2
 Scope of Various WLAN and WPAN Standards
WMN
802.16*
Power consumption 802.16
Complexity WiMAX

802.11n*
802.11a
HiperLAN

802.11g*
WMAN
802.11b
WLAN
802.11

802.15.I
Bluetooth
* Standard in progress
802.15.4
WPAN
Data rate
Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 3
 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
IEEE group published a standard for WLANs named as IEEE
802.11 (now known as IEEE 802.11a)
Higher bit rates at 2.4GHz ISM band resulted in high-speed
standard called the IEEE 802.11b (popularly known as Wi-Fi)
Can be used to have an ad hoc network using peer-to-peer mode,
Or, as a client/server wireless configuration
Ad hoc Client/server

Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 4
 IEEE 802.11

 It is the standard for wireless LANs.

 It specifies MAC procedures and operate in 2.4
GHz range with data rate of 1Mbps or optionally
2Mbps.
 User demand for higher bit rates and international
availability of 2.4 GHz band has resulted in
development of a high speed standard in the same
carrier frequency range.
 This standard called 802.11b, specifies a PHY
layer providing a basic data rate of 11 Mbps and a
fall-back rate of 5.5 Mbps.

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 5
 IEEE 802.11
In the ad hoc network mode, as there is no central
controller, the wireless access cards use the CSMA/CA
protocol to resolve shared access of the channel.
In the client/server configuration, many PCs and
laptops, physically close to each other (20 to 500 meters),
can be linked to a central hub [AP]
A larger area can be covered by installing several APs
The access points track movement of users and make
decisions on whether to allow users to communicate
WLAN cards could be operated in continuous aware
mode (radio always on) and power saving polling mode
(radio in sleep state to extend battery life)
Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 6
 Distributed Wireless Network
Wired network
Station

Access
point Access
point

Distributed
Station
system

Access
point

Station
Station

Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 7
 IEEE 802.11 and variants
IEEE 802.11a
With a throughput up to 54Mbps
IEEE 802.11a operates on 5GHz
It has less interference as compared to IEEE 802.11b/g
since 2.4GHz band is heavily used
Uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
with 52 subcarriers spanning over a 20MHz spectrum
IEEE 802.11b (WiFi)
Operates on 2.4GHz band with throughput of up to
11Mbps
Direct-sequence spread spectrum DSSS on PHY layer
IEEE 802.11g
Operates on 2.4G using either DSSS or OFDM
Can achieve higher throughput of up to 54Mbps
IEEE 802.11n
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology
Bandwidth can be 40MHz in 2.4GHz and 5GHz
Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 8
 Enhancement for IEEE 802.11 WLANs
 The keys behind all the above networks are the
wireless cards and wireless LAN access points
 In an ad hoc network mode, there is no central
controller, the wireless access cards use CSMA/CA
protocol to resolve shared access
 MAC layer access uses one of following methods:
distributed coordination function (DCF), point
coordination function (PCF), and hybrid coordination
function (HCF)
 DCF is carrier sense multiple access with collision
avoidance (CSMA/CA) and senses the medium before
sending frame
Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 9
 Enhancement for IEEE 802.11 WLANs

 IEEE 802.11e working group has developed enhanced

DCF (EDCF) so that the differentiated service could
be provided
 MSs with shorter AIFS have a higher priority to
access channel than stations with longer AIFS
 Two EDCF priority schemes: interframe space (IFS)
priority scheme and contention window (CW) priority
scheme
 IFS priority scheme works better when the number of
competing stations is large and can improve up to
50% for the real-time packets
Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 10
 Issues in MAC Protocol
 Challenges security related and support of multicast
and location management
 Many mobile applications require support for group
communication
 Location-based services include providing listings of
local restaurants or movie theaters, emergency
services, and vehicle tracking
 Scalability is a major concern to WLANs
 In client server model, many PC’s or laptops
physically close to each other (20-500m) can be
linked to a central hub (access point) which acts as a
bridge between the wireless and wired network
 A large area can be covered by installing several
access points in the building
Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 11
 Roofnet and HyperLAN
 Roofnet is an experimental multi-hop IEEE 802.11b
consists of about 50 nodes in apartments of Cambridge
 Few nodes act as gateways to wired Internet
 Requires no pre-configuration and users can connect on
the fly
 HiperLAN stands for high-performance LAN
 Employs 5.15GHz and 17.1GHz frequency bands and
has a data rate of 23.5Mbps with a coverage of 50m
and mobility < 10 m/s
 Supports 25 audio connections at 32 kbps with a
maximum latency of 10 ms, 1 video connection of
2Mbps with 100ms latency, and data rate of 13.4 Mbps

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 12
 Features of Hiper LAN/2
 HiperLAN type 2 has been specifically developed to
have a wired infrastructure
 Type 1 has a distributed MAC with QoS provisions,
whereas type 2 has a centralized scheduled MAC
 Type 1 is based on Gaussian minimum shift keying
(GMSK), whereas type 2 is based on OFDM
 HiperLAN/2 automatically performs handoff to the
nearest AP which is basically a radio BS that covers an
area of about 30 to 150 meters

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 13
 Features of Hiper LAN/2
 The goals of HiperLAN are:
 QoS (to build multiservice networks)
 Strong security
 Handoff when moving between local area and wide areas
 Increased throughput
 Ease of use, deployment, and maintenance
 Affordability
 Scalability
 The connection oriented approach makes support for
QoS easy
 It supports automatic frequency allocation, eliminating

the
Copyright need
© 2010, forP.manual
Dr. Dharma frequency
Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. Allplanning
rights reserved as in cellular 14
 HyperLAN/2 Features

Fixed network

AP AP

AP AP

MS MS

A simple HyperLAN/2 system

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 15
 HyperLAN/2 Features
MS may at any time request the AP and enter a low-power state
for a sleep period
Control is centralized at AP
Channel spacing is 20MHz allowing high bit rates per channel
Selective repeat ARQ is an error control mechanism used
Radio link control (RLC) protocol provides following services:
Association control with feature negotiation
Encryption algorithms and convergence layers, authentication,
key negotiation, and convergence layer negotiation
Radio resource control to support handoff capability, to
perform radio measurements in assisting the APs in selecting
an appropriate radio channel, and to run the power-saving
algorithm
Connection control for the establishment and release of user
connections

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 16
 HomeRF

 Two kind of networks: HomeRF (for home), Hiper

LAN (for business workspace).
 43 million US homes now contain more than one PC.
 A home network typically consists of one high speed
internet access port providing data to multiple
networked nodes.
 Home networking allows all computers in a home to
simultaneously utilize the same high speed ISP
(Internet Service Provider) account.
 Home networking allows two options: wired solution
and wireless solution.

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 17
 HomeRF (cont’d)

 Wired Solutions such as Ethernet, phone

line offers a fast reliable secure connections,
but the cost of wiring and installation is
high.
 Wireless networks such as PC-Centric Data
offer more mobility to the users of the
network.

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 18
 Figure 14.6 Architecture of HomeRF system

Satellite dish

Phone connection

Cell phone
Clock Wireless
Baby headset
monitor Main PC

Palmtop

Fridge data pad

2nd PC
Lapt Cable
Television Handheld op modem
communicator

Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 19
 Advantages of Wireless HomeRF

 Mobility
 Flexibility: Simultaneous internet access while sharing
a single internet connection with other PCs.
 Simple: Installation time is small.
 Economical: Less than $100 for each networked PC.
 Secure
 Based on industry Standards: Enables interoperability
between many different manufacturers.

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 20
 HomeRF Technology

 In HomeRF all the devices can share the same

connections for voice and data
 Provides the foundation for a broad range of
interoperable consumer devices
 A specification for wireless communications in the
home called Shared Wireless Access Protocol
(SWAP) has been developed

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 21
 Home RF Network

 A network consists of Resource providers, which

are gateways to different resources like cordless
phones, printers, fileservers and TV.
 The goal of Home RF is to integrate all of them in
to a single Network suitable for all applications
and also remove all wires and utilize RF links in
the network.
 This will support the mobility of devices.
 With Home RF, cordless phone can connect to
PSTN ordinarily, but can also connect through a
PC for enhanced services.

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 22
 Comparison of WLAN Standards

Technology Wireless LAN

IEEE 802.11b HomeRF HiperLAN
(WiFi)
Operational 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 5.GHz
spectrum
Physical layer DSSS FHSS with FSK OFDM with QAM
Channel access CSMA/CA CSMA–CA and Central resource
TDMA control/TDMA/TDD
Nominal data 2 Mbps 10 Mbps 32–54Mbps
rate
Coverage 100 m >50m 30–150m
Power level issues <350mA current <300mA peak Uses low power states
drain current like
sleep
Interference Present Present Minimal
Price/complexity Medium (<$100) Medium High (>$100)
Security Low High High

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 23
 Wireless Metropolitan Area
Networks (WMANs)
IEEE 802.16 based WiMAX
 Offers less expensive opportunity
 Supports point-to-multipoint broadband wireless access
 Very high bit rates in the range of 3.5 MHz
 Support a variety of backhaul requirements, including both
ATM and packet-based protocols
 Convergence sublayers are used to map the transport-layer–
specific traffic to a MAC and offers features such as payload
header suppression, packing, and fragmentation
 Supports 99.999 percent link availability
 MAC supports automatic repeat request (ARQ)

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 24
 Wireless Metropolitan Area
Networks (WMANs)
 Data to the subscriber stations are multiplexed in TDM fashion.
 The uplink (UL) is shared between SSs in TDMA fashion
 SS has a standard 48-bit MAC address
 MAC PDU consists of a fixed-length MAC header, a variable-
length payload, and an optional cyclic redundancy check (CRC)
 MAC supports various higher-layer protocols such as ATM or IP
HT=0 (1)

Rsv(1)
EKS
Rsv(1)
EC(1)

LEN

CI(1)
Type (6) (2) Msb(3)

LEN lsb (8) CID msb (8)

CID lsb (8) HCS (8)

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 25
 IEEE 802.16 MAC
MAC supports both TDD and FDD
10–66GHz: line-of-sight (LOS) needed
Burst design allows coexistence of both TDD and FDD forms
2–11GHz: three air interfaces are defined
Three 2–11GHz Air Interface of the IEEE
802.16a Draft 3 Specifications
Air Interface Specification
WMAN–SC2 A single-carrier modulation is used
WMAN– License-exempt bands necessarily use this TDMA access
OFDM interface. OFDM is present with a 256-point transform
WMAN– Each receiver is assigned a set of multiple carriers to
OFDMA enable multiple access. OFDM is present with a 2048-
point transform

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 26
 IEEE 802.16 MAC Physical Layer
Channel bandwidths are 20, 25MHz (typical U.S. allocation)
or 28MHz (typical European allocation)
Frame size can be 0.5, 1, or 2 ms
Negotiated burst profile is used to provide synchronization
with the Down Link

MAC PDU which First MAC

has started in Second MAC
P previous TC
PDU, PDU,
this TC PDU this TC PDU
PDU

TC sublayer PDU
Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 27
 Wireless Mesh Network
Internet Backbone

IGW MR2 MR3 IGW

1 2
MR1
MR4
MR6
MR5

Mesh
Clients

Figure 15.9 Illustration of a Wireless Mesh Network (WMN)

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 28
 Wireless Mesh Network
Comprise of:
Internet Gateways (IGWs)
Mesh Routers (MRs)
Mesh Clients (MCs)
Multi-hop WMN, traffic is predominantly oriented towards
IGWs from MRs
Traditional routing solutions of MANETs are not adequate
for WMNs
TCP could result in excessive packet delays
Vulnerable to variety of security attacks

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 29
 Ricochet

 A mobile data access service that is always on,

provides high speed, secure mobile access to the
desktop from outside the office.
 It allows to link to the internet or the corporate
network without needing phone lines or cable
connections.
 The Ricochet service is provided by Metricom.

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 30
 Ricochet Mobile Communication Network

Microcell radios on Network interconnection facility

street lights, utility poles

Gateway

Wireless access point

Name server

Modem radio
Router
Gateway to Internet, Intranets,
LANS, Compuserve, AOL and
Computer device other on-line services

Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 31
 Ricochet

 The Ricochet service is a wide area wireless system using

spread spectrum packet switching data.
 The network operates within 902-928 MHz portion of RF
spectrum.
 The Ricochet wireless Micro Cellular Data Network
(MCDN), consists of shoebox sized radio receivers, called
Micro cell radios (Fig 14.5)
 Micro cells are typically mounted to street poles.
 Micro cells require a small power from the street lights.
 Each Micro cell radio employs 162 frequency hopping
channels.
Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 32
 The Ricochet Wireless Modem
 It weighs 13 ounces.
 Has the general dimensions of a small paperback
book, plugs directly into a desktop.
 When a Ricochet modem is configured to operate
in bridge mode, it translates signals from other
Ricochet modems into signals that a wired modem
can receive.
 V.34, 28,800 bps access
 Good Availability
 Unlimited access
 Flexible pricing

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 33
 Services Provided by Ricochet

 Provides immediate, dependable and secure

connections without the cost and
complexities of land based phone lines.
 Sending E-mails, access to documents in
home networks.
 Many real estate agents use this to search
for property listings while on road.

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 34
 Comparison of WMAN Standards

Technology Wireless MAN

IEEE 802.16 Ricochet

Operational spectrum 10–66GHz, LOS required, 900MHz
20/25/28MHz channels
Physical layer TDMA-based uplink, QPSK, 16-QAM, FHSS
64-QAM
Channel access TDD and FDD variants CSMA
Minimum data rate possible 120/134.4Mbps for 25/28MHz channel 176 kbps
Coverage Typically a large city As of September, 2002 only Denver, CO
Power level issues Complicated power control algorithms Low power modem compatible with
for different burst profiles laptops and hand-held
Interference Present but limited Present
Price complexity Not available Medium
Security High. Defines an extra privacy sublayer High (Patented security system)
for authentication

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 35
 Wireless Personal Area Network
 Bluetooth initially conceived to replace RS232
cables, is the only WPAN technology to be
commercially available
 Since 2002, its presence has become visible in
devices ranging from laptops to wireless mouse to
cameras, to headsets, to printers and cell phones
 IEEE 802.15.x protocols to address needs of
WPANs with varied data rates
 Bluetooth has adopted as IEEE 802.15.1 (medium
rate) while the IEEE 802.15.3 (high rate) and
802.15.4 (low rate) are also available
Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 36
 IEEE 802.15 Task Groups
IEEE 802.15 WPAN/Bluetooth TG1
 IEEE 802.15 Coexistence TG2: TG2 (the IEEE 802.15.2) is
developing recommended practices to facilitate coexistence of
WPANs (the IEEE 802.15) and WLANs (the IEEE 802.11).
 IEEE 802.15 WPAN/High Rate TG3: The TG3 for WPANs is
chartered to draft a new standard for high-rate (20Mbps or greater)
WPANs
IEEE 802.15 WPAN/Low Rate TG4: The goal is to provide a
standard for ultra-low complexity, cost, and power for low-data-rate
(200 kbps or less) wireless connectivity among inexpensive fixed,
portable, and moving devices

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 37
 Bluetooth
 It is named after the King of Denmark that unified
different factions in Christianity through the country.
 It is a short range RF communication.
 Low cost, low power, radio based wireless link
eliminates the need for short cable.
 Bluetooth radio technology built into both the cellular
telephone and the laptop would replace the cable used
today to connect a laptop to cellular phone.
 Printers, desktops can all be wireless.
 It also provides a universal bridge to existing data
networks (Fig 14.11).
Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 38
 Figure 14.9 Use of Bluetooth to connect notebook

Bluetooth
Cellular
Link
Base Station

Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 39
 Figure 14.10 Bluetooth connecting printers, PDA’s, desktops, fax
machines, keyboards, joysticks and virtually any other digital device

Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 40
 Figure 14.11 Bluetooth providing a universal bridge to
existing data networks

Fixed Line

Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 41
 Bluetooth: A mechanism to form ad hoc networks of connected
devices away from fixed network infrastructures

Bluetooth

Personal
Ad hoc
Network
Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 42
 Bluetooth

 The ultimate goal is to make small products

(PC/Laptops) have only one wire attached to
power cord.
 In case of PDA, the power cord is also eliminated.
 A simple application of Bluetooth is updating the
phone directory of the PC from a mobile telephone.
 A typical Bluetooth has a range of 10 m.

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 43
 Features

 Fast frequency hopping to reduce interference.

 Adaptive output power to minimize interference.
 Short data packets to maximize capacity.
 Fast acks allowing for low coding overhead for links.
 Flexible packet types that support a wide application range.
 CVSD (Continuous Variable Slope Delta Modulation)
voice coding that can withstand high bit error rates.
 Transmission/reception interface tailored to minimize
power consumption

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 44
 Architecture of Bluetooth System and Scatternet

Piconet 2 S2,3

S3,1 S3,2
S2,2
M2 S3,3
S2,1 M3
S2,4 /S3,4
Piconet 3
S1,2 /S2,5

M1
M4
S1,1 S4,1

S 1,3 /S 4,4
S1,5
S1,4 Piconet 4
Piconet 1 S4,3 S4,2

Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 45
 Bluetooth Technological Characteristics
Frequency band 2.4 GHz (unlicensed ISM band)
Technology Spread spectrum
Transmission method Hybrid direct sequence and frequency hopping
Transmission power 1 milli-watt (0 dBm)
Range 10 meters (40 feet)
Number of devices 8 per piconet, 10 piconets per coverage area
Data speed Asymmetric link: 721+57.6 kbps
Symmetric link: 432.6 kbps
Maximum voice channels 3 per piconet
Maximum data channels 7 perpiconet
Security Link layer w/s fast frequency hopping (1600 /sec)
Power consumption 30 μA sleep, 60 μA hold, 300 μA standby, 800 μA max transmit
Module size 3 square cm (0.5 square inches)
Price Expected to fall to $5 in the next few years
C/I co-channel 11 dB (0.1% BER)
C/I 1 MHz -8 dB (0.1% BER)
C/I 2 MHz -40 dB (0.1% BER)
Channel switching time 220 μs

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 46
 Architecture

 Bluetooth radio typically hops faster and

uses shorter packets as compared to other
systems operating in the same frequency
band.
 Use of FEC (Forward Error Correction)
limits the impact of random noise.
 As the interference increases, the
performance decreases.

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 47
 Architecture (cont’d)
 Bluetooth devices can interact with other Bluetooth devices.
 One of the devices acts as a master and others as slaves.
 This network is called “Piconet”.
 A single channel is shared among all devices in Piconet.
 There can be up to seven active slaves in the Piconet.
 Each of the active slaves has an assigned 3 bit Active Member
address.
 A lot of other slaves can remain synchronized to the Master
through remaining inactive slaves, referred to as parked nodes.
 A parked device remains synchronized to the master clock and
can become active and start communicating in the Piconet
anytime.
Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 48
 Architecture (cont’d)

 If Piconets are close to each other, they have overlapping

areas
 The scenario where the nodes of two or more Piconets
mingle is called Scatternet
 Before any connections in the Piconet are created all
devices are in STDBY mode
 In this mode an unconnected unit periodically “listens” for
message every 1.28 seconds
 Each times a device wakes up, it tunes on the set of 32 hop
frequencies defined for that unit

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 49
 Bluetooth Core Protocol
SDP – Service Discovery
Upper Layer SDP Protocol
L2CAP – Logical Link
Control and Adaptation
L2CAPE LMP Audio Layer Protocol

LMP – Link Manager

Baseband Protocol

Low Radio Layer

 SDP: Provides a mean for applications to discover which services are provided by or
available through a Bluetooth device
 L2CAP: Supports higher level protocol multiplexing, packet segmentation and
reassembly and conveying of QoS information
 LMP: Used by Link managers for link set up and control
 Baseband: Enables the physical RF link between Bluetooth units forming a Piconet
Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 50
 Core Protocols

625sec
1-slot
packet

3-slot
packet

5-slot Type User FEC Symme Asymmetric

packet Payload tric (kbps)
(bytes) (kbps)
DM1 0–17 Yes 108.0 108.8 108.8
DH1 0–27 No 172.8 172.8 172.8
DM3 0–121 Yes 256.0 384.0 54.4
DH3 0–183 No 384.0 576.0 86.4

DM5 0–224 Yes 286.7 477.8 36.3

DH5 0–339 No 432.6 721.0 57.6

HV1 0–10 Yes 64.0

HV2 0–20 Yes 128.0
HV3 0–30 No 192

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 51
 IEEE 802.15.3 MAC and PHY Layer Details
Superframe

Contention
Beacon

Beacon
access Guaranteed time slot
period (GTS)
(CAP)

CAP/GTS boundary
WPAN parameters dynamically adjustable
Data frames with QoS provisions:
Non-QoS data frames: • Image Files
• Short bursty data • MP3 music files (multimedia files)
• Channel access requests • Standard definition MPEG2, 4.5 Mb/s
• High-definition MPEG2, 19.2 Mb/s
• MPEG1, 1.5 Mb/s
• DVD, up to 9.8 Mb/s
• CD audio, !.5 Mb/s
• AC3 Dolby digital, 448 Kb/s
• MP3 streaming audio, 128 Kb/s

Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 52
 IEEE 802.15.4

Some applications that require high data rates such as shared Internet
access, distributed home entertainment, and networked gaming
However, there is an even bigger market for home automation,
security, and energy conservation applications
IEEE 802.15.4 defines specification for low-rate, low-power
WPANs
Application areas include industrial control; agricultural, vehicular,
and medical sensors; and actuators

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 53
 IEEE 802.15.4 Data Link Layer (DLL) Details

Upper layers

IEEE 802.2
Network layer LLC, type 1 Other
LLC

SSCS
Data link layer

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

IEEE IEEE
802.15.4 802.15.4
868/915 2400 MHz
MHz PHY
PHY
Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 54
 General MAC frame format
Bytes:
2 1 0-20 Variable 2

Frame Sequence Address Frame check

Payload
control number Info sequence
MAC MAC service data MAC footer
Layer MAC header (MHR)
unit (MSDU) (MFR)
MAC protocol data unit (MPDU)

Synchronization Physical
PHY service data unit (PSDU)
PHY header header
Layer

PHY protocol data unit (PPDU)

Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 55
 802.15.4 PHY layer Packet Structure

PHY protocol data unit (PPDU)

Start of PHY
Preamble packet header PHY service data unit (PSDU)
delimiter
6 bytes  127 bytes

PHY packet fields:

 Preamble (32 bits) – synchronization
 Start of packet delimiter (8 bits) – signify end of preamble
 PHY header (8 bits) – specify length of PSDU
 PSDU ( 127 bytes) – PHY layer payload

Copyright © 2011, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 56
 Comparison of WPAN Systems
Technology Bluetooth (802.15.1) 802.15.3 802.15.4 Bluetooth 3.0 HS

Operational 2.4GHz ISM band 2.402–2.480GHz ISM 2.4GHz and 2.4–2.4835GHz or

spectrum band 868/915MHz 6–9GHz
Physical layer FHSS, 1600 hops Uncoded QPSK trellis DSSS with BPSK or UWB
details per coded QPSK or MSK (O–QPSK)
second 16/32/64-QAM
scheme
Channel Master slave CSMA–CA, and CSMA–CA, and 802.11 radio
access polling, guaranteed time slots guaranteed protocol
time division (GTS) in a superframe time slots (GTS)
duplex structure in a superframe
(TDD) structure
Maximum Up to 1Mbps 11–55Mbps 868MHz–20, 480 Mbps
data rate 915MHz–40,
2.4GHz–250 kbps
Coverage <10m <10m <20m ?
Power level 1mA–60mA <80mA Very low current drain ultra-low power
issues (20–50 mA)
Interference Present Present Present Minimum
Price Low (<$10) Medium Very low ?

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 57
 ZigBee
ZigBee is pertinent in various sensor applications
ZigBee is designed to respond quickly, while Bluetooth takes
much longer
ZigBee is a control technology on wireless standard Data rate of
250 Kbps in 2.4 GHz ISM band, 20 kbps in the 868 MHz band in
Europe, and 40 kbps in 915MHz band used in North America
and Australia
ZigBee can choose up to 16 different 5 MHz channels within 2.4
GHz band, several do not overlap with 802.11 and WiFi
ZigBee has active and sleep modes
All devices must have a short 16-bit IEEE addressing
Application layer maintains table of binding for matching
two or more devices

Copyright © 2010, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved 58